The Sentence - Examguru...

117Assignments in english Plus – 7PB grAmmAr

1. THE SENTENCEThe SentenceThe sentence is a group of words that makes a complete sense. It is the most important building block of language. Look at the following groups of words: (i) Sent Saurabh e-mail an his boss to (ii) should afforestation be promoted

What do you notice here? Do these groups of words make any sense? No. It is because these are simply jumbled words. Hence, they are not sentences.Let us rewrite them:

(i) Saurabh sent an e-mail to his boss. (ii) Afforestation should be promoted.

Now they make complete sense, because the words are kept in their proper order. Such groups of words are called sentences.

Remember the following important points: A sentence always begins with a capital letter. The words in a sentence must be kept in their proper order. A sentence usually ends with a full stop (.) or a mark of interrogation (?).

The PhraseThe phrase is a group of words that makes sense but not a complete sense. These groups of words have a particular meaning when used together. Look at the following examples:

(i) out of curiosity (ii) in the long run (iii) in the meantime (iv) during the day time (v) in the early morning Note: A Phrase does not contain a subject and a verb like a sentence.

We can turn a phrase into a sentence by adding some words to it. For example: (i) Children ask questions out of curiosity. (ii) We will get justice in the long run. (iii) In the meantime I discussed with Mrs Kalra. (iv) The guests will come during the day time. (v) We started our journey in the early morning. EXERCISE Re-arrange the following words to make sentences. Begin each sentence with a capital letter

and put a full stop or a mark of interrogation at the end: 1. Taj Mahal visit once again I want the to 2. ignorant man unhappy remains an huge wealth in spite of 3. magical effect hard work brings 4. India land of knowledge considered was the enlightenment and 5. Mother Teresa one of the great was servants humanity of 6. success good health in life is for essential

Section-B Part II — Grammar

RESOURCE MATERIALIn the grammar section of the question paper your knowledge of grammar is tested through Gap Filling, Editing Omission, Sentence Completion, Dialogue Completion, Sentence Transformation and Sentence Reordering. The resource material and assignments given in this book will prepare you to solve such questions accurately and within the stipulated time.

119Assignments in english Plus – 7118 grAmmAr

7. like trees good men for others live 8. Ashoka a worshipper became of peace Kalinga after the war. 9. Where museum a place is our old relics can see we 10. Kulu Manali last year visited we 11. have where been you these all days 12. didn’t why come you yesterday school to

Kinds of sentencesThere are four kinds of sentences:

1. Assertive (or declarative) Sentences or Statements 2. Interrogative Sentences or Questions 3. Imperative Sentences 4. Exclamatory Sentences

1. Assertive Sentences say or state something. For example:

(i) He works hard to get success. (ii) The earth revolves round the sun. (iii) The baby is crying. (iv) Swimming is a good exercise.

Note: We put a full stop (.) at the end of Assertive Sentences.

2. Interrogative Sentences ask questions. For example:

(i) What is your name? (ii) What made you laugh suddenly? (iii) When are you coming next time? (iv) Who are these people?

Note: We put a question mark (?) at the end of Interrogative Sentences.

3. Imperative Sentences give an order or an advice or make a request. For example:

(i) Don’t make a noise (order or command) (ii) Take medicine on time. (advice) (iii) Please let me express my views. (request) (iv) Be an early riser.

Note: We put a full stop (.) at the end of Imperative Sentences.

4. Exclamatory Sentences express some strong or sudden feeling. For example:

(i)Whatalovelyflower! (ii)HowbeautifultheTajis! (iii)Alas!sheisnomore. (iv)Howinnocentchildrenare!

Note: Weputanexclamationmark(!)attheendofExclamatory Sentences.

EXERCISE Say whether the following sentences are assertive, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory: 1. Please tell me your name. 2. What is your future plan?

3.Whatapleasantweather! 4.DoIenjoyshopping?

5.Igotmanybeautifulgiftsonmybirthday 6. Itisabeautifulflower.

7. Pass me your dictionary, please. 8. Have you read J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter? 9.Shutthedoor. 10.Howbeautifulthepinkroseis!

11. Go from here. 12. What were you doing yesterday?

13. I love gardening. 14. Whose house is this?

15.Whatawisedecisionitis! 16.Whatapleasantdayistoday!

17. Don’t forget to do your homework. 18. Hard work is key to success.

19. Where is your uniform? 20. Please do this favour for me.


2. SUBJECT AND PREDICATEEvery sentence is made up of two parts:

The person or thing we speak about, i.e. subject. What we speak about that person or thing, i.e. predicate. For example: Peacock is our national bird. This sentence is made up of two parts– Peacock about whom we speak and is our National Bird what

we say about it. Thus, a sentence consists of subject and predicate. Note: • In Assertive Sentences or Statements, the Subject is usually placed before the Predicate. • In Imperative Sentences, the Subject is always ‘you’ but it is not stated. For example, Come

here. (You come here)

How to find the subject of a sentence:Wecanfindthesubject of a sentence by taking its verb and asking the question with ‘who’ or ‘what’.

(i) We are going to a movie. Now put a question – Who are going to a movie? The answer is we. Hence, we is the subject of this sentence. (ii) The Taj Mahal is a beautiful building. Now put a question – What is a beautiful building? The answer is The Taj Mahal. Hence, The Taj Mahal is the subject of this sentence.

EXERCISES 1. Classify the following sentences into Subject and Predicate: 1. The boy sitting in the front row is my friend. 2. My mother is a home maker. 3. The Indian soldiers fought bravely during the Kargil War. 4. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is worth-visiting. 5. Wings of Fire is an autobiography of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 6. The beggar in rags asked for food. 7. Once a merchant went to a fair. 8. A hare and a tortoise were good friends. 9. Water from kitchens and bathrooms should be collected. 10. Mischievous children should be punished. 11. We should not throw garbage into the rivers. 12. Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is a very polluted city. 2. Add Subjects to the following Predicates. 1. …............... is a historical building. 2. …............... barked at the stranger. 3. …............... served the guests nicely. 4. …............... are lined up for the prayer. 5. …............... should not hurt the sentiment of others. 6. …............... are awarded by a council called ‘Nobel Foundation of Sweden’. 7. …............... are formed due to condensation of water vapour. 8. …............... is good for our health.


9. …............... occurs due to the earth’s motion. 10. …............... is one of the billions of stars in the sky. 3. Add Predicates to the following Subjects. 1. The Ramayana …............................ . 2. King Dasharath …............................ . 3. The rainbow …............................ . 4. The birds in the sky …............................ . 5. The rich …............................ . 6. The moon …............................ . 7. Smaller streams of water …............................ . 8. Rain …............................ . 9. Volcanic mountains …............................ . 10. America …............................ .

3. NOUNA Noun is a naming word. It is the name of a person, animal, place or thing. It may also name a feeling or an idea.

For example:

(i) The Principal (the name of a person) (iv) Mobile phone (the name of a thing) (ii) Tiger (the name of an animal) (v) Kosi (the name of a river) (iii) Ahmedabad (the name of a place) (vi) Pride (the name of a feeling)

Kinds of NounsThere are five kinds of nouns:

1. Proper Noun 2. Common Noun 3. Collective Noun 4. Material Noun 5. Abstract Noun

1. Proper Noun: It is the name of a particular person, place or thing. For example:

(i) Sunita is a domestic worker. (ii) India is a vast country. (iii) Sunday is enjoyed by all. (iv) The Ramayana is a sacred book. (v) Haridwar is a religious place.

In the above sentences, all the italicised words are proper nouns. Sunita is the name of a particular person, India is the name of a particular country, Sunday is the name of a particular day, The Ramayana is the name of a particular book and Haridwar is the name of a particular place.

Proper noun includes the names of persons, villages, countries, cities, towns, rivers, ships, historical places, mountains, streets, newspapers, books, months of the year, days of the week, festivals, etc.

Note: A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.

2. Common Noun: A noun that does not point out any particular person, place or thing, but is common to all persons, places or things of the same class or kind is called a Common Noun. For example:

(i) The tree is laden with fruits. (ii) Children are playing. (iii) I have bought a book. (iv) This is a table. In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Common Nouns.

3. Collective Noun: A Collective Noun stands for a collection of persons or things, considered as one complete whole. For example:

(i) I gifted him a bouquet of flowers. (ii) The boy lost a bunch of keys. (iii) Our team won the match. (iv) A fleet of ships is lying on the seashore.

In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Collective Nouns. Bouquet denotes a collection of flowers, bunch denotes a collection of keys, team denotes a collection of players and fleet denotes a collection of ships. Find below a list of some popular collective nouns:


List of Collective Noun 1.anarmyofsoldiers 11.abunchofflowers,grapes,keys,bananas 2.abouquetofflowers 12.abundleofsticks 3. a bevy of girls 13. a crowd of people 4.acrewofsailors 14.aflockofsheep 5.afleetofships 15.aherdofcattle 6. a library of books 16. a litter of puppies 7. a mob of people 17. a pack of wolves 8.apairofshoes 18.ashoaloffish 9. a suite of rooms 19. a swarm of bees 10. a team of players 20. a troupe of musicians 4. Material Noun: Material Noun stands for the matter or substance of which things are made. For

example: (i) My saree is made of silk. (ii) Your shirt is made of wool. (iii) This door is made of wood. (iv) My ear-ring is made of gold. In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Material Nouns. Note: Material nouns can not be counted as they have no number. 5. Abstract Noun: An Abstract Noun is the name of some state, quality, feeling or idea that we can

only think of or feel but cannot see or touch. For example: (i) Soloman was known for his wisdom. (ii) The beauty of hill stations is worth seeing. (iii) Kindness should be appreciated. (iv) Poverty still exists in the remote areas of India. In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Abstract Nouns.

Formation of Abstract Nouns 1. From adjectives: deep – depth strong – strength true – truth coward – cowardice brave – bravery bold – boldness innocent – innocence popular – popularity famous – fame 2. From verbs: judge – judgement act – action know – knowledge choose – choice laugh – laughter move – movement hate – hatred obey – obedience invent – invention protect – protection embarrass – embarrassment emit – emission 3. From common nouns: slave – slavery child – childhood boy – boyhood mother – motherhood friend – friendship man – manhood brother – brotherhood girl – girlhood woman – womanhood

Formation of Abstract Nouns with the help of common suffixes: 1. acy private – privacy accurate – accuracy urgent – urgency 2. age pass – passage short – shortage marry – marriage break – breakage bond – bondage waste – wastage 3. al arrive – arrival dismiss – dismissal propose – proposal survive – survival try – trial bury – burial


4. dom free – freedom wise – wisdom king – kingdom 5. hood boy – boyhood child – childhood man – manhood girl – girlhood mother – motherhood woman – womanhood 6. ence excellent – excellence innocent – innocence patient – patience absent – absence obedient – obedience present – presence 7. ity human – humanity popular – popularity real – reality brief – brevity clear – clarity equal – equality 8. ment appoint – appointment pay – payment punish – punishment agree – agreement treat – treatment move – movement 9. ness kind – kindness happy – happiness dark – darkness blind – blindness hard – hardness cheap – cheapness 10. ship hard – hardship friend – friendship lecture – lectureship 11. th bear – birth dear – dearth deep – depth grow – growth true – truth wide – width 12. tion act – action invent – invention protect – protection educate – education introduce – introduction repeat – repetition 13. sion decide – decision omit – omission provide – provision invade – invasion revise – revision precise – precision

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with the noun form of the words given in the brackets. 1. Emperor Akbar was famous for his ..................... . (tolerate) 2.Oneshouldshow.....................indifficulttimes.(patient) 3. My father told me to measure the ..................... of the bedsheet. (long) 4. I have full hope in his ..................... . (able) 5. Everybody praises my grandfather’s ..................... . (generous) 6. The voice of the ..................... cannot be ignored. (young) 7. The ..................... of this child is not good. (grow) 8. We should check the ..................... of water. (waste) 9. The Indian soldiers are known for their ..................... . (brave) 10. ..................... makes a man perfect. (know) 2. Make abstract nouns by adding suffixes like ness, tion, ence and ment.

Educate happy protect agree treat

excellent obedient invent dark introduce

appoint fair absent act hard


4. NOUNS: NUMBERThere are two numbers in English:

1. Singular Number

2. Plural Number

1. Singular Number: Any noun that stands for only one person or thing is said to be in the singular number; e.g., chair, man, pencil, glass, book etc.

2. Plural Number: Any noun that stands for more than one person or thing is said to be in the plural number; e.g., chairs, men, pencils, glasses, books etc.

Note: Only countable nouns can have a plural form.

Formation of PluralsFollowing rules are used to change singular nouns into plural ones:

1. Most nouns form their plurals by adding –s to the singular:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

pen pens fig figs king kings queen queens flower flowers hat hats table tables orange oranges notebook notebooks boat boats Indian Indians doll dolls stapler staplers poem poems

2. By adding –es to nouns ending in –s, –ss, –x, –sh, –ch:


glass glasses bush bushes gas gases brush brushes ass asses bench benches box boxes church churches fox foxes watch watches

Note: When ‘ch’ has the sound of ‘k’, the plural is formed by adding ‘s’, not ‘es’; as

Stomach – stomachs monarch – monarchs 3. By changing –y into –ies when a noun ends in –y and the –y has a consonant before it:


army armies library libraries baby babies story stories copy copies reply replies country countries duty duties lorry lorries diary diaries fairy fairies lily lilies family families duty duties


4. By adding –s when a noun ends in –y and the –y has a vowel before it:


chimney chimneys storey storeys boy boys monkey monkeys day days ray rays donkey donkeys toy toys key keys valley valleys journey journeys essay essays

5. Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plurals by changing –f or –fe into–ves:


life lives sheaf sheaves

calf calves knife knives

half halves thief thieves

shelf shelves wolf wolves

leaf leaves wife wives

elf elves loaf loaves

Note: However, following nouns form their plurals by simply adding –s to the singular:

chief – chiefs gulf – gulfs proof – proofs roof – roofs

6. Nouns ending in –o form their plurals by adding –es to the singular:


potato potatoes volcano volcanoes

buffalo buffaloes mango mangoes

cargo cargoes mosquito mosquitoes

hero heroes tomato tomatoes motto mottoes Negro Negroes

Note: But there are some exceptions:

photo – photos piano – pianos

7. By changing the inside vowels:


foot feet woman women goose geese mouse mice tooth teeth louse lice man men radius radii


8. By adding –en to the singular:


brother brothers, ox oxen brethren child children

9. By adding –s to the principal word in compound nouns:


son-in-law sons-in-law looker-on lookers-on

brother-in-law brothers-in-law father-in-law fathers-in-law looker-on lookers-on major-general major-generals passer-by passers-by washer-man washer-men pea-hen pea-hens maid-servant maid-servants

10. Some nouns have the same form in both the numbers; e.g., deer,dozen,fish,score,sheep

11. Some nouns are used only in plural number; e.g., cattle, socks, shoes, scissors, spectacles, trousers, measles

12. Some nouns are used only in singular number; e.g., furniture, news, innings, scenery, economics, politics, summons

EXERCISE Change the following sentences from the singular into the plural:

1. A goose can swim but a hen cannot. 2. Apple is good for my health.

3. A yellow leaf fell from the tree. 4. The bird is building a nest.

5. A good child is always obedient. 6. The deer runs fast.

7.Thefoxisacleveranimal. 8.Thisisabeautifulflower.

9. The policeman ran after the thief. 10. The sheep is grazing.

5. NOUNS: GENDERThere are four genders:

1. Masculine Gender 2. Feminine Gender 3. Common Gender 4. Neuter Gender 1. Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes a male person or animal is said to be of the masculine

gender; e.g., tiger, emperor, prince, son, etc. 2. Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes a female person or animal is said to be of the feminine

gender; e.g., tigress, empress, princess, daughter etc. 3. Common Gender: A noun that denotes both a male and a female is said to be of the common

gender; e.g., teacher, doctor, student, friend, parent, baby, etc. 4. Neuter Gender: Any noun that denotes a non-living thing is said to be of the Neuter gender; e.g.,

table, television, pen, desk, house, temple, mosque etc.


Formation of Feminine Gender of NounsThere are three ways in which feminine nouns can be changed from masculine nouns.

1. By adding –ess to the masculine:

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Jew Jewess Baron Baroness author authoress host hostess lion lioness giant giantess poet poetess priest priestess heir heiress shepherd shepherdess peer peeress tailor tailoress Sometimes the form is slightly changed before adding –ess:


hunter huntress prince princess actor actress emperor empress tiger tigress master mistress duke duchess waiter waitress god goddess negro negress

seamster seamstress 2. By using different words:


boy girl gentleman lady man woman uncle aunt father mother bull cow brother sister horse mare dog bitch lord lady husband wife cock hen king queen bachelor spinster sir madam nephew niece son daughter monk nun

3. Feminines of compound nouns – We change the chief word of compound nouns:


grand-father grand-mother fisher-man fisher-woman pea-cock pea-hen land-lord land-lady he-goat she-goat cock-sparrow hen-sparrow milk-man milk-woman

Note: Some more masculine and feminine forms of nouns: hero – heroine widower – widow bridegroom – bride Mr – Mrs

EXERCISE Rewrite the following sentences changing the nouns in italics to the opposite gender:

1. The actor is praised for his good acting. 2. His daughter never tells a lie.

3. The tiger is sleeping in his cage. 4. The washerwoman washes clothes neatly.


5. The king does not rely on his son. 6. The emperor looked after his subjects very well.

7. The landlady rented her house to a bachelor. 8. The cow is a four-footed animal.

9. The hunter killed the lion. 10. There are many waiteresses in this restaurant.

6. ADJECTIVEAn Adjective is a word that adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun. For example:

(i) Sachin is an intelligent boy. (ii) His loud cry disturbed everyone.

In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Adjectives.

Kinds of AdjectivesThere are six kinds of Adjectives:

1. Adjective of Quality 2. Adjective of Quantity

3. Adjective of Numbers 4. Demonstrative Adjective

5. Interrogative Adjective 6. Possessive Adjective

1. Adjective of Quality tells us what kind of a person or a thing is. For example:

(i) Saumya has a sharp brain. (ii) This is a new building.

Adjectives of Quality answer the question – ‘of what kind?’

2. Adjective of Quantity tells us how much of a thing is intended. For example:

(i) The beggar has little food to eat. (ii) There is much water in the jug.

(iii) I have some money to spend. (iv) I don’t have enough milk to drink.

Adjectives of Quantity answer the question – ‘how much?’ 3. Adjective of Number tells us how many persons or things there are or in what order any of them

stands. For example:

(i) Many students took part in this competition. (ii) Only two students were without uniform. (iii) Mary Kom is the first woman boxer. (iv) Some students are very careless Adjectives of Number answer the question – ‘how many?’ or ‘in what order?’

4. Demonstrative Adjective is used to point out which persons or things are meant. For example:

(i) These cows are strong. (ii) I don’t like such ideas. (iii) I want those dresses. (iv) Those apples are fresh.

Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question – ‘which?’ 5. Interrogative Adjective is used to ask questions. For example:

(i) What colour is your tie? (ii) Whose purse is this? (iii) Which books do you want?

6. Possessive Adjective shows possession or belonging. For example:

(i) My advice is good. (ii) Her handbag is new. (iii) Priya got her pen. (iv) Your diary is not updated. Possessive Adjectives answer the question – ‘whose?’

Formation of Adjectives 1. From nouns duty – dutiful respect – respectful honour – honourable doctrine – doctrinal


2. From verbs trouble – troublesome don – donnish neglect – neglectful express – expressive 3. From other adjectives yellow – yellowish white – whitish blue – blueish lovely – lovable

Formation of Adjectives with the help of common suffixes 1. al crime – criminal face – facial habit – habitual navy – naval cycle – cyclical nature – natural industry – industrial memory – memorial nation – national economic – economical herb – herbal centre – central 2. ful peace – peaceful disgrace – disgraceful beauty – beautiful faith – faithful mercy – merciful need – needful help – helpful tear – tearful shame – shameful use – useful harm – harmful bash – bashful 3. able memory – memorable comfort – comfortable favour – favourable like – likable live – livable fashion – fashionable change – changeable value – valuable profit – profitable love – lovable 4. ic hero – heroic monarch – monarchic science – scientific scene – scenic atmosphere – atmospheric special – specific poet – poetic sympathy – sympathetic episode – episodic psyche – psychic art – artistic history – historic

rust – rustic rhythm – rhythmic

5. ous poison – poisonous mountain – mountainous glory – glorious danger – dangerous nerve – nervous adventure – adventurous

6. ly hill – hilly week – weekly year – yearly fortnight – fortnightly king – kingly friend – friendly happy – happily glad – gladly scholar – scholarly day – daily

7. some fear – fearsome quarrel – quarrelsome trouble – troublesome

whole – wholesome

8. less care – careless shame – shameless harm – harmless mercy – merciless use – useless faith – faithless value – valueless tire – tireless self – selfless help – helpless

9. ish child – childish fool – foolish fever – feverish thirty – thirtyish Turk – Turkish book – bookish


10. y hunger – hungry need – needy might – mighty storm – stormy haste – hasty taste – tasty blood – bloody flower – flowery stone – stony sun – sunny fun – funny ice – icy oil – oily

EXERCISE 1. Underline the Adjectives and say their kind. 1. Give me some salt. 2. The man showed much patience. 3. Whose umbrella is this? 4. Charles Dickens was a great novelist. 5. I don’t like such ideas. 6. There were many children playing in the park. 7. What colour do you like the most? 8. Everyone respects honest people. 9. I was appreciated for my brave act. 10. He ate two mangoes. 11.Thisisadifficultsum. 12.Myhouseisinfrontofthetemple. 13. I have enough food to give to the hungry. 14. Whose shoes are these? 2. Fill in the blanks with the suitable adjectives indicated in the brackets. 1. ............... colour is your new car? (interrogative) 2. ............... colours are mine. (demonstrative) 3. ............... student did well. (distributive) 4. Give me ............... sugar. (quantity) 5. I drank ............... water. (quantity) 6................flatiswell-furnished.(possessive) 7. ............... dogs bark a lot. (demonstrative) 8. ............... laptop is this? (interrogative) 9. I purchased a ............... suit. (quality) 10. We met a ............... man. (quality)

7. DETERMINERSDeterminers are the words used before nouns to determine its meaning.Determinersareclassifiedasfollowing:

I. Articles II. Demonstratives III. Possessives IV. Adjectives

I. ARTICLES There are three articles – a, an, and the. These three articles have been categorised as indefinite

article and definite article. • A or an is indefinite article becauseitdoesnotpointoutanyparticularordefiniteperson,place

or thing. For example: (i) My father booked aflat. (ii) I eat an apple everyday. • The is definite article because it points out a particular person or thing. For example: (i) The book that I purchased yesterday is very interesting. (a particular book) (ii) Delhi is situated on the bank of the Yamuna. (a particular river)


Remember these rules 1. A common noun in the singular number must have an article before it; e.g., (i) I saw a white cat. (ii) I eat an apple everyday. (iii) Everyone read the storybook that I purchased yesterday. 2. When a common noun in the singular number is used in a general sense, no article comes before

it; e.g., Man is mortal. 3. Whenwespeakofapersonor thing for thefirst timeweusea or an; but when we speak of the

same person or thing a second time we use the; e.g., (i) There was a fox.

