The Sierra Echo - sierraclub.org · The Sierra Echo Tinemaha By Tom Ross, 1930 - 2018. ... this...

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Volume 63 Number 2 April-June 2019 The Sierra Echo Tinemaha By Tom Ross, 1930 - 2018

Transcript of The Sierra Echo - sierraclub.org · The Sierra Echo Tinemaha By Tom Ross, 1930 - 2018. ... this...

Volume 63 ◭ Number 2 ◭ Apri l -June 2019The Sierra Echo

TinemahaBy Tom Ross, 1930 - 2018

myhonortocontinuetoserveallofyou,andIlookforwardtoagreatseasonofclimbinginourwonderfulRangeofLight.Withalloftheprecipitationthiswinter,itisgoingtobeaninterestingyearforclimbing.

I’dliketothankthereturningmembersofthemanagementcommitteefortheirhardwork.TheyarethebackboneoftheSPSand––alongwiththefantasticoutingsleaders––keepusaviableentity.

Wearealwayslookingfornewvolunteersforleadingoutingsanddoingthosetaskswhicharevitaltoouroperation.Ifyouhavetimeandenergytodoso,pleaseconsiderhelpingthesectioninwhatever

Echoes from the Chair

Hello,myfellowSierraPeakSectionenthusiasts!IwillbereturningthisyearaschairoftheSPS,alongwiththesamecastofcharactersaslastyear.Itwillbe

2 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

By Jim S. Fleming

In this issue:Chair’s Column 2Smatko Emblem 2Member News 3-4Around the Web 4Banquet 5-8Registers 9Trail Tech: Sea to Summit Ultralight Pad 10Ratings for Mountain Scramblers 11-18Outings 19-27SPS Treasurer’s Report 23Wilderness Permits 26 Minutes 27-28Passages: Patricia Meixner Gentry 29-30Founders 29-30Passages: June Kilbourne Hakala 30Passages: Tom Ross 31-33Mystery Peak Challenge 34-35

capacityyouareable.Continuingtheenergythatiscontributedbyeveryoneisthebestwaytoachievesuccess!Ilookforwardtoseeingyouallonthetrailthissummer!

Happyandsafeclimbing!

JimFleming,[email protected]

Elected

JimFleming [email protected] Vice-chair/[email protected] [email protected] Fifthofficer/[email protected] [email protected]

Appointed

Archives [email protected] [email protected] [email protected], BethEpsteinEchomailer TinaBowmanEmblemCommittee TinaBowman,KathyRich,DarynDodge, RonBartellITSupport [email protected], [email protected] TinaBowmanMerchandise [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] DougMantleWebmaster [email protected] [email protected]

RegionalRepresentatives

SanDiego JoeWhiteCentralCalifornia DarynDodge

2018 Sierra Peaks Section Management Committee

NorthernCalifornia LisaBarboza

TheSPSmanagementcommitteevotedtoallowapersontoearnmorethanoneAndySmatkoExplorerEmblem.BelowisthetextthathasbeenaddedtothePoliciesandProcedures.Forthedetailsaboutalltheinformationyouneedtoincludeinyourapplicationforafirstorsubsequentaward,seehttps://www.sierraclub.org/angeles/sierra-peaks/other-emblems.

ApersonwhohasearnedtheAndySmatkoExplorerEmblemmayearnitasecondorsubsequenttime.ApplytotheEmblemCommitteewithyouroriginallistoffiftypeakswithalltherequiredinformationandyourlistoffiftydifferentpeakswithallthequalifyinginformationincluded(aspreadsheetforeachishelpful).Makesurenopeakisrepeatedonyoursecondorsubsequentlistandthatallrequiredinformationisgiven.

MultipleAndySmatkoEmblems

3SierraEcho▴April-June2019

Erica Oberbauer

George and Carol HubbardSeenaboveonMt.Wrightson,Arizona,onMay14,2016,returningmembersGeorgeandCarolHubbardwrote,“It’sanhonorandgreattobeback!”

SeenatrightonOatMountain,newsubscriberEricaOberbauerwasgivenasubscriptionbyheruncle,memberMichaelSlater.Shewrote,“...myuncleisamazingandweshareagreatloveoftheoutdoors.”

Welcome new members!

Welcome back returning members!

We also welcome new member Alan Stringer.

WeNeedYourStories!WeneedYOUtosubmitreportsofSPSandprivateclimbs,TrailTecharticles,MysteryPeakchallenges,andanythingelseyouthinkwouldbeofinteresttoEchoreaders!Pleasesendsubmissionstoco-editorTinaBowmanattina@bowmanchange.com.Thanks!

FREE First Year's Membership or Echo SubscriptionNew subscribers and members can receive their first year’s subscription for free! See the Membership Application Form available for downloading on the Membership page at http://sierraclub.org/angeles/sierra-peaks/new-members#mr. Please contact the chair if you have any questions.

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BartO’Brien

Chris,above,isseencelebratinghisSPSEmblemonMt.Lyell,September26,2016.

Chris Guido

Congratulations!

Bart,seenbelowwithhiswife,Loretta,earnedhisAndySmatkoExplorerEmblemonMt.AnselAdams,September26th,2004.

BelowisalinkforastoryandvideoaboutAymaranBolivianwomensummitingAconcaguaintheirtraditionaldress.Theydidexchangetheirdistinctivesmallbowlerhatsforhelmets,though:https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/indigenous-bolivian-women-summit-aconcagua/?fbclid=IwAR08ascraZZjulrsV8BSThZeYCh2bqM0_v_nZ6Z-bSsLX3_OV8vn1MpbrIQ

JimDoniniisstilldoingnewroutesandunclimbedpeaksinPatagoniaatage74:https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/jim-donini-first-ascent-cerro-chueco-patagonia/

WhenwewereattheFilmandBookFestivalinBanffinthefallof2018,weattendedabookpresentationwithseveralauthors,andIfoundmymyselfsittingnexttoBobShepton,whomIhadneverheardofbefore.Beforehegotupandgaveatalk,wehadawonderfulconversation.Anincrediblyaccomplishedsailorandclimber,hewasawardedthePioletd’Orin2011andtheYachtsmanoftheYearAwardin2013andtwicewontheTilmanMedal.HewasgivingapresentationonhisbookAddictedtoAdventure.Hereisaninterviewwithhimfromukclimbing:https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/bob_shepton_-_addicted_to_adventure-9572

AttendingtheFilmandBookFestivalinBanff,ratherthanjustattendingthetouringfestival,allowsyoutogototheauthors'presentations.In2018weheardpresentationsbyauthorsDougScottandBobSheptonandwereabletochatwithbothofthemandalsoheardapresentationbyDavidRoberts,amongothers.

Around the Web By Dave Sholle

Editors’note:We’repleasedtohaveanewfeatureintheEcho,suggestedbyDaveSholle,whowillbeourcorrespondentfor

thecolumn.It’llbealistoflinkstotheWebthatSPSmembers

mayfindinterestingwithabriefdescriptionforeachitem.If

youseesomethingyouthinkwouldinterestothermembers,

[email protected].

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Aren’twegladwhenJanuaryrollsaround,andwehavesurvivedthehubbubofDecemberholidays,regainingourwitsandstrengthtomeetonceagaininAlhambraattheexoticbutfamiliarAlmansorCourt,forourannualSierraPeaksSectionbanquet,2019?

ThankstoPaulGarry,banquetchair,whohostedthisoccasion.I’mnotsurewhatcausedtheextrasparklethisyear,butitwasdefinitelythere.ChairJimFlemingandGeneralofSmoothOperations,TinaBowman,mannedthesign-intable,asnewcoolguyfromDenali,AlexanderSmirnoffstoodnearbytalkingtoourbanquetspeakerSophieCairnsandhusbandDouglasreigningfromBoulder,Colorado.Conversationflourishedasdrinkswerepouredandconsumed,and

ourJanuaryfamilyreunioncommenced.IcaughtBartandLorettaO’Brieninsidethedoorandaskedhimwhathe’dbeendoinglately.Humbleandnon-bragging,hesaidhewas

The2019 BanquetByRovingGirlReporter,

MaryMcMannes

Above, Denali climbers of the SPS, back row, L to R: Alexander Smirnoff, Paul Garry, Mark Goebel, George Hubbard, Doug Mantle. Front row: Michael Chamoun, Barbara Lilley, Mary Motheral. Below, right: Sophie Cairns and Tina Bowman (Photos by Mary McMannes). Below left: Jim Fleming (Photo by Dave Sholle).

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climbingalittlebitofthisandthat.Later,Ilearneditwasfarmorethanthisn’that.HewasournewestSierraPeaksListFinisherandwelldeservingofpraiseandthebasketofgoodieslatergiventohim.AlvinandEllenWaltershadtheirusualwarmsmiles,andAlvinkeepspluggingawayatthelistwitharoundfortypeaksleft,buthesaystheyarethehardones.RandyandJoyceBernardarrived,withRandyinhistuxedoensembleandprayinghisredsalmondinnerwouldn’tswimaway.

Lettheshowbegin,andJimFlemingrosetotheoccasionwithannouncementsandtheage-reveredStandingCeremonyofemblemholders,ListFinishers,includingdoubleandtripleListFinishers,too.DougMantlekeptstanding,asweallenvyhimwhohas

finishedSPSList#7andclosinginon#8.Wedon’ttakethisguyforgranted.Hisaccomplishmentsandheroicsaresecondtonone.JimacknowledgedtheSPSleaderswholeadone,two,ormultipletripsinkeepingthesectionalive.Insadness,wesaidourformalfarewellstothosewhohavepassed:FrankSanborn,FredJohnson,RoyalRobbins,JohnRobinson,BobBeach,andinearlyJanuarygonewasourSierraphotographer,TomRoss.

Clockwise from left: Loretta and Bart O’Brien (Photo by Mary McMannes; Henry Arnebold (Photo by Dave Sholle); Joyce and Randy Bernard (Photo by Mary McMannes); Doug Mantle (Photo by Dave Sholle).

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True,thisfineideaandsurprisehadbeenplannedearlieroverapitcherofmargaritas,andDougstoodupandcalledallthosewhohadsuccessfullyreachedthesummitofDenaliforagroupphoto.Itwasthatperfectopportunitytocelebrateourtwo2018climbersalongwiththeotherswhogatheredaroundlegendBarbaraLilleyandMaryMotheral.CongratulationstoBarbara,Mary,DougMantle,MichaelChamoun,AlexanderSmirnoff,PaulGarry,MarkGoebel,GeorgeHubbard.Itwasa

privilegetograbthisopportunityandseeyougatheredtogetherunitedinauniqueSPSphotoop.AndyFried,VicandSue,wishyouwerehere.

SophieCairnswaswelcomedtothepodium,andshebeganafascinatingslideshowbasedonclimbingtheSeven

VolcanicSummits,anewtwisttotheongoingpursuitofclimbersbaggingthesevenhighpointsoftheworldcontinents.Herswasamissionofmercyraisingmoneyforcancerresearch,andtheultimategoalwasclimbingthesesevenin4.5months.

Left to right: Greg Vernon , Mary McMannes, Christine Mitchell, Terry Turner, Yvonne Jamison (Photo by Dave Sholle).

Left to right: Ron Eckelmann, Doris Duvall, Mark Allen, Ed Lubin, Marlen Mertz (Photo by Mary McMannes).

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ThevolcanoeswerePicodeOrizaba,OjosdelSalado,Kilimanjaro,Damavand,Elbrus,Giluwe,andSidley.Wewereproudthattwooftheclimbs,ElbrusandOrizaba,weredonewithourownTinaBowman.Theendresultwassuccessonsixvolcanoesandverynearlyaseventh,travelingacrosstheworldfromRussiatoAntarcticainherquesttoachieveapersonalbestwhileraising$10,000forthefightagainstcancer.Wecanallrelateinreturningtopeakswealmostgot,andinSophie’scasehermissingsummitwasChile’sOjosdelSalado.Sophie’sshowwasbothinformativeanddelightfulashercharm,senseofhumor,andgoodstoriesaddedcolorfulcommenttoeveryslide.We’lllookaheadinfollowingSophie’schoicesonherwebsite,asshepursuesfurtherlists.

