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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Focus on the Skull

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Review Anatomical Terms Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior

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Axial Skeleton Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage Creates a framework of support and protection for internal organs Provides sites of attachment of muscles

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The Skull Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs 8 cranial bones 14 facial bones 6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears) Hyoid bone

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Bones of the Cranium Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits Parietal Bone (2) posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull Occiptal Bone (1) posterior and inferior portions of the skull; foramen magnum Temporal Bone (2) form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks

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Bones of the Cranium Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone

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Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone

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Bones of the Cranium Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone

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Bones of the Cranium Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Frontal Bone

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Sutures of the Cranium Sagittal Suture extends along the midline of the cranium; between parietal bones Coronal Suture between frontal bone and parietal bones Lambdoid Suture between occipital and parietal bones Squamous Suture between the temporal bones and the parietal bones

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Sutures of the Cranium Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture

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Sutures of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture REVIEW

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The skull at birth

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Bones of the Cranium continued Sphenoid Boneforms the floor of the skull and braces side of skull; acts like a bridge between cranial and facial bones Ethmoid Bone anterior to the sphenoid; stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and sides of the nasal cavity Vomer forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum Palatine Bone forms the posterior hard palate (roof of mouth); contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity and the floor of each orbit

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Bones of the Cranium Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone

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Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer

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Bones of the Cranium Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone

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Bones of the CraniumHorizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone

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Bones of the Face Maxilla (2) articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible; forms part of the orbit, walls of nasal cavity and anterior roof of mouth Zygomatic Bones (2) articulates with the frontal bone and the maxilla; completes lateral orbit of eye Nasal Bones bridge of nose; articulate with frontal bone and maxilla Lacrimal Bones with the orbit; medial surface Mandible lower jaw

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Bones of the Face Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible

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Bones of the Face - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible

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Bones of the Face Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla

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Teeth (32) Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Pre-molars - 8 Molars - 12

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Processes any elevation or projection Can be part of a joint or a site of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons

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Processes of the cranium Styloid process (temporal) Mastoid process (temporal) Coronoid process (mandible) Condylar process (mandible) Mandibular process (mandible) Occipital condyle (occipital) Zygomatic process (zygomatic) External occipital protuberance (occipital) Pterygoid process (sphenoid) Hamulus of the pterygoid process (sphenoid)

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Styloid Process Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the temporal bone just below the ear Attachment for ligaments that support the hyoid bone and muscles that control the tongue and pharynx

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Mastoid Process Built up area of the lower temporal bone where important neck muscles attach Site of attachment for muscle that rotates and elevates the head and clavicle

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Coronoid Process like a crown Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw

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Condylar Process Forms a hinge with the temporal bone

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Mandibular Process Smooth surface of the condylar process

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Occipital Condyle Articulates with the atlas vertebrae (the first vertebrae in the spinal column

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Zygomatic Process Three extensions of the zygomatic bone that connect with the frontal bone, maxilla, and temporal bone

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External Occipital Protuberance Bony protrusion of the occipital bone Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to tilt backward attach here

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The Sphenoid Bone Pterygoid Process and the hamulus of the pterygoid process

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Process of the Skull Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible Zygomatic Process Mastoid Process Styloid Process

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Process of the Skull - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible Ethmoid Bone

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Process of the Skull Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Styloid Process Mastoid Process Occipital Condyle Zygomatic Process

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Processes of the Skull Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone

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Name the Process

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Foramina and Other Structures General terms to describe openings include Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure sinus

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Foramina and Other Structures Supraorbital foramen (frontal) Infraorbital foramen (maxilla) Mental foramen (mandible) Mandibular foramen (mandible) External acoustic meatus (temporal) Palatine foramen (palatine) Foramen ovale (sphenoid) Foramen lacerum (temporal) Foramen spinosum (sphenoid) Foramen rotundum (sphenoid) Jugular foramen (temporal) Foramen magnum (occipital) Stylomastoid foramen (temporal) Carotid canal (temporal)

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Supraorbital foramen** above the orbit Opening for blood vessels and nerves passing from the eyebrows and eyelids

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Infraorbital foramen** below the orbit Opening for facial nerves

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Mental foramen** Distal/lateral opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip

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Mandibular foramen Proximal/medial opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth

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External Auditory meatus** Opening that leads to the eardrum (tympanum)

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Palatine foramen Nerves that innervate the palate

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Foramen ovale** Trigeminal nerve mandibular branch

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Foramen lacerum Filled with cartilage

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Foramen spinosum Nerves that innervate the meninges enter the brain

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Foramen rotundum Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch

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Jugular foramen** Jugular vein

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Foramen magnum** Spinal cord

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Stylomastoid foramen Facial nerves exit skull

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Carotid Canal** Carotid artery

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Process of the Skull Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible Zygomatic Process Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mental Foramen External Auditory Meatus Mandible

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Process of the Skull - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible Ethmoid Bone Optic Canal Superior Orbital Fissure Supraorbital Foramen Infraaorbital Foramen

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Process of the Skull Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Styloid Process Mastoid Process Occipital Condyle Zygomatic Process Foramen Ovale Carotid Canal Jugular Foramen Foramen Magnum

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Processes of the Skull Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Foramen Ovale Foramen Magnum Jugular Foramen Carotid Canal Optic Canal