(ii) The fox was clever.

4. Commonnounsinthepluralnumberdonothavethedefinitearticlethe placed before them; e.g., (i) Dogs bark at strangers. (ii) Trees give us many different things.

Uses of article ‘A’ A is used: 1. before a common noun beginning with a consonant and has a consonant sound; e.g., a pen,

a mobilephone, a telephone, a chair, a table, a cat, a notebook, a school, etc.

2. before a word beginning with ‘u’, ‘u’, giving the consonant sound ‘yu’; e.g., a union, a university, a unique, a European, a useful, etc.

3. before the word ‘one’ which begins with the consonant sound ‘wa’; e.g., a one–rupee note, a one–eyed man, etc.

4. before a word beginning with ‘h’ and the letter sounds ‘h’; e.g., a hero, a hospital, a horse, a hen, a hill, a house, a home, etc.

Uses of article ‘An’ An is used: 1. before a word beginning with a vowel and has a vowel sound; e.g., an umbrella, an owl, an egg, an

armchair, an elephant, an ear, an orange, an eagle, an inkpot, etc. 2. before a word beginning with a silent ‘h’; e.g. an honest man, an hour, an heir, an honourable person

etc. 3. before abbreviations; e.g., an M.L.A., an M.P., an S.D.O., an M.Sc., an F.I.R., an X-ray, etc. These abbreviations though start with consonants but they have vowel sound. Hence, an is used

before them.

Uses of article ‘The’ The is used: 1. before a particular person or thing or one already referred to; e.g.,

(i) My father knows themanwhogavesuchafinespeech. (ii) The city we live in is very populous.

2. before a common noun in singular number which is used to indicate a whole class or kind; e.g.,

(i) The tiger is a ferocious animal. (ii) The cow is a useful animal.

3. before common nouns unique of their kind; e.g., the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, etc.

4. before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, gulfs, mountain ranges, groups of islands, cards, lakes, dams, deserts; e.g., the Ganga, the Bay of Bengal, the PacificOcean, the Himalaya, the Panama Canal, the Dal Lake, the Thar Desert, the Hirakund Dam, the Red Sea, etc.


5. before the names of newspapers and holy books; e.g., The Times of India, The Hindustan Times, The Ramayana, The Quran, The Guru Granth Sahib, etc.

6. before adjectives in the superlative degree; e.g.,

(i) Diamond is the hardest metal.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi was the most popular leader of his time.

7. before the names of races or nations; e.g., the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the Indian, the English, etc.

8. before ordinal numeral adjectives; e.g.,

(i) January is thefirstmonthof the year. (ii) My brother is sitting in the second row.

9. before the directions; e.g.,

(i) Gujarat is in the west of India. (ii) The sun rises in the east.

10. before the names of musical instruments; e.g.,

(i) Do you know how to play the violin?

(ii) The harmonium is the most popular musical instrument.

11. before empire, dynasty, historical ages and events; e.g., the Mughal Empire, the Gupta dynasty, the Russian Revolution, the French Revolution, the Stone Age.

12. before well known buildings; e.g., the Qutub Minar, the Taj Mahal, the India Gate, the Hawa Mahal etc.

Omission of Articles The article is not used in the following context: 1. before proper nouns; e.g., (i) India, Japan, Netherlands, Nigeria, France, (names of countries) (ii) Ahmedabad, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ranchi (names of cities) (iii) Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad (names of persons) (iv) Mount Everest, Mount Abu (names of mountain peaks) (v) Sunday, Monday, Tuesday (names of days of the week) (vi) January, February, March (names of the months of the year)

2. before the names of languages, arts, subjects, diseases; e.g.,

(i) One of my friends speaks Kannada. (ii) Hindi is spoken by a majority of Indians. (iii) Painting is an art. (iv) Cancer is a deadly disease.

3. before the names of materials; e.g.,

(i) Gold has become very costly. (ii) I like cotton clothes made of cotton.

4. before abstract nouns used in general sense; e.g.,

(i) Honesty is the best policy. (ii) Health is better than wealth. (iii) Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder.

5. before such common nouns; e.g., father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, etc.

6. before uncountable nouns; e.g.,

(i) Air is essential for life. (ii) Tea is without sugar.

Note: But if these nouns are particularised, we have to use article ‘the’ before them; as,

(i) The air around the hills are healthy. (ii) The tea of Assam is very popular.

II. DEMONSTRATIVES The demonstrative determiners are this, that, these and those. These are demonstrative adjectives

and are used before a noun to indicate the same.


• This and that are used with singular nouns. For example: (i) This house is mine. (ii) That house is yours.

• These and those are normally used with nouns in the plural. For example: (i) These boys are studious. (ii) Those boys are not studious.

III. POSSESSIVES The possessive determiners are my, your, his, her, their, our, and its. These determiners tell us to

whom a thing belongs. For example: (i) I respect my teachers. (ii) Rekha is busy in solving her own problems. (iii) Birds are chirping in their cages. (iv) We should be aware of our rights and duties. (iv) We should respect ournationalflag.

IV. ADJECTIVES Little, a little, the little; few, a few, the few; each, every; some, any; either, neither; much, many; all;

several; both etc.

Uses 1. Little, A little, The little These are adjectives of quantity. Little means not much or hardly any. It is a negative adjective. Examples: (i) I have little money. (ii) They have littleinfluence. A little means some at least.Itisanaffirmativeadjective. Examples: (i) He gave me a little help. (ii) My father has a little money. The little means the whole, though very little. Examples: (i) The little water that he gave me didn’t quench my thirst. (ii) The little food he has is not enough for his hunger. 2. Few, A few, The few These are adjectives of number. Few means not many. It is a negative adjective. Examples: (i) Few students are present today. (ii) I have few apples. A few means some, though not many.Itisanaffirmativeadjective. Examples: (i) A few students took part in this game. (ii) I can speak a few languages. The few means all of them, though very few. Plural noun is used after the few. Example: The few mangoes I have are very delicious. 3. Each, Every Each means one of two things or one of any number more than two. Examples: (i) Each of the two girls knows knitting. (ii) Each student of this school is praiseworthy. Every is used when we speak of more than two.


Examples: (i) Every leader of the country should be honest. (ii) Every student should keep a dictionary. 4. Some, Any Some isused inaffirmativesentencesandany is used in negative sentences. So far interrogative

sentences are concerned, we generally use any. Examples: (i) My mother has bought some new dresses for me. (ii) There isn’t any water in this jug. Note: When any isused inaffirmative sentences, itmeans– every. Any boy can carry this box.

(Here, any means every) 5. Either, Neither Either is used in two ways — if we mean one or the other and if we mean both. Examples: (i) Either boy can do this work. (ii) Ashoka got trees planted on either side of the road. (either means both) Neither means neither the one nor the other. Examples: (i) Neither pen is new. (ii) Neither of the two ideas are praiseworthy. 6. All, Both All determines number and quantity. It takes both singular and plural verbs. Examples: (i) All potatoes are rotten. (ii) All the soup is delicious. Both is used when we mean two objects/persons/animals. Examples: (i) Both the paintings are beautiful. (ii) I have visited both the places.

7. Enough, Several Enough denotes both the number and quantity. It takes a plural verb. Example: The beggar got enough food. Several denotes only number. Examples: (i) I need several students for this work. (ii) Several girls have taken part in the dance competition. 8. Another Another is used in the sense of addition. Examples: (i) I need another room for my research work. (ii) The beggar asked for another bread. 9. Much, Many Much means a large quantity of. It is used with uncountable nouns. Examples: (i) Don’t add much sugar to my tea. (ii)Anoptimistfindsmuch joy in his life. Many means a large number of. It is used with countable nouns. Examples: (i) There are many mangoes in the basket. (ii) I saw manychildrenplayinginthefield.


EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with articles a, an or the: 1. .......... Times of India is a leading newspaper of India.

2. I bought .......... tie, .......... dress and .......... umbrella for myself.

3. .......... man came to .......... police station to lodge .......... F.I.R.

4. .......... beggar knocked at my door. .......... beggar was hungry.

5. .......... Himalayas protect India from invasion and .......... cold winds which would otherwise sweep across .......... Northern plains.

6. .......... elephant excels most other animals in intelligence.

7. All .......... students became quiet on seeing .......... Principal coming towards them.

8. Some of my close relatives have settled in .......... USA.

9. Japanese is not .......... easy language.

10. Rohan is .......... unique boy. He lives with his uncle who is .......... honourable man.

11........... sun is ahugeball of fire. It rises in .......... east and sets in ..........west. .......... earthrevolves around it.

12. .......... water of this river looks clean. We can take .......... dip into it.

13. .......... Guru Granth Sahib is .......... book of .......... Sikhs.

14. Do you know how to play .......... tabla?

15. .......... Indian ocean is named after our country India.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct determiners given in the brackets. 1. I have .......... money in my purse. (some/any) 2. He bought .......... food to distribute among the hungers. (many/some) 3. .......... children love to play with toys. (All/Each) 4. .......... dress is cheap in this shop. (Either/Neither) 5. My mother didn’t make .......... soup. (some/any) 6. We should do .......... exercises everyday. (some/many) 7. I regret to say that there is .......... I can do in this matter. (little/a little) 8. .......... my brothers are intelligent. (All/Both) 9. .......... child should be hale and hearty. (Each/Every) 10. I don’t have .......... story books. (many/much) 11. Please wait .......... longer for me. (little/a little) 12. The woman sold .......... jewellery she had. (a few/the few) 13. .......... boy is worthy and dependable. (Neither/Either) 14. Have you got .......... sweets? (some/any) 15. I spent .......... money I had on books. (the little/a little)

8. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESThere are three degrees of comparison:

1. The Positive Degree 2. The Comparative Degree 3. The Superlative Degree 1. The Positive Degree of an adjective is used when we do not make any comparison. For example: Rajat is an intelligent boy. Mamta is a tall girl. Here, the words intelligent and tall are said to be in the positive degree.


2. The Comparative Degree of an adjective is used when we compare two persons or things. For example:

Anil is more intelligent than Rajat. Riya is taller than Mohita.

Here, the words more intelligent and taller are said to be in the comparative degree.

3. The Superlative Degree of an adjective is used when we compare more than two persons or things. For example:

Sajal is the most intelligent of the three. Neha is the tallest of the three.

Here, the words most intelligent and tallest are said to be in the superlative degree.

Remember these points 1. The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective itself in its simple (original) form. It is used to

denote the mere existence of a quality we speak of. 2. The comparative degree of an adjective denotes a higher degree of quality than the positive degree.

3. The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality.

4. The comparative degree is generally followed by the word than and the superlative degree is preceded by the and followed by of.

5. Adjectives like superior, inferior, senior, junior are followed by to.

Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees 1. By adding –er and –est to the positive degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative

dark darker darkest great greater greatest high higher highest low lower lowest deep deeper deepest strong stronger strongest bold bolder boldest tall taller tallest rich richer richest young younger youngest cold colder coldest

2. By adding –r and –st to the positive degree ending in –e.


fine finer finest noble nobler noblest able abler ablest brave braver bravest large larger largest wise wiser wisest dense denser densest safe safer safest nice nicer nicest


3. By changing the last ‘y’ of the positive degree into ‘e’ and adding –er and –est.


easy easier easiest lazy lazier laziest happy happier happiest dry drier driest busy busier busiest pretty prettier prettiest healthy healthier healthiest worthy worthier worthiest

4. By doubling the final (last) consonant of positive degree if preceded by a vowel and then adding –er and –est.


fit fitter fittest big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest fat fatter fattest sad sadder saddest wet wetter wettest

5. By adding more to the positive degree to form the comparative degree and most to form the superlative degree. Remember that these adjectives are usually of two syllables and more than two syllables.


beneficial morebeneficial mostbeneficial careful more careful most careful important more important most important interesting more interesting most interesting powerful more powerful most powerful obedient more obedient most obedient beautiful more beautiful most beautiful intelligent more intelligent most intelligent pleasant more pleasant most pleasant difficult moredifficult mostdifficult famous more famous most famous popular more popular most popular proper more proper most proper

6. By comparing in irregular way.


good better best bad worse worst far farther farthest late later, latter latest little less least many, much more most old older, elder oldest, eldest fore former foremost


Note: • Double comparatives and double superlatives are not used. For example:

Incorrect : He is more taller than his brother.

Correct : He is taller than his brother.

Incorrect : He is the most best boy in the class.

Correct : He is the best boy in the class.

EXERCISE Supply the proper form of the adjectives given in the brackets. 1. This drawing is .......... than that. (beautiful) 2. Mt. Everest is the .......... peak of the Himalayas. (high) 3. Bengaluru is a .......... city. (clean) 4. I am as .......... as my brother. (tall) 5. Rohan’s writing is .......... . His brother’s writing is .......... than Rohan’s. (bad) 6. Delhi is .......... than Chennai. (hot) 7.Thisisthe..........ofallsums.(difficult) 8. Mahatma Gandhi was .......... leader of his time. (famous) 9. Please inform me about the .......... happening. (late) 10. Akbar was the .......... of all Mughal Emperors. (tolerant) 11. This sum is .......... than that. (easy) 12. My neighbour is .......... than me. (rich) 13. It was the .......... dress that I had ever purchased. (costly) 14. Neha is not as .......... as her sister. (strong) 15.ThePacificOceanisthe..........ofalloceans.(deep)

9. PRONOUNA Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. For example:

• Sachin Tendulkar is a great cricketer. He plays for India. He is known for his nice batting style. People adore him.

In the above example, all the italicised words (he, his, him) are pronouns because they stand for Sachin Tendulkar.

Note: • Pronouns are used to avoid the repetition of nouns. • The noun for which a pronoun stands is called its antecedent. In the example given above

Sachin Tendulkar (noun) is the antecedent of the pronouns He, his and him.

Kinds of PronounsThere are seven kinds of pronouns:

1. Personal Pronoun 2. Demonstrative Pronoun 3. Interrogative Pronoun 4.ReflexivePronoun 5. Emphasising Pronoun 6. Possessive Pronoun 7. Relative Pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun: Personal pronoun stands for persons or things. For example:

(i) I study in class VII. (ii) We are young. (iii) You are healthy. (iv) They are kind. (v) He/She/Vinay/Veena is simple.


In the above sentences, all the italicised words are personal pronouns because they stand for three persons:

• the person speaking (First Person) •the person spoken to (Second Person) • the person spoken of (Third Person)

• The pronouns I and we denote the person or persons speaking. So, they are said to be personal pronouns of the First Person.

• The pronoun you denotes the person or persons spoken to. So, they are said to be personal pronouns of the Second Person.

Note: ‘You’ is used both in singular and plural.

• The pronouns they/he/she/Vinay/Veena denote the person or persons spoken of. So, they are said to be personal pronouns of Third Person.

The various forms of personal pronouns are given below:

Person Singular Plural

First person I, me, mine we, us, ours (used for both masculine and feminine) Second person you, yours you, yours (used for both masculine and feminine) Third person he, him, his (masculine) they, them, theirs she, her, hers (feminine) (used for masculine, feminine it (neuter) and neuter genders)

2. Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out the object/objects to which they refer. For example:

(i) This is a mobile phone. (ii) These are books. (iii) That is a tree. (iv) Those are trees.

Note: The words this, that, these, those, etc. are adjectives when used with a noun, but pronouns when used for a noun; as

This pen is mine. (Thisqualifiesthenounpen, hence, it is an adjective) This is my pen. (This stands for the noun pen, hence, it is a pronoun, i.e. demonstrative pronoun)

3. Interrogative Pronoun: It is used in asking questions. For example:

(i) What is your name? (ii) Who came just now? (iii) Which is your bag?

Note: The words what and which can be used both as an interrogative pronoun and an interrogative adjective; as

What is your opinion? (Interrogative pronoun) What opinion do you give? (Interrogative adjective)

4. Reflexive Pronoun: Pronouns like myself, yourself, ourselves, when used as the receiver of an action are called Reflexive Pronouns. For example:

(i) He saved himself. (ii) They hurt themselves. (iii) I blamed myself. (iv) We washed the towel ourselves.

In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Reflexive Pronouns.

5. Emphasising Pronoun: It is used to convey emphasis. For example: (i) He himself came to me. (ii) We ourselves did the homework. (iii) You yourself went there. (iv) I myself prepared tea. In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Emphasising Pronouns.


6. Possessive Pronoun: It shows possession. For example: (i) These pencils are mine. (iii) That toy is yours. In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Possessive Pronouns. 7. Relative Pronoun: It relates a noun to a group of words that follow. For example: (i) The boy whowonthefirstprizeismybrother. (ii) The man whom I met yesterday was very gentle. (iii) I have bought the story book which I wanted most. (iv) These are the pens that I purchased for you. In the above sentences, all the italicised words relate a noun to the group of words that follow the noun.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal/possessive pronouns given in the brackets. 1. Once there was a rich merchant. ..................... traded in cotton. (It/He) 2. He said, “ ..................... father likes the company of children”. (His/Your) 3. ..................... have done my work. (I/You) 4. Is that Mr. Rahul? Yes, it is ..................... . (it/he) 5. Mr. Talwar has sold ..................... house. (he/his) Now ..................... lives in a rented house.

(he/his) 6.Sujitlost.....................newbook(him/his)andcouldnotfind......................(it/him) 7.The birds flew over the house.Did you see .....................? (it/them), Yes, ..................... saw

..................... . (I/them) 8. We met to the Principal in ..................... chamber (him/his) and talked to ..................... (him/

his) about ..................... problems. (their/our) 9. I forgot ..................... pen (my/mine) and requested Deepa to give ..................... (I/me) .....................

pen. (her/hers) 2. Fill in the blanks with Reflexive Pronoun. 1. He thanked ..................... . 2. My friend ..................... came to see me. 3. Girls, you ..................... complete this task. 4. They must do it ..................... . 5. Children hid ..................... . 6. She was sitting there ..................... . 7. Manju criticised ..................... . 8. Sunita and her sister cook ..................... . 9. We ..................... washed all the clothes. 10. My parents ..................... went there. 3. Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns. 1. My uncle applied for job ..................... was advertised last month. 2. We can meet Mr Kalra ..................... address I know. 3. The man ..................... knocked at my door was a thief. 4. The old woman ..................... I helped blessed me. 5.Iknowtheflat.....................helivesin. 6.Theman.....................robbedmewasfinallycaughtbythepolice. 7. I lost the watch ..................... I bought last week. 8. This is the book ..................... I wanted for so long. 9. The girl ..................... hair is golden is my friend. 10. He knows ..................... I want. 11. The people ..................... live in our neighbourhood are all very helpful. 12. The horse ..................... the trader bought was very strong. 13. This is the movie ..................... I wanted to see. 14. He has got ..................... he wanted. 15. The bike ..................... my father bought last month is stolen.


4. Fill in the blanks with interrogative pronouns. 1. ..................... are those two boys? 2. ..................... is this beautiful purse? 3. ..................... of these sums would you solve? 4. ..................... of these girls is your cousin? 5. ..................... are they making fun of? 6. ..................... prepared such delicious dishes? 7. ..................... is this beautiful house? 8. ..................... do you want to meet? 9. ..................... did you see from your cabin? 10. ..................... did the man marry?

10. VERBA Verb denotes an action or being or possession. For example:

(i) The dancer danced well. (action) (ii) The dog barks at strangers. (action) (iii) Rahul is tall. (being) (iv) Rajesh Khanna was a superstar. (being) (v) I have a nice dress. (possession) (vi) The man has a strong body. (possession)

Kinds of VerbsThere are three kinds of verbs:

1. Transitive Verb 2. Intransitive Verb 3. Incomplete Verb, Complements 1. Transitive Verb requires an object to complete their meaning. For example: I wrote a letter. In this sentence, letter is the object of the verb wrote and this object is needed to complete the

meaning of above sentence. If we don’t use an object (letter) here, the sentence remains incomplete. Some other examples are: (i) The man saw a snake. (ii) Mother is washing clothes. (iii) They are doing their homework. (iv) The boy received a prize. In the above sentences, snake is the object of the verb saw, clothes is the object of the verb is

washing, homework is the object of the verb are doing and prize is the object of the verb received. 2. Intransitive Verb does not require an object to complete their meaning or sense but makes good

sense by themselves. For example: (i) The sparrow flew. (ii) The man laughs. (iii) The stars twinkle. (iv) The baby cried. In the above sentences, the verbs make good sense by themselves and they do not need objects after

them. There are some verbs which can be used both as transitive and intransitive verbs. For example: (i) He writes stories. (transitive) (ii) He writes neatly. (intransitive) (iii) Farmers grow a variety of crops. (transitive) (iv) Small children grow fast. (intransitive) (v) I stopped my bike. (transitive) (vi) The old man stopped for a while. (intransitive) 3. Incomplete Verb, Complements: Verbs like be (is, are, am, was, were, will be, shall be, etc.), appear,

seem and look are incomplete verbs and they require complements to complete their meaning. For example:

(i) The man is gentle. (ii) He appears strong. (iii) She looks smart. (iv) The old man seems weak.


In the above sentences, the italicised words are incomplete verbs and they need complements like ‘gentle’, ‘strong’, ‘smart’, ‘weak’ to complete their meaning.