Thewinebottleswereempty,theexceptionalsalmonandbeefdinnerswereconsumed,andequallyexceptionalserverswereclearingourtablesaswemadeourwaytotheparkinglot,biddingoneanotherfarewell.Manylookforwardtoanewyearinaccomplishingourspokenandunspokengoals,whetherneartohomeorhighonthesummitsoffarawayplaces.Andalwaysthere’sourdesiretoreturnagaintoouroldestfriendofall,theRangeofLight.Sameplace,nextyear,we’llbeseeingyou.

Clockwise from top, left to right: Larry Tidball, Barbee Tidball, Elena Sherman, and Scott Sullivan (Photo by Mary McMannes). Bruno Geiger; Dan Richter and Barbara Sholle (Photos by Dave Sholle).

DaveSholletookmanyotherfinepictures,whichcanbeviewedonlinehere:

https://sholle.smugmug.com/2019-SPS-banquet/2019-01-27-SPS-Banquet/n-NQ5XqK/

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ThisyearIshowfifty-oneSPSpeaks,or21%,withregisterneeds.Theyneedabook,acontainer,orbothandoneneedstobemoved.Pleaseassumetheyallneedapencil––it’sonly2grams.Inanycaseyoucansendemailtoregister@summitregister.orgfordetailsortohaveregisterssenttoyou(pleasegivetwoweeks’notice).Thelistwillbeupdatedthroughouttheyear,sochecksummitregister.orgforchanges,additions,deletions,andfurtherdetails,especiallyonpeaksmarkedwithanasterisk.(Seesummitregister.orgforasteriskdetails).

Thankstoeveryonewhohassentmereports,requestedregisters,askedquestions,ormadesuggestions.Idependonyoutokeepthislistasuptodateaspossible.

2019SPSSummitRegisterNeedsByHarryLangenbacher,MountainRecordsChair

PEAK NEEDS PEAK NEEDS

Agassiz Mt container* North Palisade book

Alta Peak book* Olancha Peak both

Black Hawk Mtn both * Pyramid Peak S container*

Black Mtn book Recess Peak both

Carillon Mt container* Red And White Mtn container*

Cathedral Peak both* Rose Mt both

Colosseum Mtn move* Round Top book

Conness Mt both Royce Peak both*

Dana Mt book Russell Mt book*

Donohue Peak both* San Joaquin Mtn both

Eagle Scout Peak book Sawtooth Peak N both

Elwell Mt book* Silliman Mt both

Emerson Mt container* Sirretta Peak container

Excelsior Mtn container* Split Mtn book*

Four Gables both* Stanford S Mt both

Gibbs Mt book* Stanislaus Peak both

Julius Caesar Mt book* Starr King Mt container*

Kaweah Mt container Three Sisters book*

Kern Peak both Tinemaha Mt container*

Matterhorn Peak book* Tower Peak book*

Merriam Peak book Twin Peaks N both

Morgan S Mt both Vandever Mtn both

Morrison Mt both Virginia Peak both

Moses Mtn both Vogelsang Peak book*

Muah Mtn container* Whorl Mtn both*

Needham Mtn both

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This continues a series of brief articles contributed by SPS members who would like to share information about their favorite pieces of trail technology. For this issue Mary Jo Dungfelder tells us about a piece of technical equipment that makes her life better in the mountains. How about you? Send your proposal or article to Tina Bowman at [email protected]

TrailTech

Aswereachacertainage,comfortbecomesmoreimportantinourchoiceofgear,particularlysleepinggear.Afterfailureswithvariouspadsandmuchresearch,IbeganusingtheSeatoSummitUltralightInsulatedPad.Havingbeenusedinvaryingterrain,fromBigPicachotodesertportionsofthePCT,ithasproventobeonetoughcustomer.IthasprovidedmewiththecushycomfortInowdesirewhenlyingontheground.My“regular”matweighsamere16.9ouncesandhasaninsulationratingorRratingof3.3.ThetechiepartistheJetStreamPumpSack(purchasedseparately).Itisanefficientlight-weightpumpthatinflatesthepadquicklyanddoublesasmypad’sstuffsack.Eachpumpoftheaccordionpumpdeliversmorethanalung-fullofairwithoutmakingmedizzyoraddingmoistureintothepad.I’mhappywiththeeaseofinflationandthegoodnight’ssleepIgetwhenlyingonmySeatoSummitUltralight.Itfitssnuglyinsidemybackpack,hasbeendurablesofar,andispricedmid-rangecomparedtootherpadsonthemarket.(Forsizes,weights,andpricesseehttps://seatosummitusa.com/collections/backpacking-sleeping-mats/products/ultralight-insulated-mat?variant=7896105484316.)

By Mary Jo Dungfelder

Sea to Summit Ultralight Insulated Pad

Right: The Jet Stream Pump Sack (Screenshot from Sea to Summit website). Far right, top and bottom: Inflating the Ultralight Insulated Pad with the pump (Photos by Mary Jo Dungfelder).

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MostguidebooksformountainclimbingintheUnitedStatesreferencetherockclimbingclassificationsoftheYosemiteDecimalSystem(YDS)toindicatethedifficultyofarouteupapeak.Asisappropriate,theYDSandmanyotherratingsystemsformountaineersfocusontechnicallydemandingclimbsofrock,snow,andice.Forsuchtechnicalclimbs,theavailableratingsystemsprovideusefuldistinctionsamongroutesbasedonthedifficultyofaclimb’shardestpitch.Climbingratingsystems,however,offeronlybroad,vagueclassificationsfornon-technicalhikesandscramblesupmountains,providinglimitedandsometimesmisleadinginformationonaroute’schallenges.Thelackofratingprecisionforsuchnon-technicalcategoriesisunderstandable.Mostmountainendeavorsofanon-technicalnaturearecomparativelyeasy,requiringlittleornoclimbinggearandonlymodestmountaineeringknowledge.Nonetheless,theSierraPeakSection(SPS)listof247peakscontainsonlyfourpeaks(ClarenceKing,StarrKing,Thunderbolt,andTheHermit)wheretheeasiestroutehasatechnicalratingofClass5.Accordingly,formostSPSpeak-baggersandindeedthevastmajorityoffolksascendingpeaksintheSierraNevada,theexistingratingsystemsofferlimited

insightontherelativedifficultyofthemostfrequentlyclimbedroutes.Whilemanyfineguidebooksofferusefulcommentaryonthechallengesofspecificroutes,suchdescriptionsareatbestacumbersomewaytodeterminetherelativedifficultyofroutes.Inanattempttofillthegapintheexistingratingsystems,theframeworkoutlinedbelowsuggestsrefiningthenon-technicalratingcategoriesoftheYDStodistinguishbettertherelativechallengesofhikesandscramblesuppeaks.TheratingsystemoutlinedbelowisofferedasastartingpointforadiscussionthatIhopewillleadtoanimprovedratingschemeforthenon-technicalroutesusedbymountainhikersandscramblers.

BackgroundandMotivation

Likemostpeoplewhohavehiked,scrambled,andclimbedupmountains,Ihaveoftenfoundmyselfdebatingwithcompanionsperceivedvariancesinthechallengesweexperiencedduringourascentofamountainversusourexpectationsbasedontheratingoftheroute.Thoughpoor

Improving Ratings for Mountain ScramblersByPhilipS.Bates

In the ratings system proposed in this article, the Class S-2.1 northeast ridge of Pilot Knob (N) from French Lakes (Photo by Philip S. Bates).

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route-findinganddifferencesinclimbingexperienceareundoubtedlyfrequentcausesofsuchvariances,manyofthediscrepanciesobservedbyhikersandscramblersaresimplyafunctionofthebroadnatureoftheYDSclassificationsofsuchnon-technicalroutes.Hikerswhoenjoyedstart-to-finishoutingsonwell-definedtrailshikingupMountWhitneyandCloudsRestarelikelytobesurprisedthatrouteswiththesameClass1ratingonMountKaweahandHomersNoseinvolvesignificant,roughcross-countrytravel,requiringmuchmoretimeandeffortpermilethantrailhiking.Similardisparitiesarelikelytoconfusehikerswhofollowedgoodtrailstoshort,easyscramblesupLamontandVogelsangpeaks,butthenstruggledformilesoverrugged,unstableterrainuprouteswiththesameClass2ratingsonGiraudandGoddardmountains.ThelistofdramaticdifferencesinroutedifficultiescontinueswithintheClass3and4categories.Forexample,thebrief,moderateexposureClass3scramblesupRoundTopandCastlePeakhavelittleincommonwiththelongandhazardousClass3scramblesupMiddlePalisadeandMountMills.Likewise,thecoupleoffairlyeasyClass4movesrequiredtosummitCathedralPeakandMountLeConteposefarlessofachallengethanthelong,difficultpitchesofunstable,highlyexposed,Class4rockontheDevilsCrags,BlackKaweah,andDisappointmentPeak.Theobjectiveoftherefinedratingframeworkoutlinedbelowistocreategreaterconsistencybetweenapeak-bagger’sexpectationattheoutsetofaclimbandhisorheractualexperience,thusprovidingabetterunderstandingoftimeandknowledgerequiredwhenselectingaroute.

ProposedDifficultyRatingsforMountainHikesandScrambles

Todistinguishthedifficultyofnon-technicalclimbsmoreclearly,theproposedframeworksuggestsdividingeachofthefour,non-technicalYDScategoriesintothreepartsandexpandingthescopeoftheratings.WhiletheYDSratingsonlyaddressthedifficultyofthehardestsectionofaroute,therefinedclassificationsalsoconsiderthelengthofthe

mostchallengingsegmentandotherfactorsdistinguishingtheseverityofmountainhikesandscrambles.

AswiththeYDSsystem,theproposedratingsforscramblingaresubjective,buttheyarebasedonafewobjectivevariablesthatdeterminetheseverityofaroute’smostdifficultsegment.Thekeyvariablesincludesteepnessandstabilityofterrain,whichtogetherarethemajordeterminantsofexposuretohazardssuchastheriskposedbytheclimberfallingoffsteeprocksorlooserockscollapsingonthescrambler.Additionalfactorsforcross-countrytravelandlower-anglescramblingincludethepresenceofotherobstaclesintheformofvegetation,waterways,andsnow.

Reflectingtheimportanceofterrainsteepness,eachscramblingratingcategorynotesthemaximumangleofslopesonaroute,dividingthegradeofterrainintofiveclassifications:lowangle(0-30degree),moderateangle(30-45degree),fairlysteepangle(45-60degree),steep(60-75degree),andverysteep(75degreesandabove).Steepnesscanrefertoeithertheangleofascentoradjacentslopesofroutesfollowinghighlyexposedridges(i.e.,aretes).

Likewise,eachratingdefinitionmentionsthenatureandstabilityoftheroute’smoredifficultterrain.Looserocksurfacesofscree,talus,boulders,andfractured,crumblyrockcangreatlyincreasethedifficultyandhazardsposedbyamountainroute,varyingwiththesteepnessofthelandscape.Terrainisreferredtoasstablewhenfootandhandplacementsaresolidandunstablewhenhikingandscramblingmovementscaninduceslips,slides,andfallsofrocksandwhenholdsmustbetested.

Bushwhackingandstream-crossingscanincreasetheseriousnessofmountainhikesandscramblesbycreating

New Army Pass on the Class S-1.1 trail up the southwest slope of Mt. Langley and on the S-1.2 route up the northwest ridge of Cirque Peak (Photo by Philip S. Bates).

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moredifficult,andattimesdangerous,footingandbycreatingroute-findingchallenges.Thedifficultyposedbyvegetationandwaterobstaclesmayvaryseasonallywiththedensityoffoliageandwaterlevels.Dangerousspringorearlysummerstreamcrossingscanseasonallyraisethedifficultyratingofascramble.

Finally,winterhikesandscramblesupmountainsposemanychallengesoutsidethescopeoftheproposedratingsystem.However,manyspringtoautumnscramblescrosssnowslopes.Accordingly,anaddendumaddressesthedifficultiesandriskspresentedbysnowfields,sandasimpleframeworkisoutlinedforadjustingtheratingsforsuchconsiderations.

Insummary,eachscramblingratingdefinitionaddressestheextentandchallengesofanyoff-trailtravel;thelengthanddifficultyofanyscrambling;thesteepness,nature,andstabilityoftheterrain;andthedegreeofexposuretohazards.

DefinitionsandExamplesforRatingsofScramblingDifficulty

FollowingthecommondefinitionsfortheexistingYDStechnicaldifficultyratings,theoutlinebelowdescribesthekeycharacteristicsofeachrefinedratingcategoryandprovidesexamplesofroutesupSPSandotherSierrapeaksthatfallwithinthespecificclassification.AsinthecaseofYDSratings,therewillundoubtedlybesomedebateabouttheappropriateplacementofroutesamongtheproposedscramblingratingcategories.Alltheserefinedratingsareprecededbyan“S”notationfor“Scrambler”todistinguishthemfromthecloselyrelatedbutnotidenticalYDSratings.

YDSCLASS1––Hikingontrailsandeasycross-countrytravelwithlittlerisk.

S-1.0Hands-in-pocketswalkingonwell-maintainedtrailsfromstarttofinish,withminimalriskasidefrommountainweatherandtheeffectsofaltitude.ExampleswouldincludethegoodtrailsuptothesummitsofMountWhitney,CloudsRest,SierraButtes,andMountRose.

S-1.1Hikespredominatelyonamixofmaintainedandusetrails,requiringvirtuallynoroute-findingskillandcoveringterrainthatconsistsofstable,easyfooting,no

vegetationorwaterobstacles,andlowtomoderategrades.Anyoff-trailhikingisforshortdistancesovereasyterrain.Thereislittleriskasidefromweatherandaltitude.ExamplesincludeMountLangleyviaNewArmyPass,northslopeofFreelPeakviatheTahoeRimTrail,SirrettaPeakviatheCannellMeadowsTrailfromBigMeadow,andMountDanaviathetrailfromTiogaPass.

S-1.2Intermediatetolongdistancesofcross-countrytraveloverterrainwithstablefootingandlowtomoderategrades,buttheroutemayinvolveextensivevegetationand/orstreamcrossingsthatrequirebackcountryroute-findingskillsforefficiencyandsafety.Risksarelimitedtonavigationerrorsandhazardsposedbystream-crossings,weather,andaltitude.ExamplesincludeHomersNosefromtheCahoonTrailandSaltCreekRidge,SpanishMountainviavarioususetrailsfromCrownValley,ThreeSistersviatheCliffLakeTrail,thesoutheastsideofBagoviatheKearsargePassTrail,andExcelsiorPeakviathenorthridgeandVirginiaLakes.

YDSCLASS2––Simplescramblingandroughcross-countrytravelonscree,talus,andboulders,withminimalexposureandlowtomoderaterisk.

S-2.0Modestdistancesofroughcross-countrytravelonlowanglescreeandtalus,withonlyshortsegmentsofeasyscramblingonmoderateangle,stableterrain.Route-findingisfairlystraightforward,withnoimportantvegetationorwaterobstacles,andminimalexposuretorockslidesandfalls.Onlyoccasionaluseofhandsisneededforbalance.Risk

The Class S-1.0 trail up Clouds Rest from Tenya Lake (Photo by Philip S. Bates).

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ofseriousinjuryfromfallsandhazardsissmall.ExamplesincludeVogelsangPeakfromVogelsangPass;thenortheastridgeofDicksPeakfromthePCT,LamontPeakviathetrailfromCanebrakeRoad,OwensPeakviathetrailfromIndianWellsCanyon,MokelumnePeakviatheTanglefootTrail,andSmithMountainviathenorthslopeandtrailsfromtheendofUSFSRoad21S36.

S-2.1Intermediatedistancesofroughcross-countrytravelonlowanglescree,talusandboulders,withextensive,easyscramblingonmoderateangleterrainthatispredominatelystable.Handsareoftenusedforbalance.Someroute-findingskillisneededforefficientandsafetravelacrossoraroundmoredifficultterrain,vegetation,stream-crossings,androckfallhazards.Theriskofseriousinjuryfromslipsandrockfallsissmalltomedium.ExamplesincludeArrowPeak’ssoutheastslope,CardinalMountain’scountylineroute,PyramidPeak(N)viathesouthridgeandRockCreekTrail,thesouthwestslopeofOlanchaPeakfromthePCT,thesouthwestridgeofDisasterPeakviatheDisasterCreekTrail,andMountMorganviathenortheastridgefromtheTamarackLakesTrail.

S-2.2Intermediatetolongerdistancesofroughcross-countrytravelwithlengthystretchesofeasytomediumdifficultyscramblingonmoderatetofairlysteepanglescree,talus,sandbouldersthataresometimesunstable.Theuseofhandsisfrequentlyrequiredforbalanceandtotestthestabilityoftalusandboulders.Goodroute-findingskillsarenecessaryforefficientandsafetravelacrossoraroundmoredifficultterrain,vegetationorstream-crossings,androckfallhazards.Theriskofseriousinjuryfromfallsorhazardsismediumtosignificant.ExamplesincludeGiraud’ssoutheastslopeviathetraverseofitseastridgefromDusyBasin,University’snorthwestridgefromtheKearsargeLakes,theascentofthesouthwestridgeofMountGoddardfromMarthaLake,thesouthwestchutesofMt.SillviaKnapsackPassandtheBishopPassTrail,MountDadeviathe“hourglass”routeviaTreasureLakesandtheMorganPassTrail,andMountFlorenceviathewestslopefromFlorenceCreek.

YDSCLASS3––Moderatescramblingonsteep,rockyterrainthatrequireshandholdsforupwardmovementandsafety.Beginnersmaywantabelayduetoincreasedexposureandriskofseriousinjury.

S-3.0Brief,mediumdifficultytohardscramblingonfairlysteeptosteepangle,stablerockwithmediumtohighexposure.Handandfootholdsarelarge,secure,andeasytofind,requiringlittleclimbingexperience.Routefindingiseasy,withlittlepotentialforstrayingontomoredifficultanddangerousterrain.Mediumtosignificantriskofseriousinjuryfromfallsorotherhazards.ExamplesincludeRoundtopviathewestridgeandWoodsLakeTrail,VirginiaPeakfromTwinPeaksPass,CastlePeakviathewestridgefromthePCT,northslopeofTaylorDomefromBigMeadow,Mt.GouldviathesouthridgefromKearsargePass,andthewestfaceofMt.MuirfromtheWhitneyTrail.

S-3.1Shorttointermediatelength,hardscramblingonfairlysteeptosteepangleandpredominatelystablerockwithhighexposure.Handandfootholdsarenumerous,solid,andeasytofind,requiringlimitedclimbingexperience.Giventhelengthandsteepnessofthescrambling,beginnersmaywishtousearopetomanagethesignificantexposureandthechallengesofdown-climbingmoresafely.Modestroute-findingskillsarenecessarytoavoidmoredifficultand

Left: The west chutes of Mt. Sill are Class S-2.2, but sometimes a little S-3.0 is a safer option (Photo by Bill Van Woert).

15SierraEcho▴April-June2019

dangerousterrain.Significantriskofseriousinjuryfromfallsorotherhazards.ExamplesincludetheeastridgeofMt.Russell,thenorthwestcouloirandchimneyupMt.Williamson,themountaineeringrouteonMt.Whitney,thesoutheastchuteofWhorlMtn.,IndependencePeakfromtheRobinsonLakeTrail,thenortheastchuteofTowerPeak,andMountMaclureviathesoutheastridgefromtheLyell-MaclureColandJMT.

S-3.2Extensive,hardscramblingonfairlysteeptosteepangleandsometimesunstablerockwithhightosevereexposure.Handandfootholdsarenumerousandeasytofind,butholdsoftenneedtobetested.Thoughonlymodestclimbingskillsareneeded,someclimbersmaydesirearopeduetothesustainednature,steepness,andexposureofthehardscramblingsegments,aswellasthepresenceofunstablerocksandthechallengesofdown-climbing.Route-findingskillisneededtoavoidmoredifficultterrainandminimizevulnerabilitytounstablerocks.Ahelmetmaybeadvisable.Fallsorhazardsposeahighriskofseriousinjuryordeath.ExamplesincludethenortheastbuttressofArrowPeak,Tyndall’snorthrib,MountPinchot’ssouthridge,theeastcouloironMt.Mills,thewestridgeofBlackKaweah,thenortheastfaceofMiddlePalisade,andthewestridgeofJunctionPeakfromForesterPass.

YDSCLASS4––Difficultandexposedscramblingonverysteepterrainwherearopeisoftenadvisable

forsafety,giventhesubstantialriskofseriousinjuryordeathintheeventofafall.

S-4.0Brief,veryhardscramblingonextremelysteep,stablerockwithhighexposure.Veryhardscramblingislimitedtoonlyasmallnumberofclimbingmovescoveringlessthantwentyfeetofextremelysteeprockwithlotsofexposure.Whileholdsarereadilyavailable,theyneedtobetestedandareoftensmallerandmoredifficulttoidentifythanonClassS-3rock.Accordingly,someclimbingskillsareneeded,ahelmetisdesirable,andaropeisusefulforbelaysanddescent.Afallposesahighriskofseriousinjuryordeath.ExamplesincludethewestfaceofCathedralPeakviathecrackonthesouthsideofthesummitblock,thewaterfallrouteonLeContePeak,thenorthridgeofTehipiteDome,thesummitpinnacleofMt.Darwinviathewestridge,thesoutheastareteofMtClark,thesummitblockofNorthGuardviathe

Left: The south ridge offers an S-3.1 route up Mt. Cotter, though routes up the west and east sides of the ridge keep the difficulty to S-3.0 (Photo by Philip S. Bates). Below: The north rib of Mount Tyndall is S-3.1.  This image was taken from the S-2.2 north ridge of Tyndall (Photo by Thomas Chad).

16 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

southface,thesummitboulderonCenterPeak,andthesummitblockonThunderMountain.S-4.1Shorttointermediatelength,veryhardscramblingonextremelysteepandpredominatelystablerockwithsevereexposure.Veryhardscramblingislimitedtoseveralshorttointermediatelengthsegmentsofclimbingcoveringatotalofuptoaboutone-hundredfeetofextremelysteep,exposedrock.HoldsarenumerousbutmustbetestedandarefrequentlysmallerandmoredifficulttofindthanonClassS-3rock.Thegreaterlengthoftheveryhardscramblingrequiresmorecommitment,thusmakingintermediateclimbingandroute-findingskillsdesirable.Manyclimberswilldesireahelmetandaropeforbelayandrappel.Afallposesahighriskofseriousinjuryordeath.ExamplesincludeUrlich’srouteonBearCreekSpire,therouteupthesoutheastsideofPolemoniumPeak,thenorthwestfaceofMt.Humphreys,thetraverseofthesummitblockonDragonPeak,theLeConterouteorsouthwestchuteonNorthPalisade,andthesoutheastareteofMountClark.

S-4.2Extensive,veryhardscramblingonextremelysteepandsometimesunstablerockwithsevereexposure.Veryhardscramblingonmultipleorsustainedsegmentstotalingmorethanone-hundredfeetofverysteep,highlyexposedrockthatattimesisunstable.Eachholdshouldbetested,andholdstendtobesmallerandhardertoidentifythanonClassS-3rock.Thenumberandlengthofpitchesofveryhardscramblingrequiresignificantcommitmentandmakeintermediateclimbingandroute-findingskillsdesirable.Route-findingerrorsoftenleadtotechnicalrock.Mostclimberswilldesireahelmetandaropeforbelayanddescent.Afallposesahighriskofseriousinjuryordeath.ExamplesincludetheeastridgeofBlackKaweah,therockrouteonthenortheastfaceofClydeMinaret,Michael’sChimneyortheDiagonalChuterouteonDevil’sCrag#1,Doug’s

ChuteuptheeastfaceofDisappointmentPeak,andtheridgetraversefromthesouthtothenorthsummitofMountGardiner.