Transitive Verbs with Two ObjectsSome Transitive verbs take two objects after them, one of which is a person, and the other is a thing. For example:

(i) She gifted me a gold chain. (ii) The teacher asked him a question. (iii) Rahul gave you a cinema ticket. (iv) He teaches us English.

The above sentences can be written in this way also: (i) She gifted a gold chain to me. (ii) The teacher asked a question to him. (iii) Rahul gave a cinema ticket to you. (iv) He teaches English to us.

Here gold chain, question, cinema ticket and English are Direct objects and me, him, you and us are Indirect objects.Note:•ADirectObjectisthenameofathing while an Indirect object is the name of person. •TheIndirectobjectusuallycomesbeforetheDirectobject.

EXERCISES 1. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and say whether they are transitive or intransitive. 1. Water is boiling. 2. The cat is mewing. 3.Iamwritingaletter. 4.Thefarmerworksinthefield. 5. The man caught a bird. 6. Fire burns brightly. 7. Anil prepared food. 8. The teacher punished some students. 9.Thelittlegirllaughedsuddenly. 10.Theleaderdeliveredafinespeech. 11.Motheriswashingclothes. 12.Thesoldiersarefighting. 13. Mr Sinha teaches us science. 14. The cobbler makes shoes. 15. The sun is hot. 2. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the order of the objects. 1. A man gave me a letter. 2. I sent him a reply. 3. The Principal offered Ratna a job. 4. She lent me a seat. 5. The Principal granted him four days’ leave. 6. My grandmother told me a story. 7. The peon brings me a glass of water. 8. They call her a genius. 9. He taught them science. 10. Tom gave his friends an apple. 3. Complete the following by supplying suitable objects. 1. The hunter killed ................... . 2. The girl writes ................... . 3. The gardener is watering ................... . 4. Cats catch ................... . 5. Trees give us ................... . 6. The boy snatched ................... . 7. Some naughty boys broke ................... . 8. You can win ................... . 9. Rupa is drawing ................... . 10. He had taken ................... . 11. I will help ................... . 12. That woman was reading ................... . 13. Tom had painted ................... . 14. My mother washed ................... .

15. Mr Guha will give ................... .


11. FINITE AND NON–FINITE VERBSVerbs are placed under two categories:

I. Finite Verbs II. Non-finiteVerbs

I. FINITE VERBSA Finite Verb is limited by the person and number of the subject; e.g.,

1. Rohan plays. 2. Rohan and Mohan play.In sentence 1, the subject Rohan is in singular form and so the verb plays is also in singular form.

In sentence 2, the subject Rohan and Mohan is plural and so the verb play is also in plural form.

II. NON-FINITE VERBSA Non-finite Verb is not limited by the person and number of the subject; e.g.,

1. He likes to visit hill stations. 2. They like to visit hill stations.

In both the sentences to visitisaverbbutitremainsunchanged.Hence,itisanon-finiteverb.

There are threetypesofnon-finiteverbs: 1. Infinitive 2. Gerund 3. Participle

1. INFINITIVEAn Infinitive is the base form of a verb. Its structure is — to + V1. It is not limited by the number and person of the subject. It functions as a noun. For example; to walk, to talk, to sit, etc.

Uses of Infinitives • As subject of a verb; e.g.,

(i) To err is human. (ii) To write is a good habit.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as a subject of a verb.

• As object of a verb; e.g.,

(i) People like to gossip. (ii) I want to accompany you.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as object of a verb.

• As complement of a verb; e.g.,

(i) Raman’s pastime is to play piano. (ii) My friend made me to face the situation.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as complements of a verb.

• As object of a preposition; e.g.,

(i) The baby is about to fall. (ii) The hunter came out to fire the gun.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as object of a preposition.

• As case in opposition to a noun or a pronoun; e.g.,

(i) It is your responsibility to look after your family. (ii) He allowed the children to play in the park.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives in opposition to a noun or a pronoun.

Infinitive without ‘to’There are some verbswhich take the Infinitive after themwithout to. Such verbs are let, make, see, need, dare, hear, bid, observe etc.

Examples: (i) I let him go. (ii) I made her laugh. (iii) I saw him go.

(iv) You need not shout. (v) I dare not stand before him.


2. GERUNDA word having the characteristics of a noun as well as of a verb is called a Gerund. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding ‘ing’. For example; coming, going, travelling, smoking, etc.

Uses of Gerunds • Gerund as a subject; e.g., (i) Smoking is bad for health. (ii) Swimming is a type of exercise. In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used as a subject of a verb. • Gerund as an object; e.g., (i) I love reading. (ii) He likes travelling. In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used as object of a verb.

• Gerund as complement of a verb; e.g., (i) My favourite pastime is collecting stamps. (ii) Seeing is believing. In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used as the complement of a verb.

• Gerund after preposition; e.g., (i) I am fond of painting. (ii) He was awarded for helping the poor. In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used after the preposition.

• Gerund as case in opposition to the pronoun ‘It’; e.g., (i) It is no good quarrellingovertrifles. (ii) It is worth mentioning. In the above sentences, the italicised words are case in opposition to a pronoun.

List of verbs usually followed by Gerunds:

admit appreciate avoid consider continue

delay deny excuse enjoy finish

forgive hate keep like live

miss pardon postpone prevent quarrel

resist save suggest understand remember

3. PARTICIPLEA Participle is the form of verb which has the characteristics of a verb as well as an adjective. Its form is — Verb + Adjective = Participle. For examples; He told me an amusing incident.

Participles are of Three Types: 1. Present Participle

2. Perfect Participle

3. Past Participle

1. Present Participle:

Form : V1 + ing; as talking, singing, working, etc.

Uses of Present Participle • As an adjective; e.g.,

(i) It was an interesting story. (ii) I saw a drowning man.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Present Participles used as adjectives.


• As a subject complement; e.g.,

(i)Thisfilmisentertaining. (ii) She entered the room sobbing.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Present Participles used as subject complement.

• As an object complement; e.g.,

(i) I saw the man diggingthefield. (ii) He left me crying.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Present Participles used as an object complement.

• To combine main sentences; e.g.,

(i) The criminal saw the police. He ran away.

Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

(ii) We entered the room. We were talking.

We entered the room talking.

2. Perfect Participle:

Form : Having + V3 (past participle)

Uses of Perfect ParticipleIn Active voice — having + past participle; as having done.

In Passive voice — having been + past participle; as having been done.

• Present Participles help to combine sentences; e.g.

(i) I have completed the task. I want to play with my friends.

Having completed the task, I want to play with my friends. (Active Voice)

(ii) They collected money. They went to see a movie.

Having collected money, they went to see a movie. (Active Voice)

(iii) The man was caught. He became upset.

Having been caught, the man became upset. (Passive Voice)

(iv) The dance lesson was completed. The girls started chatting.

The dance lesson having been completed, the girls started chatting. (Passive Voice)

3. Past Participle:

Form : V1 + –d/ –ed/ –en/ –n

Uses of Past Participle • As an adjective; e.g.,

(i) I picked up fallen leaves. (ii) The tired man slept soundly.

In the above sentences, the italicised words are Past Participles used as an adjective.

• As a subject complement; e.g.,

(i) The girl looks worried. (ii) The shop was burnt. In the above sentences, the italicised words are Past Participles used as a subject complement.

• To combine sentences; e.g.,

(i) She entered the room. She was accompanied by her sister.

Accompanied by her sister, she entered the room. (ii) He was alerted by the sound. He leapt to his feet.

Alerted by the sound, he leapt to his feet.


EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verb — the infinitive, the gerund or the participle

given in brackets: 1. It is bad .................... a lie. (tell) 2. Boys like .................... games. (play) 3. I told him .................... . (go) 4. My friend is good at .................... . (paint) 5. .................... in hotels can be costly. (stay) 6. .................... abroad can be exhausting. (travel) 7. He enjoys .................... cards. (play) 8. I love .................... Chinese food. (eat) 9. We stopped .................... petrol. (get) 10. .................... is my favourite pastime. (read) 11. .................... of tigers is prohibited. (hunt) 12. We are busy .................... . (pack) 13. I saw her .................... the room. (enter) 14. I have come .................... you. (guide) 15. .................... dogs seldom bite. (bark) 16. ............... the police, the thieves ran away. (see) 17.Theflatis.....................(let) 18. ................alongtheroad,Isawabigmall.(go) 19. It is worth .................... . (see) 20. ................. in public places is prohibited. (smoke)

12. ADVERBAn Adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a verb and tells how a thing is done, when it is done or where it is done. For example:

(i) They spoke softly. (ii) I write neatly. (iii) The guests will come tomorrow. (iv) The boy looked above.

All the italicised words are adverbs.

Kinds of AdverbsThere are six kinds of Adverbs:

1. Adverb of Manner 2. Adverb of Place 3. Adverb of Time 4. Adverb of Number 5. Adverb of Degree 6. Interrogative Adverb 1. Adverb of Manner tells how or in what manner an action is done or performed. For example: (i) Mother walks slowly. (ii) Shalu paints beautifully. (iii) They talk loudly. (iv) The man left his native place permanently. Adverbs of Manner answer the question – ‘how?’ 2. Adverb of Place tells where or at what place an action is done. For example: (i) We play outside. (ii) My study room is upstairs. (iii) He went there. (iv) Children stay inside during rains. Adverbs of Place answer the question – ‘where?’ 3. Adverb of Time tells when or at what time an action is done. For example: (i) The boy gives the newspaper daily. (ii) The guests arrived late. (iii) I will do this work today. (iv) We will go to Shimla tomorrow. Adverbs of Time answer the question – ‘when?’ 4. Adverb of Number tells how often an action is done. For example: (i) I never tell a lie. (ii) The Principal always comes to school on time. (iii) We have visited the Taj twice. (iv) They frequently come to our home. Adverbs of Number answer the question – ‘how often?’ 5. Adverb of Degree tells how much or to what extent a thing is done. For example: (i) He is totally confused. (ii) I am very happy. (iii) The old man was nearly tired. (iv) What you say is partly true. Adverbs of Degree answer the question – ‘how much?’


6. Interrogative Adverb is used to ask questions. For example:

(i) Where have you hidden the purse? (ii) How do you feel today? (iii) When did the peon ring the bell? (iv) Why are you so sad?

EXERCISE 1. Underline the Adverbs and say their kinds.

1. The auditorium was fully packed. 2. My grandmother frequently goes to the temple. 3. The train arrived late. 4. The guests will come soon. 5. Stay inside while it is raining. 6. Your answer is partly correct. 7. We should always try to be honest. 8. Our school will remain closed tomorrow. 9. The little girl danced beautifully. 10. We solved our problem easily. 11. I have never visited the Taj Mahal. 12. Put your luggage here. 13. Why are you sad? 14. They work diligently. 15. Where did you keep the waterbottle? 2. Choose a suitable adjective from the box and change it into an Adverb to fill in the blanks.

quick, graceful, careful, beautiful, brave, noisy, glad, certain, extreme, immediate

1. I always do my work ................. . 2. They replied my letter ................. . 3. Everyone ................. accepted the proposal. 4. We should accept every challenge ................. . 5. Don’t delay any more. Start ................. . 6. The guests will ................. arrive at 10 o’ clock. 7. Little children entered the room ................. . 8. The little girl was dancing ................. . 9.Theartistpaintedtheflower-vase..................10.Thewaterofthispotis.................cold. 3. Use the following Adverbs in sentences of your own.

•strongly • gently •early •hard • fast

• long • forward •already •seldom •badly

13. COMPARISON OF ADVERBSAdverbs like adjectives have degrees of comparison which are formed in the similar manner.

• Adverbsofonesyllableformtheircomparativeandsuperlativebyaddinger and est respectively to the positive.

Positive Comparative Superlative fast faster fastest

loud louder loudest

short shorter shortest

• Adverbsendingin-ly form their comparative and superlative by adding more and most respectively.

Positive Comparative Superlative quickly more quickly most quickly

happily more happily most happily

gently more gently most gently

politely more politely most politely

beautifully more beautifully most beautifully

Note: The comparative and superlative degree of early are earlier and earliest.


• Therearesomeadverbswhichformthedegreesofcomparisoninanirregularway. Positive Comparative Superlative badly/ill worse worst late later latest far farther/further farthest near nearer next good better best much more most little less least

EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative or superlative degree of the adverbs given in

the brackets. 1. Rohit acted ............... than his brother. (wisely)

2. Little Zoya reached the school ............... of all the children of her age. (happily)

3. The teacher came and sat ............... to me. (near)

4. He talked to the stranger ............... than his sister. (politely)

5. Of all the Mughal kings, Aurangzeb acted the ............... . (aggressively)

6. It is raining ............... than yesterday. (heavily)

7. The cheetah runs the ............... of all the land animals. (swiftly)

8.Mybrotherdoesanywork...............thanme.(efficiently)

Position of AdverbsThepositionofAdverbs isnotfixed inasentence.Theyvary fromonesentencetoanother.However,they are not placed between a verb and its object.

• Adverbs are generally placed before an adjective or another adverb or after the intransitive verb. For example: (i) My mother is quite ready to accompany me. (ii) The girl is very beautiful. (iii) I am fairly well. (iv) It is raining heavily. • Adverbs of frequency such as always, often, sometimes etc. are placed after the verb if the verb is

a/are/am/was/were/will/shall/should/must etc. But they are placed before the main verb. For example: (i) Jimmy is always punctual. (ii) Neha is often late to school. (iii) He always speaks the truth. (iv) They must followthetrafficrules. • Adverbs of manner that qualify a transitive verb are usually placed after the object. For example: (i) She does her work smartly. (ii) The Principal delivered a speech nicely. (iii) He learnt the lesson sincerely. (iv) They paint the door carefully. • Adverbs of time are usually placed after the verb if the verb is intransitive and after the object if the

verb is transitive. For example: (i) The train arrived late. (ii) The gardener watered the plants yesterday. • Foremphasis,adverbs of time may also be placed at the beginning of the sentence. For example: (i) Tomorrow we will visit Agra. (ii) Yesterday my uncle came from London.


• Theadverbenoughisalwaysplacedaftertheworditmodifies. For example: (i) I am wise enough to tackle the problem. (ii) The man was polite enough to please everyone. • Ifasentencehastwoormorethantwoadverbsafteraverb,thenormalorderis–adverbofmanner,

adverb of place, adverb of time.

For example:

(i) She danced well in the party yesterday. ↑ ↑ ↑ adv. of adv. of adv. of manner place time

(ii) The doctor reached the hospital timely. ↑ ↑ adv. of adv. of place time

• Thewordonlyisplacedimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifies.

For example:

(i) He gave me only a doll. (a doll and nothing else) (ii) He gave only me a doll. (to me and to nobody else) (iii) Only he gave me a doll. (he and nobody else gave me) (iv) He only gave me a doll. (a doll and nothing more than that)

EXERCISE Rewrite the following sentences by inserting the Adverbs in their correct place. 1. The boy ran fast to catch the train. (enough)

2.ShespeaksEnglishandPunjabi.(fluently)

3. The man comes to meet my father. (frequently)

4. Mr. Sharma decided the matter. (carefully)

5. The teacher gave me a beautiful prize. (only)

6. Rahul knows me well. (fairly)

7. He promised not to tell a lie any more. (faithfully)

8. We meet to make plans for the next project. (regularly)

9. The doctor is late. (never)

10. My uncle reached here. (last night)

11. We are going to purchase a new car. (tomorrow)

12. The boy is intelligent. He solved the sum. (quickly)

13. I met the Chief Guest. (smartly)

14. My grandparents visit their native place. (often)

15. I don’t know what happened to Sumit. He comes to the school. (rarely, nowadays)

14. PREPOSITIONThe word Preposition means placing before. It shows the relation between a noun or a pronoun and some other word in a sentence. The other words can be a noun, a verb or an adjective. For example:

(i) My brother went to Bengaluru by plane. (ii) The inspector arrived on time.


(iii) A ten-rupee coin is lying in the purse. (iv) The boy fell off the horse.

In sentence 1, by shows the relation between the brother and plane.In sentence 2, on shows the relation between the inspector and time.In sentence 3, in shows the relation between ten-rupee coin and the purse.In sentence 4, off shows the relation between the boy and the horse.

Uses of some Prepositions • At, In: At is used for exact time. It is used to denote villages or smaller towns.

In is used to show the total length of time for the completion of some activity or action. It is used to denote bigger towns, states, countries. For example:

(i) I started my journey at 6 O’ clock. (ii) He came at midnight.

(iii) We will play in the evening. (iv) I have my house at Preet Vihar in New Delhi.

• For, Since: For is used for a period of time while Since is used to denote the point of time from which an action

has been continuing. For example:

(i) I have been teaching in this college for 10 years.

(ii) We have been waiting for you since 2:00 p.m.

• From, Since: From is used for the starting point of action and is generally combined with to/till/until. Since is

used to denote the point of time. For example:

(i) We lived in Mumbai from 1995 to 2010. (ii) He waited from 9 till 12:30.

(iii) He has been here since 6 o’clock. (iv) The gardener is watering the plants since 8 O’ clock.

• On: On is used for day and date. For example:

(i) My uncle will arrive here on Thursday. (ii) The Independence Day is celebrated on 15th August.

• Between, Among: Between is used with two persons or things, Among is used with more than two. For example:

(i) The little boy is standing between his parents.

(ii) The teacher distributed toffees among the students.

• Beside, Besides: Beside means ‘near’ or ‘at the side of’; Besides means ‘as well as’ or ‘in addition to’. For example:

(i) I was sitting beside my father. (ii) Besides doing his job, he runs a small shop. • On, Upon: On is used in speaking of things at rest; Upon is used with things in motion. For example: (i) The dictionary is lying on the table. (ii) The cat sprang upon the sofa. • Above/Over: Above, Over means ‘higher than’. For example: Isawaflightofbirdsabove/over me. • Below/under: Below/Under means ‘lower than’. For example: (i) Standing on the top of the hill we saw a valley below us. (ii) The cow is sleeping under a tree.


• In, Into: In denotes position or rest and into denotes motion inward. For example: (i) My grandfather is in his room. (ii) My grandmother went into his room. (iii) The boy threw a pebble into the well.

• By, With: By is placed before an agent or doer and with relates to the instrument with which the action is

done. For example: (i) The thief was chased by the policeman. (ii) I cut vegetables with a sharp knife.

• Of, Off: Of relates to somebody and off shows separation. For example: (i) My ear-ring is made of gold. (ii) The boy fell off the horse.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. (A) 1. The students are sitting .......... the classroom. 2. The farmer distributed the land .......... his four sons. 3. The naughty child laughed .......... the beggar. 4. He was born .......... Shahdara .......... New Delhi. 5. The boy is standing .......... Raman and Chaman. 6. The Sadhu took a holy dip .......... the river Ganga. 7. They are not allowed to write .......... a pen. 8. We went .......... Shimla .......... Manali. 9. The chief guest arrived .......... 10 O’ clock. 10. The boy fell .......... the horse. 11. My neighbour is going .......... Haridwar. 12. The snake was killed .......... Govind. 13. Sonu lives .......... his uncle. 14. .......... the chief guest, two persons were there. 15. The little child got lost .......... the crowd.

16. Marble is cut .......... big pieces from the rocks .......... machines.

(B) 1. My uncle is .......... the USA nowadays. 2. I got a bouquet .......... rose .......... my friend. 3. The sky is .......... our head. 4. He is absorbed .......... his work. 5. My father is busy .......... his work. 6. Sonu is afraid .......... the barking dogs. 7. Imadeanappeal..........thePrincipalforfineremittance. 8. The patient is admitted .......... a nearby hospital. 9.Weshouldabide..........thetrafficrules. 10. Beware .......... stray animals.

2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct options given below. 1. Rohit is ill .......... high fever. (a) from (b) with (c) at 2. Jack is jealous .......... my success. (a) of (b) to (c) with


3. The Taj Mahal of Agra is made .......... the white marbles. (a) from (b) with (c) by 4.Antibioticshelpourbodytofight..........diseases. (a) with (b) for (c) against 5. One always suffers .......... one’s evil habits. (a) with (b) to (c) for 6. I am blessed .......... good health. (a) with (b) by (c) from 7. My parents are proud .......... my achievements. (a) to (b) with (c) of 8.Theflood-victimsappealed..........ourhelp. (a) to (b) for (c) with 9. Don’t compare one student .......... another. (a) with (b) from (c) to 10. Distinguish climate .......... weather. (a) with (b) from (c) by 11. There is no alternative .......... this choice. (a) to (b) for (c) at 12. The police enquired .......... the matter. (a) into (b) in (c) to 13. We should not rely .......... false promises. (a) from (b) on (c) to 14. I am glad .......... see you. (a) at (b) to (c) for 15. Boys are pleased .......... gifts. (a) to (b) at (c) with

List of words followed by Appropriate Prepositions 1. abide by rules 2. absorb in thought 3. abstain from alcohol 4. access to the Minister 5. accede to a request 6. afraid of something 7. agree with a person 8. agree to a proposal 9. agreement with someone 10. anxiety about someone 11. appeal to a person 12. appeal for help 13. arrive at a place 14. avail of an opportunity 15. believe in something 16. beware of something 17. boast of something 18. borrow from a person 19. break into a house 20. blind to defects 21. care for a person or thing 22. complain to a person 23. complain of a pain 24. confident of success 25. congratulate on success 26. differ with a point 27. depend upon a person or thing 28. die of a disease 29. differ with a person 30. envious of someone’s success 31. eligible for a post 32. enquire into the matter 33. famous for something 34. familiar with someone 35. fond of something 36. grateful to a person 37. greedy for something 38. guilty of a crime


39. honoured with something 40. honest in dealings 41. heir to property 42. Ill with fever 43. introduce to a person 44. jealous of a person or thing 45. junior to someone 46. knock at the door 47. loyal to someone 48. laugh at someone 49. listen to something 50. long for something 51. mad with anger 52. mistaken for a person or a thing 53. negligent of duties 54. obliged to a person 55. obliged for something 56. pride in something 57. polite to a person 58. proud of something 59. related to a person 60. relevant to some matter 61. satisfied with something 62. sympathise with someone 63. think over a matter 64. unfit for a post 65. warn off/against something 66. wish for something 67. wonder at achievement 68. yield to a temptation

15. CONJUNCTIONA Conjunction is a word used to join words, groups of words or sentences. For example:

(i) I bought fruits and vegetables. (ii) He is tall but his brother is short. (iii) Sit quietly or go outside. (iv) I could not go to school because I was sick.