SnowSlopeConsiderationsforScramblingRatings

Somenon-technicalroutescrossareascoveredbysnowformostoralloftheyear.Thoughsometimesacriticalconsideration,addressingthechallengesposedbysnowslopesisproblematicowingtothevariablenatureofsnowconditions,evenwithinagivenday.Accordingly,the

Left: A view down the S-4.0 crack on the south face of Cathedral Peak's summit block (Photo by Philip S. Bates).

Below: Descending the Class S-4.1 ledges on the east face of the North Palisade summit block (Photo by Bill Van Woert).

17SierraEcho▴April-June2019

proposedscramblingratingsdonotseekformallytoincorporatethedifficultyofsnowslopes,butinsteadasimpleframeworkisofferedforadjustingtheratingsforthepresenceofsnowfields.Withoutknowledgeofaroute’scurrentsnowconditions,theadjustmentsshouldbeviewedasonlyestimatesofthescramblingdifficultyrating.

Theproposedscramblingratingsadjustmentsforsnowslopesassumethatthesnow-coveredportionsofnon-technicalroutesconsistoftheconsolidated,firmsnowofthetypethatusuallycharacterizemountainenvironmentsinlatespringtoearlyautumn.Suchsnowconditionsprovidereasonablyconsistentfootingandentailminimalavalancherisk.Intheeventoflarge,unseasonalsnowstorms,slopesabove25degreeswithsignificantnew,unconsolidatedsnowfallshouldbeconsideredatbesttechnicalandprobablyshouldbeavoided.Routescrossingglacierswithcrevassesareconsideredtechnicaland,therefore,excludedfromthesnowslopeadjustmentsforscramblingratings.

Similartothevarioustypesofrockyterraindescribedabove,snow-coveredslopesvaryindifficultydependingonsteepness,lengthofthesnowslope,stabilityandfirmnessofthesnow,andpresenceoficyconditionsoranyrockhazardsonoradjacenttothesnowslopes.Thedifficultyofstable,consolidatedsnowslopescanbegenerallyclassifiedasfollows:lowangleof0-20degreesisconsideredroughcross-countrytravel(S-1.2),moderateangleof20-30degreesiseasytomediumdifficultyscrambling(S-2.0toS-2.2),fairlysteepangleof30-40degreesrepresentshardscrambling(S-3.0toS-3.2),andsteepangleof40-50degreesisveryhard

scrambling(S-4.0toS-4.2).Whereaparticularsnow-coveredroutefallswithintheaboverangesofscramblingratingcategoriesdependsontheotherfactorscitedabove,suchasthesnowslope’slengthandfirmnessandthepresenceoficeand/orrockhazards.Forexample,thepresenceoficyconditionsduringearlymorningclimbswouldlikelyboostthe

scramblingdifficultyratingforfairlysteepanglesnowfields(i.e.,30-40degrees)toS-3.2orhigher,whilesuchconditionswouldbelikelytoraisethedifficultyratingtoS-4.2or

Left: The southeast slope of Dunderberg Peak offered an S-2.2 route during this Spring outing (Photo by Bill Van Woert). Below: The East Couloir of Matterhorn Peak presented S-3.2 challenges during our Spring climb (Photo by Phillip S. Bates).

18 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

technicalonasteepanglesnowfield(i.e.,40to50degrees).Likewise,thepresenceoflooserockswouldboostthedifficultyratingofafairlysteepsnowfieldtoS-3.2orhigherandincreasetheratingofasteepanglesnowslopetoS-4.2ortechnical.Snowslopesabove50degreesarepredominatelyiceandshouldbeconsideredtechnicaland,inturn,outsidethescopeofscramblingratings.

Giventhattheangleofreposeofsnowis34degrees,allsnowslopesof35degreesormorehavesomeamountoficetobindsnowathigherangles.Accordingly,aniceaxe,crampons,helmet,andropewouldbeprudentforallsnowslopesof30degreesorabove(i.e.,S-3.0orhigher),alongwiththerequisitemountaineeringskillsforsuchsteeperandpotentiallyicyterrain.Inaddition,evenloweranglesnowslopesmaysometimesbecomeicyduetolarge,dailytemperatureswings,posingaddedrisksandrequiringtechnicalgearandrelevantmountaineeringskillsforsafemovementonsuchsnowfields.

Insomecases,thepresenceofsnowcanmakecross-countrytravelandscramblingeasierandsaferbycoveringunstablescree,talusandboulderswithsmooth,stablesnowfields,potentiallyloweringthedifficultyrating.Snow,however,canobscuresubsurfacehollowsandstreams,creatingdangerous,unseenhazardsthatdonotexistforhikersandscramblerswhenthesnowhasmeltedlaterinthe

season.Asaresult,thecrossingofsnowfieldsrequiressomeroute-findingskillsandexperiencetominimizeexposuretohazards.

Toillustrateadjustmentstoscramblingratingsinthecaseofearlyspringoutingsoverextensivesnowslopes,Mt.LangleyviaNewArmyPassfromCottonwoodLakesTrailheadwouldlikelyberatedS-2.2(comparedwithS-1.1whensnow-free)andviaOldArmyPasswouldberatedS-3.1(versusS-2.1whensnow-free),whileCirquePeak’snortheastslopefromthesametrailheadwouldlikelyberatedS-2.1(versusS-2.0withoutsnow).Undersimilarearlyspringsnowconditions,theMountWhitneyTrailwouldlikelyberatedS-2.2(comparedwithS-1.0snow-free)andtheMountaineersRouteupMt.WhitneywouldlikelyberatedS-3.2(versusS-3.1withoutsnow).Insomecases,stablespringsnowmakesrouteslessdifficult.Forexample,thescramblingratingforthesoutheastslopeofTheThumbunderstablespringsnowconditionslikelydropstoS-2.2fromS-3.0,whileinasimilarfashiontheratingofthenorthslopeofSplitMountainfromtheeastviaRedLakePasslikelyfallstoS-2.2whencoveredbystableSpringsnowversusS-3.0whensnow-free.Likewise,thepresenceofsubstantial,consolidatedsnowislikelytoeaseandstabilizeconditionsontheeastcouloirrouteofMt.Mills,loweringtheratingtoperhapsS-3.1fromS-3.2orhigherwhensnow-free.

Apr6-7|Sat-Sun LTCM/E:SierraSnowCheckoff/Practice:ForM&Ecandidateswantingtocheckoffleadershipratings.Wewelcomeotherswhowishtopracticenewtechniques.RestrictedtoSCmbrswithsomepriorbasictrainingwiththeiceaxe.SendSC#,climbingresume,email,H&WphonestoLdr:NileSorenson.Co-ldrs:NealRobbins,PhilBates,JackKieffer.

Apr13|Sat LTCC:LeadershipTrainingSeminar:DeadlinetoregisterisMarch30,butspacemaybeavailableafterthedeadline.Getthe

applicationandmoreinformationhere:https://www.sierraclub.org/angeles/leadership-outings/leadership-training-seminar

Apr17|Wed LTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Spring2019):KnotsandBasicSafetySystems:Firstoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thiswillbeanindoorworkshopheldintheevening,reviewingropes,harnesses,helmets,basicclimbinggear,andknotsinpreparationforlaterworkshops.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgRegistrationopensat8amtheMondaytwoweeksafterthefinalpreviousclassouting.Ldr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

SPSoutingscanalwaysbeviewedonlineontheelectronicAngelesChapterScheduleofActivities:http://angeles.sierraclub.org/activitieshttps://sierraclub.org/angeles/sierra-peaks/outings-schedule

Outings

We’ve chosen the photo above showing climbers ascending Mt. Emerson on an SPS trip to represent the outings section. Do you have a photo you would like to see here? If so, please send your submission as an email attachment to [email protected] or via USPS to Tina Bowman.

Ascending Mt. Emerson on August 27, 2017 (Photo by Mat Kelliher).

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O U T I N G S

Apr20|Sat LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Spring2019):BelaySkills:Secondoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thisworkshopwillfocusonbelayingandrelatedprinciples,startingwithstandardsportclimbingallthewayuptoadvancedtechniquestomovelargegroupsacrossdangerousterrain.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterplease

seehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

Apr27|Sat LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Spring2019):Rappelling:Thirdoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thisworkshopwillfocusonrappellingusingavarietyoftechniqueswithaheavyemphasisonredundancy,safety,andefficiency.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

May3-5|Fri-Sun LTCC:WildernessFirstAidCourseatHarwoodLodge:Thecourserunsfrom7:15amFridayto5:00pmSunday.Feeincludesinstruction,lodgingandmeals.ProofofCPRwithinprevious4yrsrequiredtoenroll.Fee$305(fullrefunduntil3/29).Forsign-up,seeinstructionsandapplicationathttp://www.wildernessfirstaidcourse.org/.

May4-5|Sat-Sun LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Spring2019):AnchorsandSystems:Fourthoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.ThisweekendcompletestheseriesofAMPworkshopsatJoshuaTreeNationalParkandfocusesonbuildinganchorsandapplying

previouslylearnedskillsinrealworldclimbingsituationswithmultipleparticipants.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorroped

Leaders in this issue’s schedule:[email protected]

[email protected]

RichardBoardman310-74-4371

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Visit the SPS website for an even more up-to-date listing of upcoming trips at http://www.sierraclub.org/sps

Also, please check at summitregister.org whether a peak needs a register book or pencil before you go on a climb.

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O U T I N G S

Ifyouaren’taleader,pleaseconsiderbecomingone!Elsewhereinthisissueisa“DaretoLead”boxwithinformationaboutsigningupfortheLeadershipTrainingProgram.Thefirststep,theseminar,iscominguponApril13thwithasomewhatflexibledeadlineofMarch30toregister.Theseminarhappensonlytwiceayear,sodon’tmissthischance.

ThisyearisanticipatedtobeabanneryearforsnowintheSierra.Assuch,someoftheapproachesandnormalroutesmaybeimpactedlaterintothesummerthaninrecentpastdroughtyears.Considerstreamcrossinginyourearlysummerrouteplanning.Butdon’tdespair,justplanahead!InyoPermitscangenerallybe

reservedsixmonthsinadvance,aregoingfast,andappeartohavebeenreducedfromprioryearsforsometrailheads.Currently,itseemsthatmostInyoPermitsarebeingreleasedshortlyaftermidnightPST,althoughI’vebeentoldthatitcouldrevertbackto7amPSTatanytime.Thatmeansyouwillneedtoplantolog-inabout12midnightandstartreservingpermits.WeexpecttheSierratobestunningthisspringandsummer,sowewouldlovetoseeSPSmembersoutbaggingpeaksandpostingawesomepicsonsocialmedia.

Leaders,pleaseremembertogivetheoutingschair(s)andtheMOCtimetoreviewandapproveanyM,MR,orERtrips.

PhilA.BatesOutingsChair,SPS

climbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

May18|Sat LTC,WTC,HPSI:Navigation:BeginningClinic:Spendthedayone-on-onewithaninstructor,learning/practicingmapandcompassinourlocalmountains.Beginnerstorustyold-timerswelcome,andpracticeisavailableatallskilllevels.Notacheckout,butitwillhelpyouprepare.Manyexpertleaderswillattend;manyI-ratedleadersstartedhereinthepast.4mi,500'gain.Sendsase,phones,rideshareinfo,$25deposit(SierraClub),refundedattrailheadtoLeader:DianeDunbar.Co-Ldr:RichardBoardman.

Jun15-16|Sat-Sun LTC,WTC,HPS,DPS,SPSI:Navigation:Mt.PinosNavigationNoodle:NavigationnoodleatMt.Pinostosatisfythebasic(I/M)levelnavigationrequirements.Satforpractice,skillsrefresher,altimeter,homework,campfire.Suncheckofforadditionalpractice.Sendemailwithcontactinfo(mailingaddress,phonenumbers),navigationexperience/training,anyWTC,leaderrating,ridesharetoLeader:RobertMyers.Assistant:AnnShields.Note:Early(atleasttwoweekspriortotheevent)sign-upforallnavigationcheckoffsandpracticesisrecommended.Theseoutingsrequiresubstantialpre-outingpreparationwork,includingcompletionofbothacomprehensivewrittenexamandarouteplanning

assignmentthatwillbemailedtoyoupriortothecheckoff.SeeChapter6oftheLeader’sReferenceBookformoreinformation.

Jun22-23|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:JohnsonPk(11,371’):Joinusforatwo-daymeadowfilledextravaganzaintheSouthernSierra!We’llstartoutata10ktrailheadsoarriveearlythedaybeforeforbonusaltitude/attitudeadjustmentpotential!Satwe’llcrossthe11kCottonwoodPassanddropdownintoaseriesofmassivemeadowswithviewsoftheWhitneyareatothenorth(11mi,2,000’gain).Campwillbeinameadownearthepeak.Sunw’ellbeupearlyanddoax-croutetoJohnson(4mi,1,50’0RT)beforereturningtocamp,packingup,andhikingout(11mi,2,000’).PrioritygiventoWTCstudentswhoneedanexperiencetriptograduate.Pleaseemailldrwithrecenthikingexperiencetoapply.Ldr:MatthewHengst.Asst:JenniferBlackie.

Jun22-23|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:NMaggie(10,234’):EvenifMaggieLkandMaggieMtnwerenottheinspirationforRodStewartsclassichit,thismaybethetripforyou!JoinusonthisearlyseasontripfromasouthernSierratrailheadtoclimbSPSpeakN.MaggieMtn(10,234’).We’llhavealongishbutbeautifulapproachonSat(10mi/3000’gain)tocampbyalake.Sunwe’llheadoutearlyforN.MaggieMtn(2.4mirt/1200’gain)beforereturningtocamptopackourthingsandhikeout.Thistripoffersgreatwestsidehikingandthechancetogetconditioningwith

Call for Outings

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O U T I N G SdecentelevationbeforethesnowySierraopensupinallitsglory.Forconsideration,sendyourrecenthikingexperienceandcontactinformationtoLdr:JenniferJones.Asst:KristenLindbergh.

Jul4-7|Thu-SunSPSMR:BearClawSpire,PeppermintPk:JoinusforanadventuretoclimbtworarelyclimbedpeaksinthePineCrkdrainage.Thu,backpackfromPineCrktrailheadtocampatUpperPineLk(5mi,3,000’gain).Fri,climbBearClawSpire(aka,TreasurePk)viathethird-classSouthwestRidge(2.5mi,2400’gain).Satmorning,we’llattemptPeppermintPkviaSpireColandtheWestRidge(3mi,2400’gain).Totalstatsfortrip:21miand7800’gain.Mustbecomfortableonexposed3rdclassrockandhavepreviousexperienceataltitude.TriprestrictedtoSierraClubmembers—helmetandharness

required.Permitlimitsgroupsize.SendemailwithexperienceandconditioningtoLdr:ReggeBulman.Co-Ldr:MonicaSuua.

Jul12-14|Fri-SunWTC,SPSMR:TwinPks(12,323’),VirginiaPk(12,001’):Joinusforamoderatelystrenuousearlysummerloop-tripoutintonortheasternYosemiteNPforafunandrockyridgetraversetothesetwogorgeouspeaksintheSierraNevadanearBridgeport,CA.Frimorningwe’llstartoutfromVirginiaLks(9852’)andpackinontrailintotheYosemiteWildernessandsetupcampalongsideagorgeousalpinelakeat10,250’(8.2mi,2600’gain).Satmorningwe’llriseatfirstlighttoascendasteepandsometimeslooseclass2gullytothesometimesclass3ridgethatconnectsTwinPksandVirginiaPk;onceatopthatridgewe’llmakeourwaytothenorthtothesummitofTwinPks,thenretraceourstepsforabittotravelsouthalongtheridgeonourwaytothesummitofVirginia

Becoming a Sierra Club outings leader starts with curiosity and a love of the outdoors. What better way to step up and lead than by taking advantage of the training opportunities that the Angeles Chapter's Leadership Training Committee provides each year?

As home to one of the largest outings programs on the planet, the Sierra Club Angeles Chapter's many groups, sections, and committees sponsor thousands of trips ranging from beach barbecues to mountaineering expeditions. You can take the first step toward becoming a leader by attending a class offered April 13, at the Stoneview Nature Center in Culver City. Deadline to register will be two weeks before the seminar.

The seminar covers all the basics of leadership. Experienced leaders will tell you how to plan a trip, prevent problems on the trail and make sure that everyone—including you—has a great time. They’ll also explain good conservation and safety practices. And they’ll give you tips for getting your “O” rating quickly and then, if you choose, pursuing more advanced ratings.

The all-day class costs $30. The application is on-line at https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/leadership-training-committee-and-outings-management-/LTC-app-041319-AMR-fill2.pdf , you can more about the Leadership Training Program and view the LTC's upcoming offerings, which are also on the Schedule of Activities page.

Mail the application and check, payable to Sierra Club, to Pamela Sivula, LTC Registrar, 7304 Beverly Blvd., #333., Los Angeles, CA 90036. You also can reach Pamela by email [email protected] or by phone (213-290-2407).

Scholarships are available for those with financial need. Apply to LTC Chair Anne Marie Richardson [email protected]

!

Dare to Lead!Spring Leadership Training Seminar Set for April 13, 2019

22 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

O U T I N G S

SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019SPS Income Statement 02-21-2019

YTD YTD YTD YTD YTD YTD Final Final Final Final Final Final

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017INCOME

Echo Subscriptions 1,473 1,430 650 360 200 110 1,835 1,360 1,560 1,560 1,630 1,580 Banquet Income 2,650 3,165 - - - - 2,800 2,905 4,645 4,110 3,760 2,795 Donations 798 776 256 60 30 15 340 440 560 666 888 655 Merchandise Sales 157 63 - - - - 39 27 276 395 262 112

- - - - - - - - - - - - Total Income 5,078 5,434 906 420 230 125 5,014 4,732 7,041 6,731 6,540 5,142

EXPENSES

Postage 180 98 - - - - 609 (4) 14 938 522 314 Printing 191 84 - - - - 578 898 640 706 433 418 Merchandise 17 - - - - - - - 196 234 130 - Raffle - - - - - - - - 250 - - - Banquet Expenses 3,715 4,252 - - - - 3,216 4,206 5,640 4,772 4,710 3,553 Bank Fees (87) 1 - - - - 18 2 10 6 18 12 Website 20 - - - - - - 268 36 84 96 Charitable contributions 200 - - - - - 400 - - 200 200 200 Outreach - - - - - - - - - 899 254 82 Membership meetings/activities 101 - - - - - - - - 1,257 174 - Register Related - - - - - - - - - - 57 -

- - - - - - - - - - - - Total Expenses 4,336 4,435 - - - - 4,821 5,103 7,019 9,048 6,583 4,674

OVERALL TOTAL 741 999 906 420 230 125 193 (371) 22 (2,317) (43) 467

Pk,beforemakingourwaybacktocamp(4.5mi,3000’).Sunmorningwe’llpackupandheadoutoverVirginiaPass(10,550’)andthendownGlinesCynandGreenCrktotheGreenLkstrailhead(8120’)(5.5miand1100’gain/3200’loss).FestiveHappyHourFriandSateveningsunderwaxinggibbousmoon-litskies!ThisisaRestrictedMountaineeringouting;participantsmustbecurrentSierraClubmembersandmustsubmitaSierraClubMedicalFormtojoinus.Absolutecomfortontalusandexposedclass3terrainrequired.Helmet,harness,belaydevice,andexperiencewiththeiruseisrequired.EmailMatwithcontactandcarpoolinfo,recentconditioningandexperience,includinghigh-

altitudeexperience,fortripstatusanddetails.Ldrs:MatKelliher,JeremyNetka.

Jul13-14|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:KernPk(11,510’):JoinusforavisittothemeadowsandforestsoftheKernPlateau.We’llclimboneofthetwotallestpeaksontheplateauandenjoyviewsstretchingnorthtoWhitneyandsouthtotheMojave.Ofcourse,we’llhaveapotlucktoo.We’llenterviatheBlackrockTrailheadofftheShermanPassRd.Tripstats:Sat8.5mi,1800’gain,2000’loss.Sunsummitclimb3.5miles,2900’gain;returntrip12mi,2000’gain,4500’loss.Sendrecentexperienceand

23SierraEcho▴April-June2019

conditioning.PreferencegiventorecentWTCstudents.Ldr:RonCampbell.Asst:WilliamPayne.

Jul27-29|Sat-Mon SPSI:MtDavis(12,303’):JoinusforthisstrenuousbutamazinglyscenictripupintotheThousandIslandLksregionoftheAnselAdamsWildernesstoclimbthisoften-overlookedpeakintheRitterRange.Satwe'llpackin9.0miles(4,350'gain)viatheRushCreektrailheadoutofJuneLkandsetupcamp.Thatnightwe'llenjoyafestiveHappyHourundernearlymoonlessnightskies.Sunwe'llsetoutatfirstlightforthesummitofMtDavisoversteep,sometimesloose,alwaysruggedx-cterrain.We'llenjoyphenomenalviewsuptopandthenreturntocampthewaywecameupforaday'stotalofabout5mi(2,700'gain).AnotherfestiveHappyHourthatnight,andthenMonmorningwe'llpackupandheadbackoutthesamewaywecamein.SatisfiesWTCExperiencetriprequirements.Permitlimitsgroupsizeandpermitcosts(about$10perperson)willbesplitamongthegroup.EmailMatwithcontactandcarpoolinfo,recentconditioningandexperience,includinghigh-altitudeexperience,fortripstatusanddetails.Ldrs:MatKelliher,StephenMcDonnell.

Aug10-11|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:SawtoothPk(N)(12,343):Joinusforamid-summerweekendintheSequoiaNPoutofMineralKingtoascendthisamazinglyscenicpeakwithoutstandingviewsinalldirections.Satmorningwe’llpackinontrailatarelaxedpaceandsetupcampatLowerMonarchLkforaday’stotalof3.4miwith2,800’gain.SatnightwewillcelebratewithaFestiveHappyHourunderwaxinggibbousmoon-litnightskies.Sunplantosetoutatfirstlightontrailandlatercross-countrytothesummitofSawtoothPkforatotalof2.2miand2,400’gain.Aftersavoringtheviewsuptop,wewillreturntocamp,packup,andheadout.EmailMatwithcontactandcarpoolinfo,recentconditioning,andexperience,includinghigh-altitudeexperience,fortripstatusanddetails.Ldrs:MatKelliher,SridharGullapalli.

Aug17-18|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:MtLewis(12,296’)viaBloodyCyn:Joinusforaquasi-relaxedstrollupaseldomvisitedpeakthatstraddlestheborderofYosemite!Satwe’llpackin4miand2,200’gainandspendtheafternoonrelaxingbyalakeandenjoyingatraditionalSierraClubhappyhourwhilewewatchthesunset.Sunwe’llbeupearlyandstrolluptothepasswherewe’llexploresomeoldminingruinsandclimbMtLewisbefore

returningtocamp(6mi,2,600’)andpackingout(4mi,600’).Emailleadersyourrecentconditioningtoapply.PrioritygiventoWildernessTravelCoursestudentswhoneedthetriptograduate.Ldrs:MatthewHengst,WilliamPayne.