All the italicised words are conjunctions. Other conjunctions are ‘therefore’, ‘otherwise’, ‘as’, ‘since’, ‘though’, ‘although’, ‘still’, ‘yet’, ‘as well as’, ‘while’, ‘either......or’, ‘neither.......nor’ etc.

Uses of Conjunctions • and: (i) The farmers are poor. The farmers are helpless. (ii) The farmers are poor and helpless. • but: (i) He is a wealthy man. He is a noble man. (ii) He is a wealthy but noble man. • or, otherwise: (i) Do hard work. You will fail. (ii) Do hard work or you will fail. (iii) Do hard work otherwise you will fail. • unless: Unless you walk fast, you cannot catch the train. • therefore, so: (i) He is sick. He cannot go to school. (ii) He is sick, therefore he cannot go to school. (iii) He is sick, so he cannot go to school. • because, since: (i) My parents cannot attend PT meeting. They are out of station. (ii) My parents cannot attend PT meeting because they are out of station. (iii) Since my parents are out of station, they cannot attend PT meeting. • as well as: (i) The pilot died. The passengers died. (ii) The pilot as well as the passengers died. • whereas, while: (i) I love dancing. My brother loves music. (ii) I love dancing whereas (or while) my brother loves music.


• either ..... or: (i) Keep quiet. Go outside. (ii) Either keep quiet or go outside. • neither ..... nor: (i) My dress is not new. It is not beautiful. (ii) My dress is neither new nor beautiful.

16. TENSESThere are three main tenses (forms of verbs):

1. Present Tense – the time that is passing. 2. Past Tense – the time that has passed. 3. Future Tense – the time to come.

Thus, Present tense expresses actions in the present time, past tense expresses actions in the past time, and future tense expresses actions in the future time. For example:

(i)Thefarmerworksinthefield.(Presenttense) (ii)Thefarmerworkedinthefield.(Pasttense) (iii)Thefarmerwillworkinthefield.(Futuretense)

The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or an event. It also shows continuance and perfection of it.

Each of these three main tenses has four kinds: I. Simple orIndefinite II. Continuous or Progressive III. Perfect IV. Perfect Continuous

1. PRESENT TENSEI. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

In the simple present tensewenormallyusetheroot (first) formof theverb.Butwithhe,she, itandother third person singular subjects, we add –s or –es to the root form of the verb.

Structure Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+V1 + s or es (V1 or V5 form of verb) Negative Sentences Sub + do not/does not + V1

Interrogative Sentences Do/Does + sub + V1 + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Do/Does + sub + not + V1 + ?

Let’s understand them with examples:

Positive Interrogative- or Negative Interrogative negative Affirmative

I talk. I do not talk. Do I talk? Do I not talk?

We talk. We do not talk. Do we talk? Do we not talk?

You talk. You do not talk. Do you talk? Do you not talk?

He/She/It (all other He/She/It does not Does he/she it talk? Does he/ she/ it not third person singular talk. talk? subjects) talks.

They (all other third They do not talk. Do they talk? Do they not talk? person plural subjects) talk.


Note: Short form of do not = don’t Short form of does not = doesn’t

UsesThe Simple Present Tense is used to

1. express custom or habitual actions; e.g.,

(i) Ranjan goes to school by bus. (ii) The cow gives us milk. (iii) He always speaks the truth. (iv) My grandmother goes to the temple every morning.

2. express permanent truth; e.g.,

(i) The sun rises in the east. (ii) The earth revolves round the sun. (iii) Stars twinkle in the sky. (iv) The sun shines by day..

3. express a fact which is true at the time of speaking; e.g.,

(i) Two of my cousins study in metro cities. (ii) The Rajdhani Express stops at this station.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs given in the brackets. Use Simple Present Tense. 1. My grandfather …............... beautiful short stories at bed time. (tell)

2. My grandmother …............... a few pages of the Ramayan everyday. (read)

3. An inter-house cricket match …............... place in our school every month. (take)

4. The teacher always …............... in a loud voice. (teach) 5. Two and two …............... four. (make) 6. The earth …............... round the sun. (move) 7. The weather …............... frequently. (change) 8. We …............... with our eyes, …............... with our ears and …............... with our nose. (see,

hear, smell) 9. When evening …..............., it …............... dark. (come/ become) 10. The sun …............... in the east and …............... in the west. (rise/ set) 11. It is considered a bad manner if anyone …............... loudly in the public. (talk) 12. We shall …............... to the cinema if we …............... tickets. (go, get) 13. Children …............... to eat chocolates and junk food. (love) 14. We …............... our native place during summer holidays. (visit) 15. I don’t …............... what you …............... . (understand, say) 2. Rewrite the following sentences in affirmative sentences. 1. Children do not go to the park in the evening everyday. 2. She does not sing beautifully. 3. Do you like playing badminton? 4. Does Raman go to the market every Sunday? 5. The peon does not ring the bell at 9 O’ clock. 3. Rewrite the following sentences in negative form. 1. Gopal buys a book. 2. He seldom comes to meet me. 3. Ritu and her friend decide to visit the 4. The climate of a place always remains the

Taj Mahal. same. 5. Mohita paints beautifully. 6. Scientists work hard in their lab. 7. Kamala gives us music lessons. 8. They cook delicious food. 9. Smita plays the piano. 10. My neighbours take care of each other.


4. Rewrite the following sentences in interrogative form. 1. He goes to the shop at 9 O’ clock. 2. My friend helps me in my need. 3. They play badminton. 4. Teachers talk among themselves. 5. Mr Kalra plans to go to Kashmir. 6. Aditya runs very fast. 7. Boys play in the park. 8. Tigers roar in the jungle. 9. Many people die of hunger. 10. I write a letter to the editor of a newspaper. 5. Rewrite the following sentences in negative-interrogative form. 1. Radha speaks softly. 2.Birdsflyhighinthesky. 3. We taste with our tongue. 4. School-going children get up early in the morning. 5. My grandparents go to the temple every Sunday.

II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE TENSE Structure Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+is/am/are+V1 + ing Negative Sentences Sub + is/ am/ are + not + V1 + ing Interrogative Sentences Is/ Am/ Are + sub + V1 + ing + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Is/ Am/ Are + sub + not + V1 + ing + ?



I am talking. I am not talking. Am I talking? Am I not talking?

You are talking. You are not talking. Are you talking? Are you not talking?

We are talking. We are not talking. Are we talking? Are we not talking?

He/ She/ It is He/ She/ It is not Is he/ she/ it Is/ He/ She/ It not talking. talking. talking? talking?

They are talking. They are not talking. Are they talking? Are they not talking?

Note: Short form of am not = amn’t Short form of is not = isn’t Short form of are not = aren’t

UsesThe Present Continuous or Progressive Tense is used to

1. show what is happening or going on at the time of speaking; e.g., (i) The fan is moving. (ii) I am going to the market. (iii) My friends are doing their homework. (iv) Rupa and Shilpa are laughing. 2. express an action which may not be actually going on at the time of speaking, but it is going on in

general; e.g., (i) My father is doing some research work nowadays. (ii) We are building a house at our native place. (iiii) Sita is reading the Ramayana these days. (iv) He is preparing for class Xth examination.


3. express an action which is likely to happen in near future; e.g.,

(i) I am going abroad next month. (ii) I am going to attend a marriage party tomorrow. (iii) We are going to Chennai next week. (iv) My cousins are arriving today.

EXERCISES 1. Change the following sentences into affirmative form. 1. They are not going to school. 2. Sabita is not planting trees. 3. Is Surabhi not coming today? 4. Are girls not taking part in this competition? 5. Are you not writing a letter? 6. Sanchi is not running fast.

2. Change the following into negative form. 1. My friend is coming today. 2. They are quarrelling among themselves. 3. Jolly is sleeping. 4. The baby is crying loudly. 5. Sugandha is singing beautifully. 6. The area of forest is dwindling very fast. 7. The environmentalists are working hard. 8. The teacher is explaining the rule. 9. South America is developing fast. 10. Namrata and Namita are talking in the lawn. 3. Change the following sentences into negative – interrogative form. 1. I am reading an adventurous story. 2. They are serving the guests. 3. We are going to see a cinema. 4. John is buying toys for me. 5. She is reciting a poem.

III. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Structure Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+has/have/+V3

Negative Sentences Sub + has/ have + not + V3

Interrogative Sentences Has/ Have + sub + V3 + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Has/ Have + sub + not + V3 + ?



I have talked. I have not talked. Have I talked? Have I not talked?

You have talked. You have not talked. Have you talked? Have you not talked?

We have talked. We have not talked. Have we talked? Have we not talked?

He/ She/ It has talked. He/ She/ It has not Has he/ she/ it talked? Has he/ she/ it not talked. talked?

They have talked. They have not talked. Have they talked? Have they not talked?

Note: Short form of have not = haven’t Short form of has not = hasn’t

UsesThe Present Perfect Tense is used to

1. express an action which has just been completed; e.g., (i) I have completed my work. (ii) Radha has sung a song.


2. express an action began in the past and completed at the present time; e.g., (i) The train has arrived. 3. expressanactionwhichhappenedinthepastatanindefinitetime.Weeitherknowthetimeofits

happening or we don’t mention it; e.g., (i) I have gone to Mumbai. (ii) My sister has visited hill stations. 4. express an action which began in the past and has continued upto the present. For this, we use for

and since to denote the length of time. For is used to show the length of time and since is used to show the point of time; e.g.,

(i) I have known him for many years. (ii) My uncle has lived here since January. (iii) They have lived in London since 1989. (iv) Neeraj has taught since 8 O'clock. 5. In the sentences having ‘yet’ negative sentences of this are formed; e.g., (i) Guests have not come yet. (ii) Children have not answered yet.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Present Perfect Tense. 1. The train ..................... the platform. (leave)

2. I ..................... a moneyorder from my father. (receive) 3. Our team ..................... the match. (win) 4. I ..................... not .....................him since a long. (see) 5.Thefarmers.....................not.....................thefield.(plough) 6. The peon ..................... already ..................... the bell. (ring) 7. The weather ..................... now. (improve) 8. We ..................... the Marina beach. (visit) 9. Children ..................... their lesson. (learn) 10. They ..................... the story. (read) 2. Change the following sentences into affirmative form. 1. He has not gone to Kerala. 2. Farmers have not got full-time job. 3. Has the boy gone outside? 4. Have they bought good news? 5. Have children painted the door? 3. Change the following sentences into negative form. 1. The postman has delivered letters. 2. They have done hard work. 3. Scientists have invented many things. 4. The weather has changed sharply. 5. One of his mistakes has ruined his life. 6. I have saved a drowning boy. 7. We have served the guests. 8. She has washed clothes. 9. The teacher has punished some students. 10.Themassivefloodhasengulfedtheentirecity.

4. Change the following sentences into interrogative form. 1. The court has done the justice. 2. The police have caught the criminal. 3. The price of petrol has risen. 4. The waiter has gone outside. 5. Shetty brothers have won the award. 6. I have visited the Gateway of India twice. 7. The editor has improved the content. 8. They have read the newspaper. 9. We have followed all the rules and regulations. 10. The court has sent the summon to Mr. Ahuja. 5. Change the following into negative-interrogative sentences.

1. The Parliamenthaspassedthebill. 2.Corruptionhasspreadineveryfield.

3. Two of the players have played well. 4. We have found the lost purse.

5. Rohit has migrated to a nearby city. 6. Two boys have come to our door.


7. You have done a good job. 8. The earthquake has brought disasters.

9. She has got brilliant marks in all the subjects.

10. All the boys and girls have prepared themselves for the examination.

IV. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Structure

Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+has/have/+been+V1 + ing + .... .

Negative Sentences Sub + has/ have + not been + V1 + ing + .... .

Interrogative Sentences Has/ Have + sub + been + V1 + ing + .... ?

Interrogative-negative Sentences Has/ Have + sub + not + been + V1 + ing + .... ?



I have been speaking I have not been Have I been speaking Have I not been for two hours. speaking for two hours. for two hours? speaking for two hours?

You have been You have not been Have you been Have you not been speaking since speaking since speaking since speaking since 5 o’clock. 5 o’clock. 5 o’clock? 5 o’clock?

We have been We have not been Have we been speaking Have we not been speaking for a long speaking for a long for a long time? speaking for a long time. time. time?

He/ She/ It has He/ She/ It has not Has he/ she/ it Has he/ she/ it not been speaking since been speaking since been speaking since been speaking since 8 o’clock. 8 o’clock. 8 o’clock? 8 o’clock?

They have been They have not been Have they been Have they not been speaking for three speaking for three speaking for three speaking for three hours. hours. hours? hours?

UsesThe Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action which began in the past but is still continuing. Since or for is used to denote the length of time; For example:

(i) Neeru has been writing a letter since 9 o' clock. (ii) Farmers have beenworkinginthefieldfor four hours.

Note: Since is used for a point of time; e.g., since 4 o' clock, since January, since 2000, etc. For is used for a period of time; e.g., for four hours, for three days, for seven years, etc.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Present Perfect Continuous

Tense. 1. You ................... your studies since long. (neglect) 2. I ................... this book since morning. (read)


3. The washerman ................... clothes for two hours. (wash) 4. He said, “The milkman ................... the cows for two hours. (milk) 5. One of the students ................... since 8 o’clock. (study) 6. We ................... for the train since 10 o’clock. (wait) 7. Don’t worry, my brother. I ................... hard nowadays. (study) 8. Some one ................... the door for last ten minutes. (knock) 9.Farmers...................inthefieldsinceearlymorning.(work) 10. I ................... from high fever for two days. (suffer) 2. Change the following sentences into negative form. 1. It has been drizzling since morning. 2.Myfatherhasbeenworkinginthisofficeforthepasttenyears. 3. They have been gossiping for two hours. 4.Theyhavebeenstrugglingforjusticeforfiveyears. 5.Childrenhavebeenplayinginthefieldsince9O’clock. 6. The baby has been crying for half an hour. 7. An unknown man has been helping me for four years. 8. I have been learning this lesson since 10 o’ clock. 3. Change the following sentences into interrogative form. 1. I have been ringing the bell for ten minutes. 2. Our forests have been serving us since time immemorial. 3. You have been doing mischief for several years. 4.Shantahasbeentakingpartinthiscompetitionforfiveyears. 5. She has been writing a letter since 8 O’ clock.

2. PAST TENSEI. THE SIMPLE PAST OR PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

In the simple past tense we use the second form of the verb. This form of verb is used to denote a single action in the past.

Structure Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+V2

Negative Sentences Sub + did not + V1

Interrogative Sentences Did + sub + V1 + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Did + sub + not + V1 + ?



I talked. I did not talk. Did I talk? Did I not talk?

You talked. You did not talk. Did you talk? Did you not talk?

We talked. We did not talk. Did we talk? Did we not talk?

He/ She/ It talked. He/ She/ It did not talk. Did he/ she/ it talk? Did he/ she/ it not talk?

They talked. They did not talk. Did they talk? Did they not talk?

Note: Short form of did not = didn’t


UsesThe Simple Past Tense is used to

1. express an action completed in the past; e.g.,

(i) I wrote a letter. (ii) They sang a song. (iii) The girls danced beautifully. (iv) Smita ran fast.

2. express some past habit; e.g.,

(i) My father never hurt anyone's sentiment. (ii) We usually went to hills during holidays. 3. express some historical events; e.g.,

(i) Mahatma Gandhi struggled against the British. (ii) Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal.

Note: When we express some past habit, we often use words such as generally, usually, never, always, often, sometimes with the simple past tense.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Simple Past Tense. 1. I .......... an old man yesterday. (help) 2. The peon .......... the bell. (ring) 3. We .......... a horse and .......... a lot. (ride, enjoy) 4. Yesterday my cousins .......... to see me. (come) 5. The man .......... so fast that soon he .......... an accident. (drive, meet) 6. We .......... the channel in only one hour. (cross) 7.Thebirds..........suddenly.(fly) 8. As soon as I .......... my grandparents, I .......... to weep. (see, begin) 9. We .......... out to play in a nearby park. 10. I .......... him some money because he was in great need. (lend) 2. Change the following sentences into negative form. 1. We worked hard to win the match. 2. We missed the train. 3. He sent an e-mail to me. 4. My friend got success in the long run. 5. The Bishop pardoned the stranger. 6. Akbar ruled wisely. 7. The child smiled sweetly. 8. They wrote a letter to a higher authority. 9. I lost my briefcase at the railway station 10. The travellers rested under a shady tree. 3. Change the following sentences into interrogative form. 1. We solved the sum. 2. I slept well in the night. 3. Someone snatched my chain. 4. The cobbler polished my shoe. 5. The girls danced well. 6. They burst into laughter. 7. I walked fast. 8. My mother prayed for me. 9. We all obeyed the teacher.

10. The teacher selected a few students for the debate competition.

4. Change the following sentences into negative – interrogative form. 1. We suffered a lot for one mistake. 2. I welcomed the guest cordially.

3. We needed to work hard. 4. Salil received a parcel in the afternoon.

5. My neighbour heard a loud noise.


II. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSEThe past continuous tense represents an action as being in progress at some point of time in the past

Structure Positive or AffirmativeSentences Sub+was/were+V1 + ing Negative Sentences Sub + was/ were + not + V1 + ing Interrogative Sentences Was/ Were + sub + V1 + ing + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Was/ Were + sub + not + V1 + ing + ?



I was talking. I was not talking. Was I talking? Was I not talking?

You were talking. You were not talking. Were you talking? Were you not talking?

We were talking. We were not talking. Were we talking? Were we not talking?

He/ She/ It was He/ She/ It was not Was he/ she/ it Was he/ she/ it not talking. talking. talking? talking?

They were talking. They were not talking. Were they talking? Were they not talking?

Note: Short form of was not = wasn’t Short form of were not = weren’t

UsesThe Past Continuous Tense is used

1. to express an action that was continuing at some time in the past; e.g.,

(i) My mother was preparing dishes when the guests came. (ii) The cobbler was making my shoes. (iii) It was raining throughout the day yesterday. (iv) You were sleeping when I came to meet you. 2. with the words always, continually etc; e.g., (i) Mr. Sinha was always helping the poor. (ii) Sonu and his friends were continually laughing at the mad man.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Past Continuous or Simple Past. 1. I .......... a novel when my father .......... my room. (read, enter) 2. What .......... you .......... in the morning when I .......... you? (do, telephone) 3. The villagers .......... under a banyan tree when I .......... that place. (sleep, cross) 4. I .......... a letter to my friend yesterday evening. (write) 5. I .......... the bridge when the mobile ........... . (cross, ring) 6. .......... he .......... his homework when his friend ..........? (complete, come) 7.Thesoldiers..........bravelywhensometerrorists..........onthem.(fight,attack) 8. Children .......... noise when the Principal .......... the classroom. (make, enter) 9. Someone .......... at the door at midnight. (knock) 10. Radha and her friends .......... on an excursion when the accident .......... place. (go, take)


2. Change the following sentences into negative-interrogative form. 1. They were playing cricket. 2. Sumit was drawing a beautiful portrait. 3. The boy was singing a song. 4. We were solving a sum. 5. The man was driving fast. 6. Some girls were talking loudly. 7. They were lifting a heavy box. 8. My grandmother was knitting a sweater for me. 3. Change the following sentences into Past Continuous Tense. 1. Kavita is writing a letter. 2. The train left the platform. 3.Whoareyoutalkingto? 4.Whydidyoufight? 5. I forget to bring my book. 6. We do not harm any one. 7. The new cellphone is not working well. 8. My parents went to the market. 9. They have done their homework. 10. Is it Atul who is talking so loudly?

III. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect tense denotes an action completed at some point of time before another action was begun.

Structure Positive orAffirmativesentences Sub+had+V3

Negative Sentences Sub + had not + V3

Interrogative Sentences Had + sub + V3 + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Had + sub + not + V3 + ?



I had talked. I had not talked. Had I talked? Had I not talked?

You/ we had talked. You/ we had not talked. Had you/ we talked? Had you/ we not talked?

He/ She/ It had talked. He/ She/ It had not Had he/ she/ it talked? Had/ he/ she/ it not talked. talked?

They had talked. They had not talked. Had they talked? Had they not talked?

Note: Short form of had not = hadn’t

UsesThe Past Perfect Tense is used to

1. express an action that had been completed before another action started; e.g.,

(i) The bell had rung when I reached the school.

(ii)ArpitahadfinishedherworkwhenIwenttoseeher.

(iii) The patient had died before the doctor came.

(iv) The chain-snatchers had run away before the police arrived.

Note: If two actions take place in past, use past perfect tensefortheactiontakingplacefirst(forexample, the train had left) and use past indefinite tense for the latter (for example, before I reached the station.)


2. express an action that has completed before the beginning of second action; e.g.,

(i) I had not met him before. (ii) She had already done her work by 6 p.m. yesterday.

3. expressanunfulfilledwishofthepast;e.g.,

(i) If only you had told the truth. (ii) He wished that he had accepted the offer.

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Past Perfect or Simple Past Tense.

1. We .......... off the horse before my father .......... for help. (fall, come)

2. My parents .......... home before the guests .......... . (reach, arrive)

3. The train .......... before we .......... the station. (leave, reach)

4.We..........outtoplayafterwe..........ourhomework.(go,finish)

5. The thieves .......... away before the police .......... on the spot. (run, arrive)

6. Devanshu .......... me all his life. (help)

7. I .......... a new car before I .......... the old one. (purchase, sell)

8. Ronita .......... by the time her friend .......... home. (leave, come)

2. Change the following sentences into negative-interrogative form.

1.Theyhadcometomefivetimes. 2.Thepostmanhaddeliveredletters.

3.Wehadwateredtheplants. 4.Thebirdshadflown.

5. The villagers had built the bridge. 6. The sparrow had eaten the grains.

7. Several ministers had reached the spot. 8. The aeroplane had collapsed.

3. Combine the following pairs of sentences into one using Past Perfect and Simple Past Tense.

1. The patient died.

The doctor reached later.

2. Someone picked my pocket.

I came to know about it later.

3. My father reached the station late.

The train left.

4. The students completed their homework.

The teacher asked them about it later.

5. The baby woke up.

I came home later.