Aug17-18|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:Mt.Conness(12,590’):JoinusfortwodaysclimbingaspectacularpeakaboveTuolumneMdwsinYosemiteNP.Satwe’llhikeintoYoungLks(5.8mi,1000’gain),wherewewillsetupcampandspendarelaxingafternoonswimmingandenjoyingthearea.ThatnightwewillhaveourepicSierraClubhappyhour,sopleasebringsomethingforeveryonetoshare.Sun,we’llwakeupearlyandclimbthepeak(3mi,2,600’),wherewe’llhavelunchbeforereturningtocampandhikingout(9mi).Thetotalstatsfortheweekendare18miand3,600’ofelevationgain.Emailleaderwithrecentconditioningtoapply.PreferencegiventoWTCstudentswhoneedthetriptograduate.Ldrs:DennisLoya,RichardGillock.

Aug23-25|Fri-Sun WTC,SPSI:PilotKnob(12,245’):Joinusforthismoderatethree-daytripupintothegorgeousHumphreysBasinwestofNorthLkintheEasternSierraNevada.Frimorningwe'llmeetnearNorthLk(9,345')andpackinatarelaxed,butdeterminedpacewestalongcreeksidetrailanduppastaseriesofgorgeousalpinelakesuptoandthenoverPiutePass(11,423')beforedroppingdownintothespectacularHumphreysBasinandmakingourwaynorthwesttoourcampfortheweekendneartheshoreofLowerDesolationLk(11,100').Expectaday'stotalofabout7.5miwith2,600'gain.Aftersettingupcamp,relaxingabit,andperhapscatchingafishortwo,we'llsettleinforafestiveHappyHourunderthelastquartermoon-lit,summernightskies.Satwe'llheadoffcross-countrytothewestandsummitthewildlyscenicPilotKnob.Afterthoroughlyenjoyingthespectacularviewssurroundingusupthere,we'llheadbacktoourcampandenjoyanafternoonofswimming,fishing,lounging,and/orsnoozing.Expectaday'stotalofabout3.0miand1,750'gain.Thateveningwe'llcelebratewithanevenmoreFestiveHappyHourthanthenightprior.Sunwe'llpackupandthenheadoutthesameroutewecameinon.AmateuranglersneedavalidCAfishinglicense.Permitdramaticallylimitsgroupsize,andpermitcostswillbesplitamongthegroup(about$10each).Emailrecentconditioningandexperience,includinghighaltitudeexperience,WTC(ifany)Area&Group,alongwithcontactandvehicle/rideshareinformation,toMatfortripstatusanddetails.Ldr:MatKelliher,Co-Ldrs:DaveScobie,TiffaniBruno.

O U T I N G S

24 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

25SierraEcho▴April-June2019

Aug24-25|Sat-SunWTC,SPSI:DuckLkPk(12,077’)&Pika:JoinusfortwogloriousdaysoutnearMammoth!Day1we'lldropcarsoffatLkGeorgethenhikeinfromLkMarycrossingDuckPassandcampingatPikaLake(5.3mi,2,000').Sunwe'llbeupearlyandclimbnearbyDuckLkPkbeforehikingoutoverMammothCrestwherewe'llhaveincredibleviewsinprettymucheverydirection(11miand3kgainfortheday).PrioritygiventoWTCstudentswhoneedthetriptograduateandthosewithareallyawesomehappyhouritem!Ldr:KimCrane.Asst:MatthewHengst

Sep14-15|Sat-Sun WTC,SPSI:VogelsangPk(11,493’):JoinusforacoupleofpleasantdaysinwildlyscenicYosemiteNPonthisovernighttriptoclimbaclassicSierraPeakintheCathedralRange.SatwepackinoutofTuolumneMdwsatarelaxed,butpurposefulpaceontrailalongsideRaffertyCrkupandoverTuolumnePassandbeyond.OncewereachVogelsangLk,wewilltravelcross-countryarounditswesternshoreandsetupcampnearitsheadwaterstothesouth.Distanceforthedaywillbeabout8.0miwith1,900'gain.AtcampthatnightwewillcelebratethegorgeouscountrywefindourselvesinwithaFestiveHappyHourunderfullmoon-lit,summer-nightskies.Sunwecontinueoursoutherncoursecross-countryuptoandthenalongtheEasternRidgeofVogelsangPktoitssummit,wherewewillsavortheexpansiveviewsallaroundusbeforeheadingbackdowntoourcampforatotalof2.0RTmiwith1,200'gain.Backatcamp,wewillpackupandheadoutthesamewaywecamein.SatisfiesWTCExperiencetriprequirements.Permitlimitsgroupsizeandpermitcosts(about$10perperson)willbesplitamongthegroup.EmailMatwithcontactandcarpoolinfo,recentconditioningandexperience,includinghigh-altitudeexperience,fortripstatusanddetails.Leaders:MatKelliher,JimmyQuan.

Sep29|Sun LTC,WTC,HPS,DPS,SPSI:Navigation:Mt.PinosNavigationNoodle:NavigationnoodleatMt.Pinostosatisfythebasic(I/M)levelnavigationrequirements.Practiceskillsorcheckoff.Sendemailwithcontactinfo(mailingaddress,phonenumbers),navigationexperience/training,anyWTC,leaderrating,ridesharetoLeader:RobertMyers.Assistant:AnnShields.Note:Early(atleasttwoweekspriortotheevent)sign-upforallnavigationcheckoffsandpracticesisrecommended.Theseoutingsrequiresubstantialpre-outingpreparationwork,includingcompletionofbothacomprehensivewrittenexamandarouteplanningassignmentthatwillbemailedtoyoupriorto

thecheckoff.SeeChapter6oftheLeadersReferenceBookformoreinformation.

Oct9|Wed LTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Fall2019):KnotsandBasicSafetySystems:Firstoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thiswillbeanindoorworkshopheldintheevening,reviewingropes,harnesses,helmets,basicclimbinggear,andknotsinpreparationforlaterworkshops.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgRegistrationopensat8amtheMondaytwoweeksafterthefinalpreviousclassouting.Ldr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

Oct12|Sat LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Fall2019):BelaySkills:Secondoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thisworkshopwillfocusonbelayingandrelatedprinciples,startingwithstandardsportclimbingallthewayuptoadvancedtechniquestomovelargegroupsacrossdangerousterrain.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

Oct19|Sat LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Fall2019):Rappelling:Thirdoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.Thisworkshopwillfocusonrappellingusingavarietyoftechniqueswithaheavyemphasisonredundancy,safety,andefficiency.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

Oct26-27|Sat-Sun LTC,SPS,DPS,WTCM/E-R:AdvancedMountaineeringProgram(Fall2019):AnchorsandSystems:Fourthoffourclimbingworkshopsaimedatdevelopingskillsfor3rd,4th,and5thclassclimbingbothasaparticipantorafutureSierraClubMandEleader.

O U T I N G S

26 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

ThisweekendcompletestheseriesofAMPworkshopsatJoshuaTreeNationalParkandfocusesonbuildinganchorsandapplyingpreviouslylearnedskillsinrealworldclimbingsituationswithmultipleparticipants.Allparticipantsmusthavepriorropedclimbingexperienceandcommittoallfourclasses.Toregisterpleaseseehttp://www.advancedmountaineeringprogram.orgLdr:MatthewHengst.Assts:DanRichter,PatrickMcKusky.

Nov1-3|Fri-Sun LTCC:WildernessFirstAidCourseatHarwoodLodge:Thecourserunsfrom7:15amFridayto5:00pmSunday.Feeincludesinstruction,lodgingandmeals.ProofofCPRwithinprevious4yrsrequiredtoenroll.Fee$315(fullrefunduntil9/27).Forsign-up,seeinstructionsandapplicationatwww.wildernessfirstaidcourse.org.

Nov2|Sat LTC,WTC,HPSI:Navigation:BeginningClinic:Spendthedayone-on-onewithaninstructor,learning/practicingmapandcompassinourlocalmountains.Beginnerstorustyold-timerswelcome,andpracticeisavailableatallskilllevels.Notacheckout,butitwillhelpyouprepare.Manyexpertleaderswillattend;manyI-ratedleadersstartedhereinthepast.4mi,500'gain.Sendsase,phones,rideshareinfo,$25deposit(SierraClub),refundedattrailheadtoLeader:DianeDunbar.Co-Ldr:RichardBoardman.

Nov16-17|Sat-Sun LTC,WTC,HPS,DPS,SPSI:Navigation:MissionCreekPreserveNavigationNoodle:NavigationnoodleatMissionCreekPreserveto

O U T I N G S

In addition to the permit information described below, most reservations for the Inyo National Forest and the Desolation Wilderness up to 48 hours in advance of entry can be handled at: http://recreation.gov 

INYO NATIONAL FOREST Web site: www.fs.usda.gov/main/inyo/homePick up permit closest to departure trailhead.

Eastern Sierra InterAgency Visitor Center, Lone Pine, CA (760) 876-6200

White Mountain Ranger Station, Bishop, CA 93514 (760) 873-2500

Mammoth Lakes Visitor Center, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 (760) 924-5500

Mono Basin Scenic Area Visitor Center, Lee Vining, CA 93541 (760) 647-304

KERN PLATEAUWeb site: www.r5.fs.fed.us/sequoia

Cannell Meadow Ranger District 105 Whitney Road P.O. Box 9Kernville, CA 93238Phone: 760/376-3781 fax: 760/376-3795

Tule River Ranger District32588 Highway 190Springville, CA 93265Phone: (559) 539-2607

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK Web site: www.nps.gov/yoseReservation requests for summer trips (mid-May through September) are accepted from 2 weeks to 24 weeks in advance on-line or by writing toYosemite AssociationPO Box 545Yosemite, CA 95389

By phone: reservations for summer trips are accepted by calling (209) 372-0740.

Obtain your free permit from the Wilderness Permit Station nearest your departure trailhead. Call (209) 372-0200 for permit station locations.

If entering park from Cherry Lake in the Stanislaus National Forest to Kibbie Lake and Lake Eleanor in

Yosemite, you must get your permit from the Stanislaus National Forest Ranger Station on Highway 120 in Groveland. Call (209) 962-7825.If entering the park from Chiquito Pass in Sierra National Forest, permits for the whole trip must be obtained from the forest Service in North Fork. Call (559) 877-2218

SEQUOIA AND KINGS CANYON NP Web site: www.fs.usda.gov/sequoia47050 Generals HighwayThree Rivers, CA. 93271-9599Phone (559) 565-3766 for permit & trail info. Fax (559) 565-4239

SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST (WESTSIDE) ENTRYWeb site: https://www.fs.usda.gov/sierraAnsel Adams Wilderness–North Bass Lake Ranger District57003 Road 225North Fork, CA 93643Phone: (559) 887-2218

Ansel Adams Wilderness–South John Muir, Kaiser and Dinkey Lakes WildernessesPineridge/Kings River Ranger District 29688 Auberry RoadPrather, CA 93651 Phone: (559) 855-5355

Wilderness Permit Info

27SierraEcho▴April-June2019

1. Calltoorderat7:05;presentwereJimFleming,chair;AlexanderSmirnoff,treasurer;PaulGarry,vicechair/banquet;andTinaBowman,secretary.

2. Standardbusinessandreports.a. Approvalofminutes(December)––Doneviae-

mail.b. Chair––JimwillcheckwithoutingschairPhil

Batesaboutwholedthemostoutingsin2018sowecanrewardthosewholedthemostwithREIgiftcardsashasbeendonethepastfewyearsatthebanquet.

c. ViceChair––Thebanquetwentwell,andwe’vegottenanumberoffavorablecommentsaboutitandtheprogrambySophieCairns.WedecidedtoholdthenextbanquetonSunday,January26,2020,atAlmansorCourtagain.

d.Outings––Philreportedbyemailthatwehavethreetripsplannedorintheworkssofar,andhe’llbesolicitingoutingsfromleaders.

e. Treasurer’sreport––reportpending(seefinancialstatementintheEcho)

f. EmblemCommitteeReport––ChrisGuidoearnedhisEmblem;BartO’BrienearnedhisSmatkoExplorerEmblem.

g. Outreach–-noreport. h.Archives–-Danhadnothingtoreport. i.Echo

i. DeadlinefornextissueisFebruary22nd(April-Juneissue)

ii. SomeoftheearlierissuesoftheEchostillneedtobescannedandthescansmadeavailableonthewebsite.iii.MovetoHTMLversion(update)––noprogress.

j.MountainRecords––noreport.

k.IT––noreport. l.Website––noreport. m.Conservation––noreport. n.SafetyChair––noreport.