IV. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Structure

Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+had+been+V1 + ing

Negative Sentences Sub + had + not + been + + V1 + ing

Interrogative Sentences Had + sub + been + V1 + ing + ?

Interrogative-negative Sentences Had + sub + not + been + V1 + ing + ?




John had been dancing John had not been Had John been dancing Had John not been since 10 o’clock. dancing since 10 o’clock. since 8 o’clock? dancing since 10 o’clock?

UsesThe Past Perfect continuous Tense is used to express the continuity of an action at a given point in the past. In other words, the action started before a given point in the past, and it was continuing at that time and probably continued after that also.

(i) My father had been waiting for me when I reached home. (ii) The match had been going on for two hours when I reached the stadium.

EXERCISES 1. Change the following sentences into negative form. 1. We had been studying hard to get good results. 2. They had been talking for a long time. 3. The man had been walking for two hours. 4. The police had been patrolling for several hours. 5. The baby had been sleeping since 8 o’ clock. 2. Change the following sentences into interrogative form. 1. Mr. Sharma had been working hard all day. 2.Thefarmershadbeenploughingthefieldforalongtime. 3.Thecriminalhadbeendeceivingthepoliceforfiveyears. 4. We had been waiting for the bus for two hours. 5. The crow had been crowing for several hours. 3. Fill in the blanks with since or for: 1. I have not met my friend .................... Friday. 2. The man had been walking .................... two hours. 3. She has not gone to Chennai .................... two days. 4. Mr Sharma has been living in this building .................... 2000. 5. It has been raining .................... 8 o’clock. 6. The man has been livinginourneighbourhood....................fiveyears. 7. The doctor has been practising .................... ten years. 8. Some children have been shouting .................... several hours. 9. The tutor has been teaching me .................... 2 p.m. 10. My mother has been preparing dishes .................... 6 o’ clock in the morning.

3. FUTURE TENSEI. THE SIMPLE FUTURE OR THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

(Will/ Shall)

Structure

Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+will/shall+V1

Negative Sentences Sub + will/ shall + not + V1

Interrogative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + V1 + ?

Interrogative-negative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + not + V1 + ?

Normally we use will with all persons. With First Person, we may use shall instead of will.


Examples:

(i) Radhika will prepare tea. (v) I shall visit Agra tomorrow.

(ii) He will accompany me. (vi) I shan’t visit Agra tomorrow.

(iii) Will he meet me tomorrow? (vii) Shall I visit Agra tomorrow?

(iv) Will he not meet me tomorrow? (viii) Shall I not visit Agra tomorrow?

Note: Short form of will/ shall = ’ll Short form of will not/ shall not = won’t/ shan’t

UsesThe Simple Future Tense is used to

1. express some future action or event; e.g., (i) I shall buy a new car in the next month. (ii) They will go to a park in the evening. 2. express the speaker’s opinion; e.g., (i) I think he will not come back. (ii) We hope that my friend will get good marks. (iii) Shrey is very naughty. I don’t think I’ll help him. 3. ask somebody to do something; e.g., Will you please give me your pen? 4. promise to do something; e.g., I will always support your opinion. Note: Shall is mostly used in questions: Shall I get you some sweets?

Going toWe use the going to form to suggest people’s intention to do something in the near future; e.g.,

(i) Some children are going to visit the zoo in the afternoon.

(ii) My father is going to purchase a laptop for me tomorrow.

II. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Structure Positive orAffirmativeSentences Sub+will/shall+be+V1 + ing Negative Sentences Sub + will/ shall + not + be + V1 + ing Interrogative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + be + V1 + ing + ? Interrogative-negative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + not + be + V1 + ing + ?

Examples: (i) He will be going to Chennai next Monday. (v) I shall be painting in the evening. (ii) He won't be going to Chennai next Monday. (vi) I shan’t be painting in the evening. (iii) Will he be going to Chennai next Monday? (vii) Shall I be painting in the evening? (iv) Will he not be going to Chennai next Monday? (viii) Shall I not be painting in the evening?

UsesThe Future Continuous Tense is used to express an action that will be in progress at a given moment in the future; e.g.,

(i) I shall be going to my friend at 6 p.m. (ii) He will be going to Chandigarh tomorrow. (iii) They will be shifting to a new place next month.


EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Simple Future or Future Continuous

Tense. 1. He is a rude boy. I .......... him. (not help) 2. When you reach there, he .......... a book. (read) 3.Mybrotherwritesaletter.He..........itinfiveminutes.(complete) 4. We .......... for you at the railway station. (wait) 5. You .......... your faults when you become mature. (realise) 6. I .......... a car next year. (buy) 7. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone .......... for autorickshaws and rickshaws next week.

(look) 8. My father .......... not .......... to us tonight. (come) 9. Rajan .......... me if I ask him. (help) 10. At this time tomorrow we .......... a cricket match. (watch) 11. I .......... at time you come to me. (swim) 12. He .......... to Chennai tomorrow. (go) 13. We .......... badminton tomorrow. (play) 14. If you walk fast, you .......... the bus. (catch) 15. We are sure we .......... the match. (win) 2. Change the following into Simple Future Tense. 1. Raman comes here in weekends. 2. You drive the car carefully. 3. We buy sweets to distribute among the children. 4. He helps me in my need. 5. They went to the cinema. 6. My mother makes a plan to visit Vaishno Devi. 7. We study hard for good results. 8. I remembered his name.

INTEGRATED EXERCISES ON TENSES 1. Choose the correct option given in brackets. 1. Tom .......... with me for several months. (is living/ has been living) 2. He wishes his friends .......... in the party. (was/ were) 3. My brother’s birthday .......... on 6 September, every year. (falls/ fell) 4. The guests .......... before I reached home. (went/ had gone) 5. Some of my relatives .......... in Pakistan since the partition. (lived/ have lived) 6. I .......... to music when she came. (listening/ was listening) 7. Don’t go outside. It .......... heavily. (rains/ is raining) 8. My father .......... to the market when his friend came. (had gone/ went) 9. I .......... a message to my friend on his birthday. (had sent/ sent) 10. I shall help you if you .......... the truth. (tell/ told) 11. My uncle .......... here last night. (arrives/ arrived) 12. The dog .......... all night. (barks/ barked) 13. Don’t disturb me. I .......... to the teacher. (am listening/ was listening) 14. We .......... already .......... six bananas. (have, eaten/ are, eating) 15.Childrenwereplayinginthefieldwhenthey..........theloudnoise.(hear/heard)


2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in the brackets. 1. My grandmother .......... beautiful short stories at bed time. (tell) 2. The train .......... already. (leave) 3. Each separate civilisation .......... its own culture which has its roots in past generations. (develop) 4. My uncle .......... maths for 10 long years. (teach) 5. I cannot accompany you because I .......... a letter to my sister just now. (write) 6. I .......... a moneyorder from my father just now. (receive) 7. You cannot go to play till you .......... your homework. (complete) 8. My grandmother .......... a few pages of the Ramayan everyday. (read) 9. I .......... the Qutub Minar. (see) 10. An inter-house cricket match .......... place in our school every month. (take)

3. Rewrite the following as directed in brackets. 1. They are struggling for justice. (negative)

2. I remember the address of my friend. (interrogative or question) 3. The sun sets in the west. (negative-interrogative) 4. I am polishing my shoes. (interrogative) 5. I do my work sincerely. (negative) 6. My father believes in hard work. (interrogative) 7. The postman has delivered letters. (negative) 8.Childrenhavebeenplayinginthefieldfortwohours.(negative-interrogative) 9. Elephants eat sugarcane. (negative) 10. I live with my grandparents. (interrogative) 11. The baby is crying loudly. (negative) 12. The carpenter is making chairs. (negative-interrogative) 13. Ratna cooks delicious food. (interrogative) 14. They have gone to see a movie. (negative-interrogative) 15. The teacher punished the students. (negative) 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. I .......... an old man yesterday. (help) 2. Yesterday my cousins .......... to see me. (come) 3. The train .......... before we reached the station. (leave) 4. As soon as I .......... my grandparents, I began to weep. (see) 5.We..........outtoplayafterwe..........ourhomework.(go,finish) 6. I .......... letters yesterday evening. (write) 7. The thieves .......... away before the police arrived on the spot. (run) 8.Thestranger..........atthedoorforfiveminutesbeforeitwasopened.(knock) 9. Devanshu .......... me all his life. (help) 10. I .......... a bridge when the mobile rang. (cross)

17. SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT • Inasentence, a verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

• Asingularsubjecttakesasingularverbandapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb.

Look at the following sentences: 1. A farmer ploughsinthefield. 2.Farmers ploughinthefield.


In sentence 1, the subject farmer is singular in number and therefore the verb ploughs is also in the singular form.

In sentence 2, the subject farmers is plural in number and therefore the verb plough is also in the plural form.

Look at the following:

Singular Plural

Ist Person – I am/ have/ do/ was .... We are/ have/ do/ were .... IInd Person – You are/ have/ do/ were .... You are/ have/ do/ were .... IIIrd Person – He, She, It is/ has/ does/ was .... They are/ have do/ were ....

Some more examples: (i) A child plays in the evening. (ii) Children play in the evening. (iii) She is active. (iv) They are active.

(v) I am intelligent. (vi) We are intelligent.

Note: All the verbs in their original form are in plural form, for example, jump, go, come, run, sing, etc. We make them singular by adding –s or –es. For example, jumps, goes, comes, runs, sings, etc.

• Can, will, may, must, shall, should, would and ought are used in the same form with both singular and plural subjects. For example:

(i) He will go. (ii) They will go. (iii) She must work hard. (iv) They must work hard. (v) The student may come. (vi) The students may come.

• Had, did and verbs in past tense like sang, drew etc. are used in the same form with singular and plural subjects. For example:

(i) I had a toy car. (ii) We had a toy car. (iii) Sonu did the homework. (iv) Sonu and Monu did the homework. (v) The man shouted loudly. (vi) The men shouted loudly. • If the subject in the sentence consists of two or more than two singular nouns or pronouns joined

by and, it takes a verb in plural form. For example: (i) Neha and Riya are cousins. (ii) Rama and I were absent yesterday. (iii) Harish, Manish and Saurabh have completed their work. But if the two singular nouns joined by and refer to the same person or thing, the compound subject

is considered singular and so the verb used is singular in form. For example: (i) Bread and butter is wholesome food. (ii) Slow and steady wins the race. (iii) The author and scientist is a gentle man. (iv) My friend, philosopher and guide helps me all the time. • If two singular subjects in a sentence are joined by or instead of and, the verb is singular in form. (i) Sohan or Rohan has come here. (ii) Rohit or Sanjay was not present in the meeting. • Many, both, several, a few take a plural verb. For example: (i) Many girls are absent today. (ii) Both the boys have gone outside. (iii) Several students have failed in the annual examination. (iv) A few girls were seen on the road. • Each and every take a singular countable noun and a singular verb. For example: (i) Each boy is naughty. (ii) Every man knows about Mr. Sinha.


• Everyone, some one, nobody, everybody, somebody, no one and each one take singular verb. For example: (i) Everyone is present here. (ii) Some one has knocked the door. (iii) Nobody helps the greedy. (iv) Everybody isreadytohelptheflood-victims. (v) Somebody was standing under the banyan tree. (vi) No one has done the homework. • Either of, each of and neither of take plural subject but singular verb. For example: (i) Either of the two boys has come to help me. (ii)Neitherofthetwoflatsis new. (iii) Each of the two brothers behaves gently. • Many of, several of, a few of, two of and the majority of take plural subject and plural verb. For

example: (i) Many of the students are talented. (ii) Several of the parks were not neat. (iii) A few of the apples are rotten. (iv) Two of the girls appear to be decent. (v) The majority of politicians have become corrupt. • Some sentences begin with There. In such sentences the real subject is placed after the verb, which

may be singular or plural according to the subject. For example:

(i) There isaflowerpot in the balcony. (ii) There are horses in the park. • Some English words are always singular and take singular verbs. A list of such words is given below:

advice apparatus behaviour dust electricity equipment fruit food furniture information luggage music progress scenery traffic weather

For example: (i) All his advice is good. (ii) My information is wrong. (iii) The scenery of Shimla is worth-seeing. (iv) The boy’s behaviour was not good. (v) All my furniture is sold. • News, innings, barracks are used as singular nouns and therefore they take singular verbs. For

example: (i) The news is not reliable. (ii) The barracks was attacked last night. • A number of is considered plural and it takes plural subject and plural verb. For example: (i) A number of shops were closed yesterday. (ii) A number of children have become traceless. • The collective nouns such as a bunch of, a bouquet of, a set of, a pack of, etc. take plural nouns

but singular verbs. For example: (i) A bunch of grapes is given to the beggar. (ii)Abouquetofflowerswas gifted to him. (iii) A pack of wolves is howling. (iv) A set of pens is lying on my table.

EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with correct verbs given in the brackets: 1. There .................... many dogs on the road. (is/ are) 2. All my furniture .................... of costly wood. (is/ are) 3. Tom and John .................... best friends. (is/ are) 4. One of the girls .................... completed her work. (has/ have) 5. Each of the beggars .................... given food. (was/ were) 6. Most of the passengers .................... terrorised. (was/ were) 7. Sheep .................... us wool. (give/ gives) 8. Dogs .................... at intruders. (bark/ barks) 9. The purse that you gave me .................... made of pure leather. (is/ are) 10. A number of chain-snatchers .................... caught. (was/ were) 11. The number of friends .................... twenty. (is/ are)


12. The examination of my daughters .................... over (is/ are) 13. No prize or trophy .................... given to my friend. (was/ were) 14. My brother .................... neatly. (write/ writes) 15. All those dresses .................... to me. (belong/ belongs) 16. Each girl .................... an umbrella. (bring/ brings) 17. What .................... you want from me? (do/ does) 18. .................... he know my address? (do/ does) 19. Both the boys .................... naughty. (was/ were) 20.Ateamofplayers....................selectedforthefinalcricketmatch.(is/are) 21. Bread and butter .................... liked by many. (is/ are) 22. A bevy of girls .................... talking. (is/ are) 23. There .................... a temple in front of my house. (is/ are) 24. One of the students .................... very shy. (is/ are) 25. Many of the soldiers .................... brave. (is/ are)

18. MODALSModals are auxiliary verbs used to express the mood or attitude of a speaker. They are always followed by a main verb. For example:

(i) My friend may come today. (ii) He should write to his father just now. (iii) Shuchi can sing and dance. (iv) Would you open the window, please?

All the italicised words are modals which express moods and attitudes such as (i) possibility, (ii) advice, (iii) ability and (iv) request.

The most commonly used modals are:

will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to, need and dare.

These modals are:

used to suggest permission, ability, possibility, suggestion, advice, duty (obligation), promise, intention, request, necessity, compulsion, and wish.

Remember these points 1. Modals do not change form with the person and number of subject. The subject remains the same; as,

(i) He will go tomorrow. (ii) They will go tomorrow.

2. The main verb after a modal must be in the base form.

Uses of ‘CAN’ 1. Can is used to say something is possible or someone has ability or an opportunity. This modal is

used for the present. For example:

(i) My friend can speak for several hours. (ii) I can solve this problem.

2. Can is used for permission. For example:

(i) Raman can go outside. (ii) Can I come in, Ma’m?

3. Can is also used for requests. For example:

(i) Can I go to play? (ii) Can you lift this bag for me?

4. Can is used to express possibility. For example:

Accidents can take place anywhere. Our carelessness can invite problems.


Uses of ‘COULD’ (Past form of can) 1. Could is a modal auxiliary verb used for the past. It is used to say something is possible or someone

has ability or power. For example:

(i) Ritu could dance well when she was young. (ii) My brother could run fast when he was in lower classes.

2. Could is used to express possibility. For example:

(i) Mother could be in the kitchen. (ii) I could be present in the party.

3. Could is used for permission. For example:

(i) Could I rest here for a while? (ii) Could I go home now?

4. Could is used to express polite requests. For example:

(i) Could you come with me, please? (ii) Could you give me a glass of water, please?

Uses of ‘WILL’ 1. Will is used in the Second and Third Person to express simple future time. For example:

(i) Rita will sing a song. (ii) They will dance.

2. Will is used in the First Person to express

• willingness; e.g.,

(i) I will come with you. (ii) We will support the artist.

• a promise; as,

(i) I will obtain good marks. (ii) We will go to a movie.

• determination; e.g.,

(i) I will never hurt other's sentiment. (ii) We will take care of the dignity of others.

• intention; e.g.,

(i) I will go to the market with my father. (ii) We will go to Kulu Manali from Shimla.

• a threat; e.g.,

(i) I will teach you a lesson. (ii) We will turn you out if you shout.

Uses of ‘WOULD’ (Past Form of ‘Will’) Would is used to

1. express past habit; e.g.,

(i) My brother would go to the market with papa in his childhood. (ii) Simran would often sleep early.

2. indicate refusal; e.g.,

(i) The machine wouldn’t work properly. (ii) Soha wouldn't wake up in the early morning.

3. express polite request; e.g.,

(i) Would you please give me a glass of water? (ii) Would you lend me your dictionary for a day?

4. express willingness in the past; e.g.,

(i) I would accompany you wherever you go. (ii) He would follow his teacher's advice.

5. denote condition or uncertainty; e.g.,

(i) I would attend his marriage ceremony, if I were invited. (ii) Amit would succeed if he worked hard.


6. express a wish; e.g.,

(i) I wish you would leave me alone. (ii) Would you like to accompany me?

7. express preference; e.g.,

(i) I would rather work than gossip. (ii) He would rather start now.

Uses of ‘SHALL’ 1. Shall is used to denote Simple Future time in the First Person; e.g.,

(i) I shall take part in the painting competition. (ii) We shall start our journey tomorrow.

2. Shall is used in the Second and Third Persons to express

• a command; e.g.,

(i) You shall arrive on time. (ii) Reema shall tell the truth. (iii) They shall go to Haridwar. (iv) Children shall dance beautifully.

• a promise; e.g.,

(i) You shall get a promotion very soon. (ii) You shall be rewarded for your honesty. (iii) My brother shall do good in the coming test. (iv) He shallpurchaseaflatverysoon.

• a threat; e.g.,

(i) You shall be thrown out if you use bad language. (ii) Students shall be punished if they make noise.

• determination; e.g.,

(i) You shall help me. (ii) She shall prepare noodles.

3. Shall is used in the First Person in interrogative sentences to know other’s wishes; e.g.,

(i) Shall I fetch a doctor? (ii) Shall we go to see a movie today?

Uses of ‘SHOULD’ (past form of ‘SHALL’) Should is used

1. to express duty or obligation; e.g.,

(i) Students should study well. (ii) You should respect other's opinion. (iii) We should help the poor students. (iv) Niti and her friend should follow their

teacher's suggestions.

2. to express advice, suggestion or inference; e.g.,

(i) She should work sincerely. (ii) You should walk in fresh air every morning. (iii) We should obey our parents. (iv) The patient should take medicine on time.

3. after lest to express negative purpose; e.g.,

(i) Walk slow lest you should fall. (ii) Study hard lest you should fail.

4. to express supposition; e.g.,

(i) Should you meet my father tell him to send me one thousand rupees. (ii) Should you come with me, tell me everything.

5. to express assumption; e.g.,

(i) Shreya should be here by now. (ii) He should have attended the meeting.

Uses of ‘MAY’ and ‘MIGHT’ (‘MIGHT’ is the past time of ‘MAY’) May is used to denote

1. permission; e.g.,


(i) May I come in? Yes, you may. No, you may not. (ii) May I take your dictionary? Yes, you may. No, you may not.

2. possibility; e.g.,

(i) He maybelatefortheoffice. (ii) Bad weather may cause illness. (iii) My friend might help me. (iv) He might come tomorrow.

3. doubt, uncertainty; e.g.,

(i) The little boy may not run fast. (ii) The letter may reach on time. (iii) The plane might be late. (iv) Children might commit mischiefs.

4. a wish; e.g.,

(i) MayGodblessyou! (ii) Mayyoulivelong!

5. a purpose; e.g.,

(i) We work hard so that we may get good marks. (ii) Ratna wakes up early so that she may prepare her breakfast. (iii) The soldiers fought bravely so that they might get honour. (iv) Mahatma Gandhi struggled hard so that his country might be free.

6. the negative and interrogative; e.g.,

(i) The guests may not come today. (ii) What may be the result of this enmity? (iii) They might not go to Shimla. (iv) He might not work hard.

Uses of ‘MUST’ Must is used to express

1. necessity; e.g.,

(i) We must work hard to get success in life. (ii) You must serve your nation.

2. duty or obligation; e.g.,

(i) I must be punctual. (ii) Students must listen to the teacher.

3. determination; e.g.,

(i) I must learn this chapter till evening. (ii) They must run fast to win the trophy.

4. certainty; e.g.,

(i) My grandmother must be eighty now. (ii) Mr Mathur must be a gentle man.

5. prohibition; e.g.,

(i) Students must not complain all the time. (ii) One must not catch the moving train.

Uses of ‘OUGHT’ Ought (to) is used to express

1. moral obligation or desirability; e.g.,

(i) The wealthy ought to help the poor. (ii) We ought to do our duty well. (iii) You ought to pay attention to your teacher. (iv) Parents ought to take good care of their children. 2. probability; e.g.,

(i) This book ought to be path-showing. (ii) He ought to be here within an hour.

3. The meaning of ought to and should is the same. Hence, we can use ought in the place of should and should in the place of ought. E.g.,

He ought to come soon. He should come soon.


Uses of ‘NEED’ Need is used to express 1. necessity in interrogative and negative sentences; e.g., (i) Need she come tomorrow? (ii) Need you speak so fast? (iii) You need not come here? (iv) He need not go. 2. double and prohibition; as, (i) Need he apply again? (ii) No, he needn’t.

Uses of ‘DARE’ Dare means ‘to venture’. It is used in negative and interrogative sentences; e.g., (i) The boy dare not come in front of his father. (ii) How dare you come to me? (iii) He dare not express his opinion. (iv) Would you dare to catch a lion by its tail?

Uses of ‘USED TO’ Used to is used to express 1. a past habitual action; e.g., (i) My grandfather used to ride a bicycle when he was a boy. (ii) Before marriage, he used to smoke. 2. a habit in the present; e.g., (i) I am used to non-spicy food. (ii) The baby is not used to loud horns. (iii) My mother is used to a life of struggles. (iv) Rohit is not used to do hard work.

EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with suitable Modals given in brackets.

1. One …............... be polite to one’s parents. (must/ will) 2. …............... I take a dip in this river? (Could/ May) 3. …............... I take your bicycle for two hours? (May/ Can) 4. The man …............... appear before the court. (dare not/ must not) 5. I …............... do this sum in seconds. (may/ can) 6. We …............... keep our promises. (could/ must) 7. My father works hard so that his family …............... live well. (should/ may) 8. We …............... respect other’s sentiments. (ought to/ need to) 9. Run fast lest you …............... miss the trophy. (would/ should) 10. Raman …............... not sit before me. (dare/ need) 11. I …............... go to the temple with my grandma when I was very young. (dare to/ used to) 12. A drunkard …............... drive. (need not/ must not) 13. …............... you open the door? (Would/ Ought) 14. We …............... work for the betterment of our society. (should/ would) 15. I …............... meet him tomorrow. (can/ shall) 16. I said Neeraj …............... to attend the party. (ought/ need) 17. People of all ages …............... milk. (need/ use) 18. They …............... have gone to the farewell party. (usedn’t/ needn’t) 19. …............... I borrow your umbrella? (Can/ Must)

20. It …............... rain heavily today. (must/ might)


19. ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICESVoice is the verb form that shows the relation of subject to action in a sentence. When the subject of the verb does something the verb is in Active voice, when something is done to the subject the verb is in the Passive voice.

Examples: Children make loud noise. (Active voice) Loud noise is made by children. (Passive voice)

Change of VoiceA sentence in the active voice can be changed into passive voice by making the following changes:

1. The object of the verb in Active Voice is changed into subject in the Passive Voice. 2. The subject in the Active Voice becomes the object in the Passive Voice and it generally takes the

prepositions by before it. 3. The verb in the Active Voice is changed into past participle in the Passive Voice and it takes the

verb to be in one of its forms depending upon the tense of the Active Voice. While changing sentences from Active Voice to Passive Voice we need to be careful about the use of

personal pronouns; e.g.; I write a letter. (Active Voice) (Subject form of the pronoun I) A letter is written by me. (Passive Voice) (Object form of the pronoun I) Sonu knows me. (Active Voice) (Object form of the pronoun I) I am known by Sonu. (Passive Voice) (Subject form of the pronoun I) I read the newspaper. (Active Voice) (Subject form of the pronoun I) The newspaper is read by me. (Passive Voice) (Object form of the pronoun I)

Let’s learn them:

Subject in the Object in the Subject in the Object in the Active Voice Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice

I me She her We us It it You you They them He him

Passive Verb-forms:

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present read/ reads am/ is/ are/ read

Simple Past read was/ were/ read

Simple Future shall/ will/ read shall/ will be read

Present Continuous am/ is/ are reading am/ is/ are being read

Past Continuous was/ were reading was/ were being read

Present Perfect has/ have read has/ have been read

Past Perfect had read had been read

Modals may/ might/ can/ could may/ might/ can/ could etc. read etc. be read

Note: • Future Continuous and Perfect Continuous tenses do not have passive forms.


•When the verbs which take two objects after them in the active voice are changed to passive voice, one of the objects becomes the subject in the passive voice and the other remains as object; e.g.,

(i) The Principal gave me a prize. (Active voice) (ii) A prize was given to me by the Principal. (Passive voice) (iii) I was given a prize by the Principal. (Passive voice)

•Now we will study the active and passive forms of voices in different tenses.

PRESENT TENSESimple Present

Sub + am/ is/ are + V3 (past participle) + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : The cow eats grass.

Passive : Grass is eaten by the cow.

(ii) Active : They play badminton.

Passive : Badminton is played by them.

(iii)Active : Thefarmerploughsthefield.

Passive : Thefieldisploughedbythefarmer.

(iv) Active : Rita helps me.

Passive : I am helped by Rita.

(v) Active : The vendor sells vegetables.

Passive : Vegetables are sold by the vendor.

Present Continuous Sub + am/ is/ are + being + V3 + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : Tom is painting the door. Passive : The door is being painted by Tom. (ii) Active : The boy is answering the question. Passive : The question is being answered by the boy. (iii) Active : Girls are reading books. Passive : Books are being read by girls. (iv) Active : I am watering plants. Passive : Plants are being watered by me. (v) Active : Sapna is preparing tea. Passive : Tea is being prepared by Sapna.

Present Perfect Sub + has/ have/ + been + V3 + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : The postman has delivered the letter.

Passive : The letter has been delivered by the postman.

(ii) Active : Farmers have sown seeds.

Passive : Seeds have been sown by farmers.


(iii) Active : The peon has rung the bell.

Passive : The bell has been rung by the poen.

(iv) Active : Children have watched the cartoon.

Passive : The cartoon has been watched by children.

(v) Active : Raman has got the appointment letter.

Passive : The appointment letter has been got by Raman.

PAST TENSESimple Past

Sub + was/ were + V3 + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : I ate two chapatis.

Passive : Two chapatis were eaten by me.

(ii) Active : The boy lost his badge.

Passive : His badge was lost by the boy.

(iii) Active : The carpenter made chairs.

Passive : Chairs were made by the carpenter.

(iv) Active : Shobha solved all the sums.

Passive : All the sums were solved by Shobha.

Past Continuous Sub + was/ were + being + V3 + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : Sumit was reciting a poem.

Passive : A poem was being recited by Sumit.

(ii) Active : I was reading a short story.

Passive : A short story was being read by me.

(iii) Active : She was buying postcards.

Passive : Postcards were being bought by her.

(iv) Active : Boys were making posters.

Passive : Posters were being made by boys.

Past Perfect Sub + had + been+ V3 + by + object

Examples:

(i) Active : I had read the novel.

Passive : The novel had been read by me.

(ii) Active : They had painted the door.

Passive : The door had been painted by them.

(iii) Active : Children had drawn beautiful pictures.

Passive : Beautiful pictures had been drawn by children.


FUTURE TENSESimple Future

Sub + will/ shall + be + V3 + by + object

Examples: (i) Active : He will help me. Passive : I shall be helped by him.

(ii) Active : The police will chase the criminal. Passive : The criminal will be chased by the police.

(iii) Active : He will repair the damage. Passive : The damage will be repaired by him.

Future Perfect Sub + will/ shall + have + been+ V3 + by + object

Examples: (i) Active : Ratna will have post the letter. Passive : The letter will have been posted by Ratna.

(ii) Active : We will have washed the towel. Passive : The towel will have been washed by us.

Verb with Two Objects When the verbs which take two objects after them in the active voice are changed to passive voice,

one of the objects becomes the subject in the passive voice and the other remains as object; e.g.,

Examples: (i) Active : The Principal gave me a prize. Passive : A prize was given to me by the Principal. Or I was given a prize by the Principal.

(ii) Active : The teacher told us an interesting story. Passive : An interesting story was told us by the teacher. Or We were told an interesting story by the teacher.

(iii) Active : Mrs. Saha teaches her English. Passive : English is taught to her by Mrs. Saha. Or She is taught English by Mrs. Saha.

Passive of Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are changed from the active voice to the passive voice in the following ways:

Examples: (i) Active : Who has written this letter?

Passive : By whom has this letter been written?

(ii) Active : Why did they shut the door?

Passive : Why was the door shut by them?

(iii)Active : Whatdochildrendointhefield?

Passive : What is donebychildreninthefield?


(iv) Active : Which teacher taught you English?

Passive : By which teacher were you taught English?

(v) Active : How did he solve the problem?

Passive : How was the problem solved by him?

EXERCISE Change the voice from Active to Passive:

1.Themangaveafinespeech. 2.Shardawascleaningtheroom.

3. Children are completing the homework. 4. Who has bought this dress?

5. How did Seema know the secret? 6. I teach him maths.

7.Shwetahasdrawntheline. 8.Soldierswerefightingabattle.

9.Thesweepersweepsthefloor. 10.Thelandladyaskedmeaquestion.

11. Which boy helped you? 12. They will serve the nation.

13. Columbus discovered America. 14. Mr. Karla is writing an article.

15. They saved the house from burning. 16. Amit has purchased many storybooks.

17. What do students do during the recess? 18. Who wrote the Mahabharata?

19. The peon will have rung the bell.

20. The naughty boy broke the window pane.

20. NARRATION(Direct anD inDirect Speech)

There are two ways of reproducing the words of a speaker:

• You can reproduce the actual words of the speaker, or • You can give only the substance or gist of his speech in your own words; e.g., The boy said, “I am watching the game”. The boy said that he has been watching the game. Inthefirstsentence,wegivetheexactwordsofthespeaker.ThisiscalledDirect speech. In the second sentence, we do not reproduce the exact words of the speaker. Instead, we give the

gist of what he said. This is called Indirect speech.

Two Parts of Direct SpeechThe actual words of the speaker which are put within inverted commas are called Reported Speech. The verb that introduces the reported speech is called Reporting Verb.

Let’s understand this through an example:

The boy said, “I am watching the game.”

(Reporting verb) (Reported speech)

Important points about Direct Speech: 1. The direct speech is always placed within inverted commas. 2. Thefirstwordofthereported speech begins with a capital letter. 3. A comma is placed after the reporting verb to separate it from the rest of the sentence.


Important points about Indirect Speech: 1. No inverted commas are used in the indirect speech. 2. No comma is placed after said. 3. The reported speech is generally introduced by the conjunction that. 4. The tense of the verb in the reported speech is changed from the present to the past. Personal

pronouns, possessive adjectives and words denoting nearness of time and position also change; as,

Neeraj said, “I am going to meet my friend today.” Neeraj said that he was going to meet his friend that day.

Rules for the Change of Tenses Assertive Sentence 1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported

speech does not change.

Examples: (i) Direct : Sarla says, “I am doing my homework. Indirect : Sarla says that she is doing her homework.

(ii) Direct : Tom will say, “I learn a lesson.” Indirect : Sachin will say that he learns a lesson.

(iii) Direct : Mother has said, “Coffee is ready”. Indirect : Mother has said that Coffee was ready.

(iv) Direct : The boy says, “I am painting the door”. Indirect : The boy says that he is painting the door.

2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses in the reported speech are changed into the past tense. Look at the following:

•PresentIndefinite .................... PastIndefinite (do/ does) (did)

• Present Continuous .................... Past Continuous (is/ are/ am) (was/ were)

• Present Perfect .................... Past Perfect (has/ have) (had) •PastIndefinite .................... PastPerfect (did) (had done) • Past Perfect .................... Past Perfect (no change) (had done) (had done)

• Past Continuous .................... Past Perfect Continuous

• shall .................... should

• will .................... would

• may .................... might

• can .................... could

Examples: (i) Direct : Mamta said, “I water the plants”. Indirect : Mamta said that she watered the plants. (ii) Direct : John said, “My friend is going to Shimla”. Indirect : John said that his friend was going to Shimla. (iii) Direct : He said, “Raunak does his work.” Indirect : He said that Raunak did his work.


(iv) Direct : Boys said, “Our school has wonthefirstprize.” Indirect : Boys said that their school had wonthefirstprize. (v) Direct : Neha said “I saw the Taj Mahal”. Indirect : Neha said that she had seen the Taj Mahal.

(vi) Direct : He said, “Deepak had helped him”. Indirect : He said that Deepak had helped him.

(vii) Direct : The teacher said, “The peon was ringing the bell”. Indirect : The teacher said that the peon had been ringing the bell.

(viii) Direct : Rohit said, “I can do this work”. Indirect : Rohit said that he could do that work.

3. If the reported speech expresses a universal truth, a habitual action, a historical fact, a geographical factorascientificfact,itstenseisnot changed. These are exceptions to the above rule.

Examples: (i) Direct : The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.” Indirect : The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.

(ii) Direct : My father said, “I never tell a lie.” Indirect : My father said that he never tells a lie.

(iii) Direct : He said, “The earth revolves round the sun.” Indirect : He said that the earth revolves round the sun.

Rules for the Change of Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives 1. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the First Person (I, We) are changed into pronouns and

possessive adjectives of the same person as that of the subject of the reporting verb.

Examples: (i) Direct : I said, “I am preparing tea for my parents.” Indirect : I said that I was preparing tea for my parents.

(ii) Direct : You said, “I do my homework”. Indirect : You said that you did your homework.

(iii) Direct : He/ She said, “I am polishing my shoes.” Indirect : He/ She said that he/ she was polishing his/ her shoes.

2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the Second Person (You) are changed into pronouns and possessive adjectives of the same person as that of the object of the reporting verb.

Examples: (i) Direct : He said to me, “Your brother obeys you.” Indirect : He told me that my brother obeyed me. (ii) Direct : He said to me, “Your sister respects you.” Indirect : He told me that my sister respected me.

3. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the Third Person (He, She, It, They, etc.) are not changed.

Examples: (i) Direct : I said, “He is preparing for his interview.” Indirect : I said that he was preparing for his interview.

(ii) Direct : Kamal said to me, “Rohan works hard.” Indirect : Kamal told me that Rohan worked hard.

Note: If the reporting verb ‘said’ is followed by an object it is changed into ‘told’. The verb told is not followed by the preposition to.


Time Expressions and Place The words indicating time or place are changed in the following ways in indirect speech:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

this that these those now then ago before today that day tomorrow the next day yesterday the previous day, the day before tomorrow the next day, the following day tonight that night next week the following week here there

Examples: (i) Direct : Mother said, “I got the purse here.”

Indirect : Mother said that she had got the purse there.

(ii) Direct : He said, “My cousins will come tomorrow.”

Indirect : He said that his cousins would come the next day.

(iii) Direct : Anuradha said, “I attended the meeting yesterday.”

Indirect : Anuradha said that she had attended the meeting the previous day.

(iv) Direct : Shyam said, “My aunt came here three days ago.”

Indirect : Shyam said that his aunt had come there three days before.

Interrogative Sentences 1. The reporting verb is changed into ask, enquire, demand, etc.

2. No conjunction is used when the sentence begins with question words such as who, which, what, where, whose, whom, why, when, etc.

3. We use if or whether as a conjunction if the sentence begins with verbs like is, are, am, were, do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, etc.

Examples: (i) Direct : He said, “What is your name?” Indirect : He asked me what my name was? (ii) Direct : Ritu said to me, “Is this your purse” Indirect : Ritu asked me if that was my purse. (iii) Direct : The teacher said to me, “Where is your book?” Indirect : The teacher asked me where my book was. (iv) Direct : The man said to me, “Do you know the address?” Indirect : The man enquired of me if I knew the address. (v) Direct : He said to me, “Are these boys naughty?” Indirect : He asked me whether those boys were naughty. (vi) Direct : She said, “Who are they?” Indirect : She asked me who they were.


Imperative Sentences 1. The reporting verb is changed into request, order, command, advise, etc. 2. Words like ‘please’ and ‘kindly’ are removed from indirect speech. 3. Put ‘to’ after the reporting verb. Examples: (i) Direct : Amit said to Kanta, “Please allow me to go outside.” Indirect : Amit requested Kanta to allow him to go outside. (ii) Direct : The teacher said to the students, “maintain silence in the class.” Indirect : The teacher ordered the students to maintain silence in the class.

(iii) Direct : Ben said to Tom, “Please give me a chance.” Indirect : Ben requested Tom to give him a chance.

(iv) Direct : My father said, “Get up early in the morning.” Indirect : My father advised me to get up early in the morning.

(v) Direct : The gardener saidtochildren,“Don'tpluckflowers.” Indirect : The gardener orderedchildrennottopluckflowers.

EXERCISE Change the following into indirect speech: 1. The boy said, “I am twelve years old”. 2. Chitra said, “I have many recollections of my childhood”. 3. Raju said, “Are you going to buy a sweater?” 4. The sports teacher said, “A hockey match lasts for an hour and a half”. 5. He said to me, “Have you gone to your native place?”. 6. He said to me, “You may stay here”. 7. The man said, “He does not go out if somebody sneezes”. 8. Mother said to me, “Stay indoors to avoid rains”. 9. The teacher said to me, “Have you visited Kashmir?” 10. My friend said, “My uncle is coming tomorrow”. 11.Hesays,“Whatishereading!” 12. He said, “Man is a social animal”. 13. The girl said, “I bought a beautiful dress yesterday”. 14. Mother said, “Don’t make so much noise”. 15. He said, “I will open the shop today”. 16. She said to me, “Open the window.” 17. The captain said to the soldiers, “Attack the enemy.” 18. I said to him, “Leave this place at once.” 19. The teacher said to the students, “Listen to me attentively.” 20. The Principal said to the peon, “Ring the bell.” 21. The master said to the servant, “Fetch me a glass of water.” 22. I said to him, “Please bring me a glass of water.” 23. I said to my friend, “Please lend me your book.” 24. He said to me, “Will you go there?” 25. My friend said to Deepak, “Have you ever been to Agra?” 26. I said to him, “Did you enjoy the movie?” 27. I said to her, “Do you know him?” 28. He said to me, “Will you listen to me?” 29. I said to him, “When will you go there?” 30. He said to me, “How is your father?” 31. I said to him, “Are you happy?” 32. He said to her, “Do you like apples?”


21. VOCABULARYA. HOMOPHONES

(Words that are pronounced like another words but have different spellings or meanings) 1. Affect (to produce a change) — over eating affects our health. Effect (consequence) —Regularexercisehasbeneficialeffect on our body. 2. Access (the right to enter, approach) — Lalit has an accesstoafewinfluentialleaders. Excess (more than enough) — Excess salt intake is harmful. 3. Adopt (take as one’s own) — A middle-aged couple adopted a new-born child. Adapt (become suitable for new conditions) — I can easily adapt myself to new surrounding. Adept (very skilful) — My friend is adept in painting. 4. Assent (express agreement) — I can’t start this project without my father’s assent. Ascent (ascending) — We began our gradual ascent up the hill. 5. Advise (suggest) — Giving advise to someone is very easy. Advice (suggestion) — I got success following my father’s advice. 6. Birth — The date of birth of grandfather is unknown. Berth — I reserved a berth in the Rajdhani Express. 7. Break — The naughty boy broke my window-pane. Brake — The brake of the scooter is not working. 8. Check (stop) — The police checked the mob from being violent. Cheque — The cheque of one lakh has not been credited yet. 9. Caste — We should not believe in caste system. Cast (register one’s vote, throw) — We mustn’t castourvotesunderanyone’sinfluence. 10. Childlike (simple and innocent like a child) — His childlike activities gladdened me. Childish (behaving in a silly way) — His childish behaviour is not liked by anyone. 11. Careless — Raman is so careless that his parents are always worried about him. Carefree (light hearted, free from worry) — One should be carefree to enjoy life in its full. 12. Council (a group of elected people) — My brother is on the local council. Counsel (advice) — He gave me good counsel. 13. Decent (very good) — Her decent behaviour pleased everyone. Descent (downward) — The plane began its descent to the airport. 14. Diseased (affected with illness) — The diseased man died in the morning. Deceased (dead) — The government announced compensation for the family of the deceased. 15. Fair — Village fairs present a colourful sight. Fare (travelling charge) — There is a steep rise in train fare. 16. Human — Human life is full of ups and downs. Humane (kind) — His humane behaviour is really praiseworthy. 17. Piece — Babulal quarrelled with his neighbour for a piece of land. Peace — Peace brings happiness. 18. Proceed (to continue doing something) — We should proceed with the same project. Precede (to happen before something) — Mr. Verma preceded his friend in the job. 19. Right — We must be aware of our rights and duties. Rite (ritual) — His funeral rites were performed with heavy hearts. 20. Route (way) — There is always rush in this route. Root — Continuous rain weakens the roots of small plants. 21. Story — The stories of Rajput chivalry are famous. Storey — We have a two-storeyed building. 22. Stare (look at) — Why are you staring at me? Stair (fixed indoor steps) — The stairs of my building are very comfortable. 23. Stationary (not movable) — The jeep collided with a stationary vehicle. Stationery (writing material) — There is a stationery shop in my locality.


24. Shoulder (a body part) — My brother carried the airbag on his shoulders. Soldier (army man) — The Indian soldiers are brave. 25. Some — Give me some salt. Sum — This sumisnotatalldifficult. 26. Zealous (eager to do something) — Raja Rammohan Roy was a zealous social reformer. Jealous (resentful towards a rival) — We should not be jealous of anyone.