3. Oldbusinessa. ElectionResults—wehad54membersvote

electronicallyandthreebypaperballot.Allfivepeopleontheballotwereelected.

b. AllowingformultipleAndySmatkoExplorerEmblems––TinawillwriteashortpiecefortheEchosothatthenewsspreadsthatapersonmayearnmorethanoneASEE.

4. Newbusinessa.SPSManagementcommittee–-Wewillretain

thesamepositions,atleastfornow.b.NextmeetingdateissetforMonday,April8,

2019,7:00p.m.,eitheraconferencecalloratAlexanderSmirnoff’shome.

Respectfullysubmitted,TinaBowmanSecretary

MinutesapprovedbyemailonFebruary20,2019.

satisfythebasic(I/M)levelnavigationrequirements.Satforpractice,skillsrefresher,altimeter,homework,campfire.Suncheckofforadditionalpractice.Sendemailwithcontactinfo(mailingaddress,phonenumbers),navigationexperience/training,anyWTC,leaderrating,ridesharetoLeader:RobertMyers.Assistant:AnnShields.Note:Early(atleasttwoweekspriortotheevent)sign-upforallnavigationcheckoffsandpracticesisrecommended.Theseoutingsrequiresubstantialpre-outingpreparationwork,includingcompletionofbothacomprehensivewrittenexamandarouteplanningassignmentthatwillbemailedtoyoupriortothecheckoff.SeeChapter6oftheLeader’sReferenceBookformoreinformation.

Dec8|Sat LTC,WTC,HPS,DPS,SPSI:IndianCoveNavigationNoodle:NavigationnoodleatJoshuaTreeNationalParktosatisfythebasic(I/M)levelnavigationrequirements.Practiceskillsorcheckoff.Sendemailwithcontactinfo(mailingaddress,phonenumbers),navigationexperience/training,anyWTC,leaderrating,ridesharetoLdr:RobertMyers.Asst:AnnShields.Note:Early(atleasttwoweekspriortotheevent)sign-upforallnavigationcheckoffsandpracticesisrecommended.Theseoutingsrequiresubstantialpre-outingpreparationwork,includingcompletionofbothacomprehensivewrittenexamandarouteplanningassignmentthatwillbemailedtoyoupriortothecheckoff.SeeChapter6oftheLeader’sReferenceBookformoreinformation.

SPSManagementCommitteeMeetingMonday,February11,20197:00p.m.

AtAlexanderSmirnoff’sHome

O U T I N G S

1. Calltoorderat7:03;presentwereJimFleming,chair;AlexanderSmirnoff,treasurer;LauraNewman,outreach;PaulGarry,vicechair/banquet;andTinaBowman,secretary.

2. Standardbusinessandreports.a. Approvalofminutes(October)––Doneviae-

mail.b. Chair––nospecificreport.

c. ViceChair––banquet.i.Alexanderwillprepareanhonorariumcheck;TinawillcheckthePoliciesandProceduresandemaileveryonewiththeamount.DiscussionaboutpayingfororpartofSophie’stravelexpenses.ii.TomBowmanwillmakeuptheprintedprogram.iii.We’llhavenametags,SPSdecals,SPSbanner,andSPSflyeravailableatthecheck-intable.

iv.PaulwillcallAlmansorCourtrenextpayment.v.We’llaskMaryMcMannesandDaveSholletobephotographers.vi.AboutDecember15thwillemailthebanquetflyerandEchorenewalformtomembers(mailtothosewithoutemail).AbanquetreminderwillbesentinJanuaryaboutaweekbeforetheticketpricegoesup.

vii.Reminder–-nopinkwine!viii.WeneedtoaskPhilBateswhichleadersledthemostSPSoutings.ix.Discussionofwhethertogiveanyawards.

d. Outings––noreport.e. Treasurer’sreport––Currentbalanceof

$9233.95.AlexanderwillsoonmovetheaccountfromWellsFargotoUSBank.

f. EmblemCommitteeReport––KathyRichcompletedherSmatkoExplorerEmblemonSeptember12thonMt.Price,andAnneMullinscompletedhersonOctober20thonSmatkoPeak.BartO’BrienisworkingonpreparinghisapplicationfortheAndySmatkoExplorerEmblem,givingtheinformationrequestedinthereviseddescriptionoftheemblem.ThecommitteecompletedrefiningtherequirementsfortheSmatkoEmblembut

decidednottoallowformorethanoneSmatkoAwardperperson(differentfiftypeaks)atthistime.ThemanagementcommitteediscussedandpassedunanimouslyamotiontoallowrecognitionofmultipleAndySmatkoExplorerEmblemsformemberswhoprovideasecondorsubsequentlisttogetherwiththefirstorearlierlistswithcompleteinformationforeachpeak;apeakclimbedoncewillnotcountasecondtime.

g. Outreach–-noreport.h.Archives–-Tinabroughtaboxofmaterialsfor

Dan,filersthatoncebelongedtoDuaneMcRuer.

i.Echo

i. DeadlinefornextissueisFebruary22nd(April-Juneissue)ii. LaurahasscannedallofTina’sEchoesandwillgetmissingissuesfromGregGerlachorBarbaraLilleyorwillgotothearchivesatUCLAtoscanthem.iii. MovetoHTMLversion(update)––noprogress.

j.MountainRecords––noreport.

k.IT––noreport. l.Website––noreport. m.Conservation––noreport.

n.SafetyChair––noreport.3. Oldbusiness

a. SmatkoPeakdedicationhike:itwasagreatweekend!TinahaswrittenanEchoarticleaboutit.

b. ChangeinPoliciesandProcedures(SmatkoEmblem):thePoliciesandProceduresdocumenthasbeenupdatedfortherevisionintheAndySmatkoExplorerEmblemdescription.Thereviseddescriptionandrevisedpoliciesandprocedureshavebeenpostedonthewebsite.

4. Newbusinessa.SPSManagementcommitteeelections:wefive

willrunagainbutwilllookformorepeoplewillingtorun.Dowewanttohaveanysurveyquestionsontheballotaswehavethepastseveralyears?We’lluseSurveyMonkeyagain.

b.NextmeetingdateissetforMonday,February4,2019,7:00p.m.,atAlexanderSmirnoff’shome.

c.Otheritems?–-none.Themeetingwasadjournedat8:02.

SPSManagementCommitteeMeetingTuesday,December4,2018,7:00p.m.

AtAlexanderSmirnoff’sHome

28 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

KnownthenasPatMeixner,thisextremelyablefoundingmemberoftheSierraPeaksSectionwarmlyembracedtheSierraNevadabothonfootandonhertypewriter.ShemovedfromtheEastCoasttoLosAngelesinAugust1953andquicklybecamehookedupwithFrankSanborn'sbandofhardyclimberswhoinOctober1955wouldofficiallyformtheSPS.OneoftheSPS'seighteenfoundingmembers,sheservedonthefirstSPS

ManagementCommitteeandwasthesection'sfirstsecretary.ThosewerethedaysbeforethebirthofTheSierraEcho,andPat'stripreportsofSPStripsappearedfrequentlyintheAngelesChapterpublicationSouthernSierran.Soon,shewantedtoexpandhertechnicalclimbingskillsandjoinedtheRockClimbingSection,andby1960shehadwedRCSerArvelGentry.TogethertheychairedtheAngelesChapterMembershipCommitteein1960atatimewhentheSierraClubneededtoresolveitsmembershippolicies.ArvelwasanaerodynamicistwithDouglasAircraftandthenwithBoeing,thatworkcausingthecoupletomovetotheSeattlearea.TheybothattendedtheSPS's50thanniversarybanquetinLosAngeles,andPat'swritingscontinuedtoappearinTheSierraEchoaslateasthe60thanniversaryedition(January-March2015).ArveldiedJune1,2015.Pat,atageeighty-five,diedSeptember19,2018.

P A S S A G E S

Above: Pat Meixner on a rope for SPS climb of “Pinnacle Peak” and Rockhouse Peak, Nov. 1-2, 1958 (Sanborn collection). Right: Arvel and Pat Gentry just before Arvel’s death in 2015 (Photo courtesy of Gentry family).

1933 - 2018

Patricia Meixner GentryBy Jerry Keating

JerryKeatinghasdoneamarvelousjobofkeepingtrackoftheeighteenfoundingmembersoftheSPS.Sadly,ninehavedied,allofnaturalcauses:BudBingham,MilesBrubacher,RogerGaefke,PatMeixnerGentry,TedMaier,ChuckMiller,JohnRobinson,andFrankSanborn(OwenBlackburnisassumedtohavediedin2010).Thewhereaboutsofthreemembers–-LeeOwings,

SPS Founders

29SierraEcho▴April-June2019

P A S S A G E S

LeoScotti,andBobSheller––arenotknown.Happily,theothersixarestillwithus:FrankBressel,DonClarke,IzzyLieberman,BarbaraLilley,GeorgeWallerstein,andJohnWedberg.

Right: SPS founding members on independent trip to Angora Mtn., April 22, 1956. From left: Owen Blackburn, Pat Meixner, John Robinson, Chuck Miller, Frank Sanborn (Sanborn collection, by Bud Bingham).

ThoughknownasanearlymemberoftheDesertPeaksSection,doingherfirstDPSclimbin1952,KatharineJune(Kilbourne)HakalaalsoclimbedintheSierra.

MostnotablyshewasamemberofthefirstascentpartyofthenortheastfaceofMt.LeConteonSeptember7,1952,climbingwithBarbaraLilley,SteveWilkie,WesCowan,andGeorgeWallerstein.(BarbaraLilleyandGeorgeWallerstein,ofcourse,becamefoundingmembersoftheSPSin1955.)Shewasfourteenyearsoldatthetime,knowntoclimbersasJune.

WhenshejoinedtheDPSin1953,theJunenewsletteroffered,“Therollsofthesectionhaveswelledduringrecentmonthswiththeadditionoftwoenthusiasticyoungpeople––GaryBratt,astudentatUCLA,andJuneKilbourne,whoisknowntomanyofyouthroughherarticlesintheSouthernSierran.Webidthemwelcomeandgoodclimbing!”

TheobituaryintheRenoGazette-JournalonFebruary22noted,“ItwasduringherchildhoodinLosFelizareaofLAandwhileattendingJohnMarshallHighSchoolthatshedevelopedherloveofthemountains,hikingandtheoutdoors....OnesummersheskiedacrosstheJuneauIcefieldfromAlaskaintoCanada.Therewerefewmountainwildflowersshecouldn'tidentify.”

Shemetherfuturehusband,ThomasHakala,inabotanylabduringherfirstyearatStanfordin1955.Theymarriedin1957andmovedthatyeartoBoston,whereKathietransferredtoRadcliffeCollegeHarvardandTomenteredmedicalschool.Havinggraduatedin1959withadegreeinbiology,shefollowedthatwithamaster’sfromtheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducationin1960andtaughtcollegechemistryinBoston.

AfterTombecameasurgeon,theHakalaslivedinLima,Peru;Sacramento;Potomac,Maryland;Minneapolis;andthenPittsburgh,wheretheylivedfortwenty-sevenyearsandhadfourchildren.

In1999KathieearnedaPh.D.ingeologyattheUniversityofPittsburgh,afterwhichshedidpaleoclimatologyresearchinthewesternUnitedStates,focusingonQuaternaryPeriodclimatechange.

TheHakalasmovedtoRenoin2003,buildingahousewithviewsofthemountainssheloved.

[ThankstoJerryKeatingforprovidingtheinformationfromtheRenoGazette-JournalandfromtheDPSnewsletter.]

1938 - 2019Katherine June (Kilbourne) Hakala

30 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

AsoneoftheearlySPSers,TomRossatfirstwaswidelyknownforcomicbehaviorbutquicklyemergedasaskilledclimberaswellasexpertphotographer.OnMarch31,1957,forexample,heentertainedfellowOwensPeakclimbersonanoff-seasonChineseNewYearwith

anassortmentoffireworks,asacrificialbonfire,andhilariousjokes.HethenwaslivingintheLosAngelesareaand,inAugustofthatyear,earnedhisSPSemblemonMt.Sill.Beforelong,hewiselydecidednottobringanyformoffireworkswithhimtothemountains.

Tom'spassionfortheSierraNevadapromptedhimtomovetoInyoCountyby1959,andthoseofusboundtothelowlandslearnedhewaslivingforawhileinthebuildingservingtheOnionValleyskiareaandlaterattheMt.WhitneyFishHatcheryaboveIndependenceaspartofhisworkthere.HemaintainedclosecontactwithAndySmatko,frequentlyclimbedwithAndy,andfullyembracedAndy'squestforfirstascentsintheSierra.Whatwasdifferent,however,wasTom'swillingnesstoskiorsnowshoeintoremoteareasoftheSierrainwinterandtakespectacularphotographs,manyofwhichappearedinTheSierraEcho.

In1960,NormanClydewasnamedthefirsthonorarymemberoftheSPS,andthepresentationtookplaceonOctober15attheAngelesChapter'sannualbanquet.TheSPSManagementCommitteemadetheawarddecision,butitwasTomwhoconvincedClydetocomesouthfortheceremonyanddrovetheadmiredbutsometimesirascibleClydetothepresentation.

OnOctober25,1964,TomwaspartofaFrankSanborn-leddayclimbofMuahMtn.fromalowerpartofCottonwoodCreek.Atthetime,IwaslivinginSacramentoandplanningtodosomedesertpeaksabovetheOwensValleyafullmonthlaterwithafellowSPSer.OntheMuahclimb,TomofferedtohostusonthenightofNovember27,andwejoinedhimthatSaturdayafternoonattheMt.WhitneyFishHatcheryafteraneasyascentofPleasantPt.Sackingoutonanupperfloorofthatfabledhatcherywasablessingwiththetemperaturesocoldoutside.WaucobaMtn.wasourobjectiveforSunday,butthenormalapproachfromthenorthwasblockedbysnow.Tomknewofanaccessroadfromthesouthwestthatmightbepossible.Wetriedthatroadbut

P A S S A G E S

1930 - 2018

Tom Ross

By Jerry Keating

Above: Tom Ross standing near Piute Pass, May 26, 1963, on a joint SPS/Mother Lode Section trip with Barbara Lilley and Tom Ross serving as leaders. On that trip, snowbanks blocked the upper section of the North Lake road on Saturday, and only three persons (Lilley, Arkel Erb and Sy Ossofsky) reached the stated objective, Mt. Goethe, on Sunday. About 10 others climbed Muriel (Caption info and photo courtesy of Jerry Keating; photo Sanborn Collection).

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P A S S A G E S

couldn'treachitsend,andthatmadetheclimbunwisewithdarknessarrivingsoearly.But,toourdelight,theroadyieldedagreatplacetophotographthesnowySierraacrosstheOwensValley.AndjustthatoneviewmadeiteasytoappreciateTom'sreasonforlivingatthefootofwhatweallfavoredastheRangeofLight.

TomcontinuedtojoinAndySmatkoonmanytripsandnodoubtwasencouragedbyAndy'saccomplishments.AndyinOctober1964becamethefirstSPSertofinishthesection'speakslist,andTomfollowedinAugust1965onnoneotherthanNormanClydePeak.MixedwithnamedpeaksinTom'stotalclimbingrecordweremanywithnonamesbutfinephotoopportunities.AndTomascendedmanyoftheseunaccompanied.

WordofTom'splantowedNancyCandaceSlaterin1966markedanotherphaseofTom'smeaningfullife,andthecouple,thenlivinginBishop,appearedattheSPS's50thanniversarybanquetonOctober16,2005.Sadly,Candypassedawayfartoosoon,leavingTomwithalossthathewouldendureforthebalanceofhislife.

TomRossandIwereoccasionallyparticipantsonthesametripstartinginthelate1950s,evenbeforehemovedtotheOwensValley.TheseincludedSPSandSkiMountaineersSectiontripsaswellasprivatetripsledbyAndySmatko.Asaphotographerhewasalwayswishingforcloudstobeinhispicturesandthusgotblamedwhenthecloudsturnedintobadweather.WewerealsobothparticipantsonclimbsofMt.RainierandMt.OlympusledbyRichGnagy.

HealsomadesoloskiingandhikingtripsintheSierra;onenotabledescentwastheSEfaceofBirchMountain.Hehikedandskiedintohis80s.

Althoughhelikedto"clownaround,"hewasacompetenthikerandresponsibleenoughtobeafull-time

employeeoftheMammothMountainSkiArea,ajobfromwhichheeventuallyretired.(Isuspecthekepthisco-workersentertained.)

Healsohadafondnessforsettingofffirecrackers,notalwaysinappropriateplaces.However,ononeoccasion,twotripparticipantscomingbackinthedarkaftersigningouttodoapeakwereguidedtothegroup'scampbythesoundoffirecrackers.(Inthetripwrite-up,theywerereferredtoas"emergencysignalingdevices.")

At right: Tom Ross (left) and Andy Smatko atop Arrow Peak on August 31, 1958 (Photo John W. Robinson collection, Sierra Club Angeles Chapter Archives, with thanks to Bob Cates).

Tom RossBy Barbara Lilley

Jon StinzelWearesorrytoannouncethesudden

deathofJonStinzel.WewillcarryafullerremembranceinthenexteditionoftheEcho.

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Center, above: Tom Ross, Andy Smatko, and John Robinson atop Mt. Washington in the Oregon Cascades, July 29, 1959, during a 2 1/2 week trip, which included 220 miles of hiking, 70,000’ of gain, and 13 summits (John Robinson Collection, Sierra Club Angeles Chapter Archives).

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Tom Ross, PhotographerTomRossleftmanybeautifulphotos

oftheSierra.In2000TomandCandypublishedTheBorderoftheSky,abookofhisphotographsoftheSierraNevadaandherprose“toenrichtheirreaderswithloveforthemountainsandInyoCounty”(TheInyoRegister,obituaryforThomasRoss,January8,2019).

TheEasternCaliforniaMuseumhasmanyofhisimagesintheircollection.MuseumAssistantHeatherToddgraciouslyscannedtheoneswhichappearhereandonourcover.Clockwisefromtop:Untitled;KearsargeLakes;BullfrogLake.Onthecover:Mt.Tinemaha.

34 SierraEcho▴April-June2019

Mystery Peak Challenge Answer

REGARDINGDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEECHOPleasecontactthisemailaddressnewsletter@sierrapeaks.orgforanyproblemswithdistributionofhardcopyoremailversions.

RonBartellwasthefirsttosolvetheMysteryPeakspuzzlesubmittedbyMichaelChamoun.Rondidn’tnameStarlightorMt.AliceinhisanswerbutaddedPalisadeCrest,MiddlePal,theThumb,BoltonBrown(probably),Birch,andAperture.HeaddedthatthephotowastakenfromCloudripper.NexttoanswerwasRalphWrightwith(lefttorightanduppertolower[righttoleft])Kid,Birch,TheThumb,Disappointment(Ithinkit’shidden),MiddlePalisade,NormanClyde,Sill,NorthPalisade,Thunderbolt,Winchell,Agassiz,Aperture,Robinson,Gayley,TempleCrag,andFourth,Fifth,andSixthLakes.HealsothoughtitwastakenfromCloudripper.

Michael’sphotoshows,lefttoright,theseSPSpeaks:TempleCrag,NormanClyde,Gayley,Sill,NorthPal,Thunderbolt,Winchell,andAgassiz.AlsovisibleareMt.Alice,TwoEagles,Robinson,Polemonium,Starlight,andGendarme.ThelakesareThirdthroughSeventhLakes.

Don’t let your Sierra Echo subscription expire! The annual $10 subscription is due each year by January 1st and delinquent after March 31st.

For more information, see the back cover of this issue. Please make out checks to the Sierra Peaks Section and mail to the treasurer:

SPS Treasurer1701 Paloma St.Pasadena, CA 91104

Time to Renew

35SierraEcho▴April-June2019

Thisoccasionaljust-for-funpuzzleisforyoutofigureoutwhichSierrapeakorpeaksarefeaturedintheimage.IfyouhaveafinemysterypeakpuzzletochallengeEchoreaders,[email protected],includingthosefrompopularculture–imageryusedandabusedinfilmandprint!

Mystery Peak Challenge

HalBrowdersentusanotherstrikingphotoofapeakontheSPSlist.Doyouknowwhichone?

[email protected].

TheSierraEchois a quarterly publication of the Sierra Peaks Section of the Sierra Club’s Angeles Chapter. For more information, see the back of this newsletter. All questions, copy, and photo submissions should be directed to Tina Bowman, Editor, TheSierraEcho, preferably via email at [email protected]. Refer to the SPS Roster for mailing address. The Echo will also be available as a PDF download at the SPS website and via a link sent to all SPS members opting for this method.

TheSierraEchoispublishedquarterlybytheSierraPeaksSection(SPS)oftheSierraClub,AngelesChapter.

PublicationdatesareMar15,Jun15,Sept15,andDec15.Alltextsubmissionsforpublication,includingtripreports,articles,etc.,canbesubmittedinelectronicformatsuchasMSWord(preferred),WordPerfect,email(electronicformatispreferable),orthroughregularU.S.mail.Photosmaybesubmittedaselectronicfiles(jpeg,tifforPhotoshopinaresolutionhighenoughforprintmedia)orsubmittedasprintsorslides.Ifsubmissionsaretobereturnedtoyou,pleaseincludeareturnenvelopewithsufficientpostage.AllsubmissionsshouldbesenttoTinaBowmanoremailedtotina@bowmanchange.com

Deadlineforallsubmissionsisthree(3)weekspriortothepublicationdate,i.e.,Feb22,May25,Aug25,andNov24.

TheSierraEchoisthepropertyoftheSierraPeaksSectionoftheSierraClub,AngelesChapter.Allrightsreserved.TheSierraPeaksSectionmaintainsawebsiteatwww.sierraclub.org/sps

Subscriptions$10peryear,duebyJanuary1,delinquentafterMarch31.SubscribingtotheEchoisarequirementformembershipintheSPS.Asuggesteddonationtothesectionis$25.00,whichincludesthe$10.00subscriptionanda$15.00donationtotheSPSoperatingfund.ThankyouforyoursupportoftheSPS.SubmitnewsubscriptionapplicationsandrenewalstotheSPSTreasurer,1701PalomaSt.,Pasadena,CA91104;includeyourSierraClubnumber.NewapplicationsreceivedafterOct1arecreditedtothe

followingyear.OnlyoneEchosubscriptionisnecessaryformultiplemembersofafamilyresidingatoneaddress.ContributionsorgiftstotheSierraCluborSPSarenottaxdeductible.

AdvertisingPrivateactivityannouncementsandadvertisementsareacceptedatthefollowingrates:$1forthefirstfourlinesand$1eachadditionalline.Otherannouncementsandproduct/serviceadvertisementsare$1perlineor$25forhalf-pagespace.SendcopyandchecktotheEchoEditor,payabletoSPS.

AddressChangesSendtothetreasurerviaemailtreasurer@sierrapeaks.org

PeaksListCopiesoftheSPSPeaksListcanbedownloadedfromthewebsitehere:http://sierraclub.org/angeles/sierra-peaks/sps-peaks-list

MissingIssuesInquiriesregardingmissingissuesshouldbedirectedtothesectionmailerat:[email protected].

AwardsSendnotificationtoSecretaryTinaBowman:emailtina@bowmanchange.com.AwardsmerchandiseisavailablethroughPattyKlineat20362CallonDrive,Topanga,CA90290,andincludeemblempins($15)andSPSsectionpatches($5).MakecheckspayabletoSPS.Allpricesincludesalestax.

The Sierra EchoVolume 63 ◭ Number 2 ◭ April-June 2019

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