B. SYNONYMS(Words having same meaning)

1. able — capable 2. abolish — destroy 3. abundance — plentiful 4. absolute — despotic 5. advantage — benefit 6. appreciate — praise 7. anxiety — worry 8. admit — accept 9. apparent — obvious 10. authority — power 11. adhere — stick, attach 12. alter — change 13. adept — skilful, expert 14. affection — love 15. ample — enough,sufficient 16. answer — reply 17. assemble — gather 18. ancient — old 19. beautiful — pretty 20. blank — empty 21. brief — short 22. broad — wide 23. bright — intelligent 24. beneficial — shining,profitable 25. clear — plain, lucid 26. clever — wise 27. cause — reason 28. convenient — easy, suitable 29. complicated — complex 30. contrary — opposite 31. conceal — hide 32. curtail — reduce 33. cease — stop 34. civil — polite, courteous 35. comply — agree 36. diligent — laborious 37. diminish — reduce 38. difficult — hard,tough,knotty 39. dangerous — risky 40. defer — delay, postpone 41. dear — costly, beloved 42. desperate — hopeless 43. energy — power 44. eminent — famous, noted 45. endure — bear, tolerate 46. effect — impact

47. evade — avoid 48. feeble — weak 49. foolish — silly 50. firm — stiff,hard 51. fascinate — attract 52. freedom — liberty 53. familiar — well known 54. faithful — loyal 55. glory — honour 56. high — elevated, lofty 57. haughty — proud, vain 58. imperial — regal, kingly 59. insolent — rude, impolite 60. invade — attack 61. judicious — wise, prudent 62. lucky — fortunate 63. lavish — extravagant 64. least — minimum 65. marry — wed 66. meek — humble 67. modest — shy 68. novice — beginner 69. nourishing — healthy 70. protect — defend 71. prompt — quick 72. peculiar — strange 73. quiet — silent 74. rural — rustic 75. reject — renounce 76. slender — slim 77. severe — harsh 78. submissive — humble 79. solitary — lonely 80. secular — temporal 81. savage — wild, brutal, ruthless 82. subtle — delicate 83. serious — critical 84. tedious — intricate 85. urbane — civil, courteous 86. ultimate — final 87. violent — rash 88. willing — voluntary 89. wrath — rage 90. yield — bear 91. zealous — enthusiastic 92. war — battle


C. ANTONYMS(Words having opposite meaning)

1. able — unable 2. agree — disagree 3. active — passive 4. awake — asleep 5. arrival — departure 6. accept — refuse 7. attack — defend 8. ascend — descend 9. abundance — crisis, scarcity 10. appreciate — criticise 11. broad — narrow 12. brave — coward 13. barren — cultivable 14. busy — idle 15. began — start 16. bold — timid 17. blunt — sharp 18. collect — distribute 19. careful — careless 20. confess — deny 21. creditor — debtor 22. compose — decompose 23. coarse — smooth 24. clear — vague 25. desperate — hopeful, positive 26. dear — cheap 27. efficient — inefficient 28. fresh — stale 29. freedom — slavery 30. famous — notorious 31. former — latter 32. foe — friend 33. firm — smooth 34. honour — shame

35. income — expenditure 36. joy — sorrow 37. lend — borrow 38. lucky — fortunate 39. meek — proud, haughty 40. mournful — joyful 41. noisy — quiet 42. public — private 43. please — displease 44. permanent — temporary 45. pleasant — unpleasant 46. pure — adulterated, impure 47. poetry — prose 48. qualify — disqualify 49. rapid — slow 50. rural — urban 51. rare — common 52. rude — civil, polite 53. rowdy — quiet 54. ruthless — kind, humane 55. retreat — advance 56. seldom — often 57. solid — hollow 58. timid — fearless 59. thick — thin 60. tedious — simple 61. unique — ordinary, common 62. vacant — occupied 63. urbane — rustic, rude 64. union — separation 65. victory — defeat 66. virtue — vice 67. wax — wane 68. wisdom — folly

D. ONE WORD FOR A GROUP OF WORDS 1. An assembly of listeners — audience 2. Being unable to pay one’s debts — bankrupt 3. One who wastes one’s money on luxury — extravagant 4. A list of books or other articles — catalogue 5. Resulting in death — fatal 6. That which is no longer in use — obsolete 7. Subject to death — mortal 8. A cure of all diseases — panacea 9. One who is made to suffer for another — scapegoat 10. Performing work without pay — honorary 11. Government run by an absolute ruler — dictatorship 12. Not possible to express — inexpressible 13. Beyond correction or reform — incorrigible


14. Onewhomakesascientificstudyoflanguage — linguist 15. Onewhoeatshumanflesh — cannibal 16. Of or from all parts of the world — cosmopolitan 17. One who knows many languages — polyglot 18. One who has no belief in the existence of God — atheist 19. Without the name of the author — anonymous 20. Happening at the same time — simultaneously 21. Spoken or done without any previous preparation — extempore 22. All of one mind — unanimous 23. A place where clothes are kept — wardrobe 24. Happening, done, published, etc after a person has died — posthumous 25. The life history of a person written by himself — autobiography 26. The life history of a person written by another — biography 27. A child whose parents are dead — orphan 28. One who takes a dark view of things — pessimist 29. One who takes a bright view of things — optimist 30. A government run by the representatives of the people — democracy

E. HOMONYMS(Words that are spelt like another words but which have different meanings)

1. Arm (a body part) — The man was grabbed by the arm (N). Arm (to provide weapons for yourself/somebody) — The soldiers got armed (V) against the enemy. 2. Battle — The battle (N) of Buxar was won by the East India Company. Battle — The Indian soldiers battled (V) against the soldiers of Pakistan. 3. Book — I purchased a book (N) on adventure. Book (to arrange with a hotel, theater, etc. to have a room) — We booked (V) a room in a hotel

in Shimla. 4. Bear — Bears (N) look attractive. Bear (to produce) — The guava tree has started bearing (V) fruits. 5. Bank — There are only two banks (N) in this small city. Bank (N) (edge of a river) — I spent sometime on the bank (N) of a river. Bank (V) (to rely) — You can bank (V) upon me for any type of help. 6. Fan — The fan (N) is moving slowly. Fan — The poor lady was fanning (V) her sick child with a piece of cloth. 7. Fine — We came through several fine (N) sight in Shimla. Fine — The court fined(V)themanfivethousandrupees. 8. Fast — People keep a day’s fast (N) on Mahashivaratri. Fast — David is my fast (Adj.) friend. Fast — Ria runs fast (Adv.). 9. Man — The man (N) seems emotionally strong. Man — The hall was manned (V) with people. 10. Water — We need water (N) to live. Water — I water (V) plants in the evening.


ANSWERS

1. THE SENTENCEthe Sentence 1. I want to visit the Taj Mahal once again. 2. An ignorant man remains unhappy in spite of huge wealth. 3. Hard work brings magical effect. 4. India was considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment. 5. Mother Teresa was one of the great servants of humanity. 6. Good health is essential for success in life. 7. Good men, like trees, live for others. 8. Ashoka became a worshipper of peace after the Kalinga war. 9. A museum is a place where we can see our old relics. 10. Last year we visited Kulu Manali. 11. Where have you been for all these days? 12. Why didn’t you come to school yesterday?

KinDS of SentenceS

1. Imperative 2. Interrogative 3. Exclamatory 4. Assertive 5. Assertive 6. Imperative 7. Imperative 8. Interrogative 9. Imperative 10. Exclamatory 11. Imperative 12. Interrogative 13. Assertive 14. Interrogative 15. Exclamatory 16. Exclamatory 17. Imperative 18. Assertive 19. Interrogative 20. Imperative

2. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 1. Subject Predicate 1. The boy sitting in the front row is my friend 2. My mother is a home maker. 3. The Indian soldiers fought bravely during the Kargil War. 4. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan is worth-visiting. 5. Wings of Fire is an autobiography of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 6. The beggar in rags asked for food. 7. A merchant once went to a fair. 8. A hare and a tortoise were good friends. 9. Water from kitchens and bathrooms should be collected. 10. Mischievous children should be punished. 11. We should not throw garbage into the rivers.

12. Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is a very polluted city.

2. 1. The Qutub Minar 2. The dog 3. The host 4. Students 5. We 6. Nobel Prizes 7. Dew drops 8. Balanced diet 9. Change in season 10. The sun

3. 1. is a sacred book of the Hindus. 2. had four sons. 3. has seven colours. 4. look beautiful 5. are seldom happy. 6. is a heavenly body.


7. are known as brooks. 8. is often accompanied by thunder and lightning. 9. are made of lava and ash. 10. is a well-developed country.

3. NOUN 1. 1. tolerance 2. patience 3. length 4. ability 5. generosity 6. youth 7. growth 8. wastage 9. bravery 10. Knowledge

2. education happiness protection agreement treatment

excellence obedience invention darkness introduction

appointment fairness absence action hardness

4. NOUNS: NUMBER

1. Geese can swim but hens cannot. 2. Apples are good for our health.

3. Yellow leaves fell from the trees. 4. Birds are building nests.

5. Good children are always obedient. 6. Deer run fast.

7.Foxesarecleveranimals. 8.Thesearebeautifulflowers.

9. The policemen ran after the thieves. 10. Sheep are grazing.

5. NOUNS: GENDER

1. The actress is praised for her good acting. 2. Her son never tells a lie.

3. The tigress is sleeping in her cage. 4. The washerman washed clothes neatly.

5. The queen does not rely on her daughter. 6. The empress looked after her subjects very well.

7. The landlord rented his house to a maid. 8. The bull is a four-footed animal.

9. The huntress killed the lioness. 10. There are many waiters in this restaurant.

6. ADJECTIVE

1. 1. some – Adjective of quantity 2. much – Adjective of quantity

3. whose – Interrogative Adjective 4. great – Adjective of quality

5. such – Demonstrative Adjective 6. many – Adjective of number

7. what – Interrogative Adjective 8. honest – Adjective of quality

9. brave – Adjective of quality 10. two – Adjective of number

11.difficult–Adjectiveofquality 12.my–possessiveadjective

13. enough – Adjective of quantity 14. whose – Interrogative Adjective

2. 1. What 2. Those 3. Each 4. more

5. enough 6. His 7. These 8. Whose

9. red 10. wise

7. DETERMINERS

1. 1. The 2. a, a, an 3. A, the, an 4. A, The 5. The, the, the 6. The 7. the, the 8. the 9. an 10. a, an 11. The, the, the, The 12. The, a 13. The, a, the 14. the 15. The


2. 1. some 2. some 3. All 4. Neither 5. any 6. some 7. little 8. Both 9. Every 10. many 11. a little 12. the few 13. Either 14. some 15. the little

8. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

1. more beautiful 2. highest 3. clean 4. tall

5.bad,worse 6.hotter 7.mostdifficult 8.mostfamous

9. latest 10. most tolerant 11. easier 12. richer

13. costliest 14. strong 15. deepest

9. PRONOUN

1. 1. He 2. Your 3. I 4. he

5. his, he 6. his, it 7. them, I, them 8. his, him, our

9. my, me, her

2. 1. himself 2. himself 3. yourselves 4. themselves

5. themselves 6. herself 7. herself 8. themselves

9. ourselves 10. themselves

3. 1. which 2. whose 3. who 4. whom

5. that 6. who 7. that 8. which

9. whose 10. what 11. who 12. that

13. that 14. what 15. that

4. 1. Who 2. Whose 3. Which 4. Which

5. What 6. Who 7. Whose 8. Whom

9. Whom 10. Whom

10. VERB

1. 1. Intransitive 2. Intransitive 3. Transitive 4. Intransitive

5. Transitive 6. Intransitive 7. Transitive 8. Transitive

9. Intransitive 10. Transitive 11. Transitive 12. Intransitive

13. Transitive 14. Transitive 15. Intransitive

2. 1. A man gave a letter to me. 2. I sent a reply to him.

3. The Principal offered a job to Ratna. 4. She lent a seat to me.

5. The Principal granted four days leave to him. 6. My grandfather told a story to me.

7. The peon brings a glass of water for me. 8. They call a genius to her.

9. He taught science to them. 10. Tom gave an apple to his friends.

3. 1. a tiger 2. a letter 3. plants 4. rats

5. shade 6. a chain 7. the windowpane 8. the match

9. the picture 10. my book 11. the poor 12. holy scriptures

13. the wall 14. clothes 15. a speech


11. FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERBS

1. to tell 2. playing 3. to go 4. painting

5. Staying 6. Travelling 7. playing 8. to eat 9. getting 10. Reading 11. Hunting 12. packing 13. entering 14. to guide 15. Barking 16. Seeing 17. to let 18. Going 19. seeing 20. Smoking

12. ADVERB 1. 1. fully – Adverb of Degree 2. frequently – Adverb of Frequency 3. late – Adverb of Time 4. soon – Adverb of Time 5. inside – Adverb of Place 6. partly – Adverb of Degree 7. always – Adverb of Frequency 8. tomorrow – Adverb of Time 9. beautifully – Adverb of Manner 10. easily – Adverb of Manner 11. never – Adverb of Frequency 12. here – Adverb of Place 13. why – Interrogative Adverb 14. diligently – Adverb of Manner 15. where – Interrogative Adverb

2. 1. carefully 2. quickly 3. gladly 4. bravely 5. immediately 6. certainly 7. noisily 8. gracefully 9. beautifully 10. extremely 3. 1. Strongly — He is a strongly built man.

2. Gently — He faces even the critical problem gently.

3. Early — He wakes up early in the morning.

4. Hard — Hard work is key to success.

5. Fast — Rajdhani Express is a fast train.

6. Long — He has to cover a long distance.

7. Forward — He came forward to face the critical problem.

8.Already—Hehasalreadyfinishedthiswork.

9. Seldom — I seldom go to the theatre.

10. Badly — He was badly hurt in the accident.

13. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

1. 1. more wisely 2. most happily 3. next 4. more politely 5.mostaggressively 6.moreheavily 7.mostswiftly 8.moreefficiently

poSition of aDverbS 1. The boy ran fast enough to catch the train.

2.ShespeaksEnglishandPunjabifluently.

3. The man frequently comes to meet my father.

4. Mr. Sharma decided the matter carefully.

5. The teacher gave me a beautiful prize only.

6. Rahul knows me fairly well.

7. He promised faithfully not to tell a lie any more.

8. We regularly meet to make plans for the next project.


9. The doctor is never late.

10. My uncle reached here last night.

11. We are going to purchase a new car tomorrow.

12. The boy is intelligent. He solved the sum quickly. 13. I met the Chief Guest smartly. 14. My grandparents often visit their native place. 15. I don’t know what happened to Sumit nowadays. He rarely comes to the school.

14. PREPOSITION 1.(A) 1. in 2. among 3. at 4. at, in 5. between 6. in 7. with 8. from, to 9. at 10. off 11. to 12. by 13. with 14. Besides 15. in 16. into, by (B) 1. in 2. of, from 3. over 4. in 5. with 6. of 7. to 8. to 9. by 10. of 2. 1. (b) with 2. (a) of 3. (a) from 4. (c) against 5. (c) for 6. (a) with 7. (c) of 8. (b) for 9. (a) with 10. (b) from 11. (a) to 12. (a) into 13. (b) on 14. (b) to 15. (c) with

16. TENSES1. PRESENT TENSE

i. the Simple preSent or the preSent inDefinite tenSe 1. 1. tells 2. reads 3. takes 4. teaches 5. makes 6. moves 7. changes 8. see, hear, smell 9. comes, becomes 10. rises, sets 11. talks 12. go, get 13. love 14. visit 15. understand, say

2. 1. Children go to the park in the evening everyday. 2. She sings beautifully. 3. You like playing badminton. 4. Raman goes to the market every Sunday. 5. The peon rings the bell at 9 o’ clock.

3. 1. Gopal does not buy a book. 2. He often comes to meet me. 3. Ritu and her friend do not decide to visit 4. The climate of a place does not always

the Taj Mahal. remains the same. 5. Mohita does not paint beautifully. 6. Scientists do not work hard in their lab. 7. Kamala does not give us music lessons. 8. They do not cook delicious food.

9. Smita does not play the piano. 9. My neighbours do not take care of each other.

4. 1. Does he go to the shop at 9 O’ clock? 2. Does my friend help me in my need?

3. Do they play badminton? 4. Do teachers not talk among themselves?

5. Does Mr Kalra plan to go to Kashmir? 6. Does Aditya run very fast?

7. Do boys play in the park? 8. Do tigers roar in the jungle?

9. Do many people die of hunger? 10. Do I write a letter to the editor of a newspaper?

5. 1. Does Radha not speak softly?

2.Dobirdsnotflyhighinthesky?


3. Do we not taste with our tongue?

4. Do school going children not get up early in the morning?

5. Do my grandparents not go to the temple every Sunday?

ii. the preSent continuouS or progreSSive tenSe 1. 1. They are going to school. 2. Sabita is planting trees. 3. Is Surabhi coming today? 4. Are girls taking part in this competition? 5. Are you writing a letter? 6. Sanchi is running fast. 2. 1. My friend is not coming today. 2. They are not quarrelling among themselves. 3. Jolly is not sleeping. 4. The baby is not crying loudly. 5. Sugandha is not singing beautifully. 6. The area of forest is not dwindling very fast. 7. The environmentalists are not working hard. 8. The teacher is not explaining the rule. 9. South America is not developing fast.

10. Namrata and Namita are not talking in the lawn.

3. 1. Am I not reading an adventurous story? 2. Are they not serving the guests? 3. We not going to see a cinema. 4. Is John not buying toys for me? 5. Is she not reciting poem?iii. the preSent perfect tenSe 1. 1. has left 2. have received 3. has won 4. have, seen 5. have, ploughed 6. has, rung 7. has improved 8. have visited 9. have learnt 10. have read 2. 1. He has gone to Kerala. 2. Farmers have got full time job. 3. The boy has gone outside. 4. They have bought good news. 5. Children have painted the door. 3. 1. The postman has not delivered letters. 2. They have not done hard work. 3. Scientists have not invented many things. 4. The weather has not changed sharply. 5. One of his mistakes has not ruined his life. 6. I have not saved a drowning boy. 7. We have not served the guests. 8. She has not washed clothes. 9. The teacher has not punished some students. 10.Themassivefloodhasnotengulfedtheentirecity. 4. 1. Has the court done the justice? 2. Have the police caught the criminal? 3. Has the price of petrol risen? 4. Has the waiter gone outside? 5. Have Shetty brothers won the award? 6. Have I visited the Gateway of India twice? 7. Has the editor improved the content? 8. Have they read the newspaper? 9. Have we followed all the rules and regulations? 10. Has the court sent the summon to Mr. Ahuja? 5. 1.Hastheparliamentnotpassedthebill? 2.Hascorruptionnotspreadineveryfield? 3. Have two of the players not played well? 4. Have we not found the lost purse? 5. Has Rohit not migrated to a nearby city? 6. Have two boys not come to the door? 7. Have you not done a good job? 8. Has the earthquake not brought disasters? 9. Has she not got brilliant marks in all the subjects? 10. Have all the boys and girls not prepared themselves for the examination?iv. the preSent perfect continuouS tenSe 1. 1. have been neglecting 2. have been reading 3. has been washing 4. has been milking 5. has been studying 6. have been waiting 7. have been studying 8. has been knocking 9. have been working 10. have been suffering


2. 1. It has not been drizzling since morning. 2.Myfatherhasnotbeenworkinginthisofficeforthepasttenyears. 3. They have not been gossiping for two hours. 4.Theyhavenotbeenstrugglingforjusticeforfiveyears. 5.Childrenhavenotbeenplayinginthefieldsince9O’clock. 6. The baby has not been crying for half an hour. 7. An unknown man has not been helping me for four years. 8. I have not been learning this lesson since 10 o’ clock. 3. 1. Have I been ringing the bell for ten minutes? 2. Have our forests been serving us since time immemorial? 3. Have you been doing mischief for several years? 4.HasShantabeentakingpartinthiscompetitionforfiveyears? 5. Has she been writing a letter since 8 O’ clock?

2. PAST TENSE

i. the Simple paSt or paSt inDefinite tenSe 1. 1. helped 2. rang 3. rode, enjoyed 4. came 5. drove, met 6.crossed 7. flew 8. saw,began 9. went 10. lent 2. 1. We did not work hard to win the match. 2. We did not miss the train. 3. He did not send an e-mail to me. 4. My friend did not get success in the long run. 5. The Bishop did not pardon the stranger. 6. Akbar did not rule wisely. 7. The child did not smile sweetly. 8. They did not write a letter to higher authority. 9. I did not lose my briefcase at the railway station. 10. The travellers did not rest under a shady tree. 3. 1. Did we solve the sum? 2. Did I sleep well in the night? 3. Did someone snatch my chain? 4. Did the cobbler polish my shoe? 5. Did girls dance well? 6. Did they burst into laughter? 7. Did I walk fast? 8. Did my mother pray for me? 9. Did we all obey the teacher? 10. Did the teacher select a few students for the debate competition? 4. 1. Did we not suffer a lot for one mistake? 2. Did I not welcome the guest cordially? 3. Did we not need to work hard? 4. Did Salil not receive a parcel in the afternoon? 5. Did my neighbour not hear a loud noise?ii. the paSt continuouS tenSe 1. 1. was reading, entered 2. were, doing, telephoned 3. were sleeping, crossed 4. was writing 5. was crossing, rang 6. was, completing, came 7.werefighting,attacked 8. weremaking,entered 9. was knocking 10. were going, took 2. 1. Were they not playing cricket? 2. Was Sumit not drawing a beautiful portrait? 3. Was the boy not singing a song? 4. Were we not solving a sum? 5. Was the man not driving fast? 6. Were some girls not talking loudly? 7. Were they not lifting a heavy box? 8. Was my grandmother not knitting a sweater for me? 3. 1. Kavita was writing a letter. 2. The train was leaving the platform. 3.Whowereyoutalkingto? 4. Whywereyoufighting?


5. I was forgetting to bring my book. 6. We were not harming anyone. 7. The cellphone was not working well. 8. My parents were going to the market. 9. They were doing their homework. 10. Was it Atul who was talking so loudly?

iii. the paSt perfect tenSe

1. 1.hadfallen,came 2.hadreached,arrived 3.hadleft,reached 4.hadgone,finished

5. had run, arrived 6. had helped 7. had purchased, sold 8. had left, came

2. 1.Hadtheynotcometomefivetimes? 2.Hadthepostmannotdeliveredletters?

3.Hadwenotwateredtheplants? 4.Hadthebirdsnotflown?

5. Had the villagers not built the bridge? 6. Had the sparrow not a eaten the grains?

7. Had several ministers not reached the spot? 8. Had the aeroplane not collapsed?

3. 1. The patient had died before the doctor reached.

2. Someone had picked my pocket before I came to know about it.

3. The train had left before my father reached the station.

4. The students had completed their homework before the teacher asked them about it.

5. The boy had woken up before I came.

iv. the paSt perfect continuouS tenSe

1. 1. We had not been studying hard to get good results.

2. They had not been talking for a long time.

3. They man had not been walking for two hours.

4. The police had not patrolling for several hours.

5. The baby had not been sleeping since 8 o’clock.

2. 1. Had Mr Sharma been working hard all day?

2.Hadthefarmersbeenploughingthefieldforalongtime?

3.Hadthecriminalbeendeceivingthepoliceforfiveyears?

4. Had we been waiting for the bus for two hours?

5. Had the crow been crowing for several hours?

3. 1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since

6. for 7. for 8. for 9. since 10. since

3. FUTURE TENSE

1. 1. will not help 2. will be reading 3. will complete 4. shall wait 5. will be realising 6. shall buy 7. will be looking 8. will, come 9. will help 10. shall be watching 11. shall be swimming 12. will go 13. will play 14. will catch 15. shall win 2. 1. Raman will come here on weekends. 2. You will drive the car carefully. 3. We shall buy sweets to distribute among the children. 4. He will help me in my need. 5. They will go to the cinema. 6. My brother will make a plan to visit Vaishno Devi. 7. We shall study hard for good results. 8. I shall remember his name.


17. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1. are 2. is 3. are 4. has 5. was 6. were 7. give 8. bark 9. is 10. were 11. is 12. is 13. was 14. writes 15. belong 16. brings 17. do 18. Does 19. were 20. is 21. is 22. is 23. is 24. is 25. are

18. MODALS 1. must 2. May 3. Can 4. dare not 5. can

6. must 7. may 8. ought to 9. should 10. dare

11. used to 12. must not 13. Would 14. should 15. shall

16. ought 17. need 18. needn’t 19. Can 20. might

19. ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICES 1.Afinespeechwasgivenbytheman. 2.TheroomwasbeingcleanedbySharda.

3. The homework is being completed by children. 4. By whom has this dress been bought?

5. How was the secret known by Seema? 6. Maths is taught to him by me.

7. The line has been drawn by Shweta. 8. A battle was being fought by soldiers.

9.Thefloorissweptbythesweepers. 10.Aquestionwasaskedtomebythelandlady.

11. By which boy were you helped? 12. The nation will be served by them.

13. America was discovered by Columbus. 14. An article is being written by Mr. Karla.

15. The house was saved from burning by them. 16. Many story books have been purchased by Amit.

17. What is done by students during the recess? 18. By whom was the Mahabharata written?

19. The bell will have been rung by the poem.

20. The window pane was broken by the naughty boy.

20. NARRATION 1. The boy said that he was twelve years old. 2. Chitra said that she had many recollections of her childhood. 3. Raju asked me if I was going to buy a sweater. 4. The sports teacher said that a hockey match lasts for an hour and a half. 5. He asked me if I had gone to my native place. 6. He said to me that I might stay there. 7. The man said that he did not go out if somebody sneezed. 8. Mother advised me to stay indoors to avoid rains. 9. The teacher asked me if I had visited Kashmir. 10. My friend said that his uncle was coming the next day. 11. He asks me what he is reading. 12. He said that man is a social animal. 13. The girl said that she had bought a beautiful dress the previous day. 14. Mother ordered me not to make so much noise. 15. He said that he would open the shop that day. 16. She ordered me to open the window. 17. The captain commanded the soldiers to attack the enemy.


18. I told him to leave that place at once. 19. The teacher told/ordered the students to listen to him attentively. 20. The Principal ordered the peon to ring the bell. 21. The master ordered the servant to fetch him a glass of water. 22. I requested him to bring me a glass of water. 23. I requested my friend to lend me his book. 24. He asked me if I would go there. 25. My friend asked Deepak if he had ever been to Agra. 26. I asked him if he had enjoyed the movie. 27. I asked her if she knew him. 28. He asked me if I would listen to him. 29. I asked him when he would go there. 30. He asked me how my father was. 31. I asked him if he was happy. 32. He asked her if she liked apples.


INTEGRATED EXERCISE FOR PRACTICESection-B Part II — Grammar

1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable verbs choosing from the brackets. (a) The Ganges .............................. a sacred river. (is/are) (b) One of the boys .............................. naughty. (is/are) (c) Do you .............................. Hindi? (know/known) (d) Gold and silver .............................. costly metals. (is/are) (e) Time and tide .............................. for no one. (wait/waits) (f)Mostofthetraffic..............................bythenationalhighway.(go/goes) (g) A number of teachers .............................. absent yesterday. (was/were) (h) The quality of the apples .............................. very good. (was/were) (i) Both the train and the bus .............................. unsafe nowadays. (is/are) (j) Of the forty students, twenty .............................. not done the homework. (has/have) (k) All the furniture .............................. second-hand. (is/are) (l) Slow and steady .............................. the race. (win/wins)

2. Put the verb in the correct form, active or passive. (a) Most of the earth’s surface .............................. (cover) by water. (b) The boat .............................. (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody .............................. (rescue). (c) The room .............................. (clean) by the maid. (d) The lesson .............................. (teach) by the teacher, who got retired last week. (e) I remained thirsty for long hours because the bottle .............................. (full) with contaminated

water. (f) The factory.............................. (set up) in 1990. (g) I .............................. (apply) for the post of teacher in the month of June and ..............................

(select) for the same in September. (h) Parents.............................. (request) to attend the annual function on Sunday evening. 3. Change the following sentences into the passive voice: (a) Myyoungestdaughterhascookedthefishforyou. (b) People heard a loud explosion near the police station. (c) The last person to leave the room will clean the blackboard. (d) The teacher is distributing sweets among the students. (e) Some students did not attend the class. (f) My mother will take care of me. (g) Who wrote the Panchtantra? (h) Sudhanshu has given me a new pen. (i) Surabhi sent an e-mail to her friend. (j) The man was cutting the hair. (k) Your brother teaches me English. (l) Arpit slapped Manu. (m) Aheavyrainfloodedtheentirearea. (n) Abdul has painted the door. (o) Shahid was sending an e-mail. 4. Do as directed in the brackets. (a) Ihadachance..............................(travel)inanaeroplane.(fillupwitha‘non-finite’) (b) He said to me, “Can you lend me one thousand rupees?” (change into indirect speech) (c) Ispeakthetruth.Iamnotafraidofit.(combineintosinglesentenceusingan‘infinitive’) (d) The tortoise was slow. The tortoise was steady. (join with a suitable ‘conjunction’)


(e) Thegirl..............................iswearingapinkdressismycousin.(fillupwitharelativepronoun) (f) Raman said, “I saw a big crowd on the road”. (change into indirect speech) (g) Billiards are not a very popular game. (correct the sentence) (h) I (see) it before. (put the verb in bracket in correct form) (i) Roshan was feeding the sparrows. (change into passive voice) (j) Raviwasawarded..............................atrophy.(fillupwithapreposition) (k) We should always try to be honest. (pick out adverb and say its kind) (l) My father gave me a new pen. (insert ‘only’ in the correct place) (m) My neighbour has ample wealth. He does not boast. (combine with a conjunction) (n)Myfatherislearned..............................Hindi.(fillupwithapreposition) (o) He said, “Is Kanchan your sister?” (change into indirect speech) (p) He said that the earth was round. (correct the sentence) (q) I had helped my friend. (change into passive voice) (r) The students arrived late. They were punished. (combine by changing the verbs into nouns) 5. Do as directed in the brackets. (a) The villagers of our country is poor. (correct the sentence) (b) He forget to bring his umbrella. (change into negative form) (c) Tanay will be successful. (change into negative) (d) My mother rises in the early morning, ............ (put a question tag at the end) (e)Mr.Sharmasoldhisflat.Hewantedtopayhisdebts.(combineintoasinglesentenceusingan

infinitive) (f) I saw a big elephant. The elephant was coming in my direction. (combine into a single sentence using

a participle) (g)Helikestoplaybadminton.(re-writeitusingthegerundinplaceoftheinfinitive) (h) You must walk regularly. You will not recover. (combine into a single sentence using a suitable

conjunction) (i) A car runs over a child. (change into passive voice) (j) Sonal told me a story, ............... . (put a question tag at the end) (k)Thereisn’t...............teainthecup.(fillupwithasuitabledeterminer) (l) I have lived here since many years. (correct the sentence) (m)Theguests...............beforeIreachedhome.(fillupwithsuitableformoftheverb‘go’) (n) Cows eat grass. (change into negative form)

6. Do as directed in the brackets: (a) I couldn’t attend the prize distribution function. I had gone to Bangalore. (combine into a single

sentence using a suitable conjunction) (b) I...............anovelwhenSmitarangup.(fillupwiththecorrectformoftheverb‘read’) (c) The boy is answering the question. (change into passive voice) (d) “Why are you so late, Amit?”, said I. (change into indirect speech) (e) My grandfather lives at his native place. (change into interrogative) 7. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct options given below: (a) The train for Chennai .............................. at 8:30 p.m. (b) I’m .............................. to India next week. (c) I think he .............................. arrive soon. (d) .............................. you known him long? (e) I have .............................. the report. (f) Do you .............................. much in your job? (g) I am .............................. to wait for an hour. (h) The mountain was .............................. with snow. (a) (i) leave (ii) leaving (iii) have left (iv) leaves


(b) (i) to come (ii) coming (iii) come (iv) being coming (c) (i) will (ii) arrives (iii) would (iv) should (d) (i) Have (ii) Having (iii) Had (iv) Has (e) (i) writing (ii) write (iii) written (iv) wrote (f) (i) travelled (ii) travel (iii) travelling (iv) travels (g) (i) told (ii) telling (iii) tell (iv) to tell (h) (i) covering (ii) covered (iii) cover (iv) covers

8. Complete the following conversations by choosing the correct options from those given below: (A) Father : (a) .............................. when I return? Sweety : A video game, papa. Father : No, no video games at all. Sweety : Why, papa? Do you think (b) .............................. ? Father : Of course, you’ll. Sweety : No, I assure you papa that I won’t. I want this game just for entertainment and I (c) .............................. for an hour daily. Father : If you promise me I’ll bring one. Sweety : Thank you, papa. (a) (i) What would I bring for you (ii) What I bring to you (iii) What shall I bring for you (iv) What should I brought for you (b) (i) will I waste my time (ii) I am wasting my time (iii) I do waste my time (iv) I’ll waste my time (c) (i) would play with them (ii) play with it (iii) will be playing it only (iv) will play it only (B) Sugandha : Is that ‘Royal Furniture’? Gunjan : Yes, it is. Sugandha : (a) .............................. Mrs Mathur? Gunjan : Sorry, she is not here at the moment. Sugandha : When (b) .............................. ? Gunjan : Not before six in the evening. (c) .............................. ? Sugandha : Yes, please. Could you tell her to keep the furniture ready by 9:30 a.m. tomorrow. Gunjan : Yes, I’ll inform her. Sugandha : Thank you. (a) (i) Could I speak to (ii) Can I speak to (iii) Could I speak from (iv) May I speak from (b) (i) will she back (ii) will she be back (iii) would she to back (iv) she should back (c) (i) I can take a message from her (ii) Can I take a message for her (iii) Can I give the message for her (iv) Could I took a message to her

(C) Ronita : Why do you look so worried? Romy : I (a) .............................. exams. Ronita : In which subjects do you have problems? Romy : In maths and science. Ronita : (b) .............................. chapters in which you have problems? Romy : Chapter 8 in maths and chapter 10 in science. Ronita : Come on. I (c) .............................. . Romy : Thank you. (a) (i) am not prepared well for (ii) I am not preparing well for my (iii) have not prepared well for the (iv) had not prepared well for


(b) (i) In which subjects do you have (ii) To which subjects you have (iii) With which subjects have you (iv) In what subjects do you have (c) (i) You can tell me some (ii) Can you tell me the (iii) Can you told me the (iv) May you tell me the

(D) Complete the following dialogues by choosing the correct options given below: Harpit : (a) .................... the football match? Roshan : It was indeed a wonderful match. I liked it very much. Harprit : (b) ....................? Roshan : No one. The match ended in a draw. Harprit : Then it must have been an exciting match. (c) .................... . Roshan : Yes, it was exciting but I (d) .................... if my school team had won. Harprit : Oh!Itdoesn’tmatterifyougettowatchanexcitingmatch.

(a) (i) How do you like (ii) How you liked (iii) How did you like (iv) How did you liked

(b) (i) Who wins to (ii) Who have won it (iii) Who has won it (iv) Who won it

(c) (i) I wish I were there (ii) I wished I were there (iii) I wish I was there (iv) I wished I had been there

(d) (i) will have been happier (ii) would have been happier (iii) would be happy (iv) was happier

(E) Complete the following dialogue by choosing suitable modals from the options given below: Ravi : (a) .................... I come in M’am? Teacher : No. You are late. Keep on standing outside. Ravi : I (b) .................... never be late from tomorrow, M’am. Teacher : Do you promise? Ravi : Yes, M’am. Teacher : Then you (c) .................... come in. Ravi : Thank you. M’am. Teacher : Have you done the sums of chapter 5? Ravi : No,M’am.Itisadifficultchapter. Teacher : Work hard, lest you (d) .................... fail. Ravi : Ok M’am. But please explain the chapter once more. Teacher : Ok. Be attentive.

(a) (i) May (ii) Can (iii) Shall (iv) Will (b) (i) can (ii) should (iii) will (iv) would (c) (i) might (ii) can (iii) could (iv) will (d) (i) would (ii) should (iii) could (iv) might

9. Rewrite the following sentences correctly. (a) You are more taller than me. (b) The sceneries here are very beautiful. (c) We should help poors. (d) Unless you do not walk fast, you will not catch the train. (e) He said that, “I am reading a story”. (f) I don’t care of this. (g) He has no house to live. (h) Many people die from cancer.


10. (A) Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners given in the options below: (a) There is .............................. milk in the glass. (b) My grandmother goes to temple .............................. morning. (c) .............................. students have left this school. (d) .............................. of us went to see the movie. (e) I heard a knock at .............................. door. (f) This cow does not give .............................. milk. (a) (i) many (ii) more (iii) any (iv) some (b) (i) each (ii) every (iii) any (iv) several (c) (i) More (ii) more (iii) Most (iv) Any (d) (i) More (ii) Most (iii) Many (iv) Much (e) (i) the (ii) a (iii) an (iv) some (f) (i) many (ii) any (iii) more (iv) much

(B) Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners by choosing from the options given below: (a) I have only been to Jaipur ............... times. (b) We only collected ............... waste paper. (c) ............... Saurabh and Gaurav study computer science. (d) You must have had ............... interesting experiences on your trip to Garhwal. (e) I kept records of ............... transaction. (f) We have got ............... friends coming. (g) ............... boy who is acting on the stage is my cousin. (h) If there is ............... doubt, tell me. (a) (i) a few (ii) few (iii) the few (iv) many (b) (i) the little (ii) a little (iii) little (iv) much (c) (i) All (ii) Both (iii) Each (iv) Either (d) (i) any (ii) some (iii) many (iv) much (e) (i) each (ii) every (iii) all (iv) any (f) (i) many (ii) several (iii) some (iv) much (g) (i) A (ii) Some (iii) The (iv) An (h) (i) any (ii) some (iii) a many (iv) little (C) Use suitable determiners to fill in the gaps in the passage below: A number of people visit the Taj Mahal at Agra. (a) .............................. visitors come as tourists. In

the recent years (b) .............................. people are visiting Agra for business purposes. But almost (c) .............................. visitor goes to enjoy the beauty of the Taj. This is (d) .............................. of the greatest attractions in (e) .............................. city which is also famous for its leather work. (f) .............................. person who visits Agra must go around these shops.

11. Change the following into Indirect Speech. (a) Shanta said, “Amit worked sincerely”. (b) She said, “We came to this place only a week ago”. (c) Sonali said to me, “What can I do for you?” (d) The teacher said to the students, “Have you revised your lesson?” (e) Thepriestsaidtome,“MayGodblessyou!” (f) Rubi said, “I have seen the Taj Mahal.” (g) He said to me, “What are you doing?” (h) The old man said to me, “Kindly hold my hand.”


1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Guavas are rich (a).....................dietaryfibreandvitaminC,(b) ..................... moderate levels of folic

acid. (c).....................agenerallybroad,low-calorieprofile(d) ..................... essential nutrients, a single common guava fruit (e ) ....................... about four times the amount (f) ..................... vitamin C as an orange.

2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction. Also underline the correct word you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Anger is a fact for life. Everyone (a) ............... ................ experiences this emotion from time and (b) ............... ................ time. When anger is control it does not (c) ............... ................ harmanyone.Uncontrolledbutselfish (d) ............... ................ anger destroyed everything. If you (e) ............... ................ have to understand somebody character, (f) ............... ................ findoutwhatmakeshimanger. (g) ............... ................ Anger is not always a sign of strength. It make a person look childish. (h) ............... ................

3. Read the following conversation and complete the blanks in indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

Man : What do you want? Beggar : Food. I have not eaten since yesterday. Man : I have nothing to give you just now. Beggar : I am going somewhere else.

The man asked the beggar what he wanted . The beggar replied that he wanted food. He further told the man that (a) .............................. . The man said that (b) .............................. . At this the beggar told that (c) .............................. somewhere else.

ANSWERS1. (a) in (b) with (c) Having (d) of (e) contains (f) of 2. (a) for ... of (b) and ... to (c) control ... controlled (d) but ... and (e) destroyed ... destroys (f) somebody ... somebody’s (g) anger ... angry (h) make ... makes3. (a) he had not eaten since the previous day.

(b) he had nothing to give him just then. (c) he was going

SOLVED ASSIGNMENT – 1

Section-B Part II — Grammar 10 Marks

PBAssignments in english Plus – 7204 grAmmAr

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) India has different climate (a) .............................. various parts. The extreme north (b) ..............................

India that the state of Jammu and Kashmir (c) .............................. cold climate throughout the year. The southern part (d) .............................. hot. Even in winter, it is quite hot here. (e) .............................. minimum temperature goes to (f) .............................. zero degree in the north.

2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given. One has been done as an example: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Why does / ball bounce? The reason e.g. .................a.................. is /a ball is made of materials (a) ..................................... which / elastic. By elastic we (b) ..................................... mean something which, / pulled (c) ..................................... or pressed out / shape, returns (d) ..................................... to / old shape. When a ball hits a (e) ..................................... hard surface, the part that / is (f) ..................................... pressedflat,althoughyou/not (g) ..................................... notice it. But because it / elastic, (h) ..................................... it returns to its old shape. This causes it to bounce. 3. Read the following set of instructions on how to prepare noodles and then complete the paragraph

that follows in passive voice: (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Instructions: • Boil water in a container. • Cut a packet of noodles and put it into the boiling water. • Pour it out after a while. • Fry green vegetables in a pan. • Put the boiled noodles into the pan. • Add salt and sauces. • Now serve the delicious noodles. For making noodles water (a) .............................. in a container. Then a packet of noodles

(b) .............................. and is put into the boiling water. After a while noodles (c) .............................. out. Then green vegetables (d) .............................. in a pan. The boiled noodles (e) .............................. into the pan. Salt and sauces (f) .............................. according to taste. Now delicious noodles are ready to serve.

ANSWERS1. (a) in (b) of (c) has (d) is (e) the (f) below 2. (a) the (b) are (c) when (d) of (e) its (f) hits (g) may (h) is3. (a) is boiled (b) is cut (c) are poured (d) are fried

(e) are put (f) are added


SOLVED ASSIGNMENT – 2

205Assignments in english Plus – 7PB grAmmAr

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Everyone would acknowledge (a) .............................. television is the most effective means

(b) .............................. imparting scientific education. The best teachers (c) .............................. teach the largest number of students (d) .............................. the most effective way (e) .............................. a particular given time. In subjects like science (f) .............................. geography, there are many things which can be shown on television.


Rubber is made from a white liquid (a) ............... ................ latex which is obtain from the tree by (b) ............... ................ tapping. Latex seep out through spiral (c) ............... ............... cuts made on the bark of tree. It, (d) ............... ............... then, is made solid, dry and exported (e) ............... ............... as sheets of raw rubber. This is an weak (f) ............... ............... sticky and not very elastic material. It’s strength and elasticity is improved by the addition (g) ............... ............... of sulphur in a process knowing as vulcanisation. (h) ............... ...............

3.Re-arrangethefollowingwords/phrasestomakemeaningfulsentences.Thefirstonehasbeendone as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

Example: the water melon/ thirst quenchers/ in summers/ is/ one of the best The water melon is one of the best thirst quenchers in summers.

(a) in Africa/ about 5000 years/ first/ ago/ grown/ it was (b) say that/ at the/ some researchers/ it was grown/ in India/ same time (c) the travellers/ it was/ when they/ across a desert/ travelled/ used by

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ASSIGNMENT – 1

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) In India, during the lifetime of the Buddha, there (a) .............................. a famous kingdom called Kosala.

Its capital was Sravasti, a great city (b) .............................. the banks of the river Rapti. Prasenjit was (c) .............................. King of Kosala. He was a great devotee of the Buddha. He had constructed (d) .............................. ashramas and Buddhist shrines, and the Buddha (e) .............................. used to visit them. Many famous scriptures (f) .............................. in these places.

2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Teach him / close his eyes to a (a) .................................... howling mob and / stand and (b) .................................... fight / he thinks he is right. (c) .................................... Treat him gently, but / not cuddle (d) .................................... him / only the test of fire makes (e) .................................... fine steel. Let him / the courage (f) .................................... to be impatient, let him have / (g) .................................... patience to / brave. (h) ....................................

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

(1) a way/discipline/which/is/follows/order/ (2) can be/no nation/are disciplined/great/its people/unless (3) success/discipline/leads to/life/in

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ASSIGNMENT – 2

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Corruption is a deep-rooted menace (a) .............................. eaten into the vitals (b)

.............................. our society. There is hardly any sphere (c) .............................. social, economic, potential and religious activity that is free (d) .............................. corruption of some kind. Corruption (e) ........................ so common that most of the people have come (f) .............................. accept it as part of their life.


The ozone layer play an important (a) ............... ............... role in the survival to living (b) ............... ............... beings on an earth. But, the scientists (c) ............... ............... have find a hole in it. The main (d) ............... ............... reason for this was the release of (e) ............... ............... harmful gases from supersonic aircraft. (f) ............... ............... If we do not pay attention at it (g) ............... ............... our survival should be in danger. (h) ............... ...............

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

(a) six puppies/ to/ had/ my friend’s/ given birth/ bitch (b) America/ today/ the most affluent/ is regarded/ of the world/ powerful country/ as/ and (c) common experience/ floats/ it/ a matter of/ that/ on water/ ice/ is

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ASSIGNMENT – 3

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Khajuharo temple (a) .............................. Madhya Pradesh is very famous especially (b)

.............................. its sculpture and architectural art. There (c) .............................. numberless stone curved figures outside the walls of the temple (e) ..................... speak of Indian cultural arts (f) .............................. stone-curving excellence.

2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the given space. Don’t forget to underline your correction: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

There was one pet whose grandfather (a) ............... ............... could not kept for very long. (b) ............... ............... Grandmother was tolerate of most (c) ............... ............... birds and animals, but he drew (d) ............... ............... the lines at reptiles. Grandfather (e) ............... ............... should have knew that there (f) ............... ............... was few chance of his being (g) ............... ............... allowed for keep a python. (h) ............... ...............


Example: our population/ a/ of/ big portion/ villages/ in/ lives A big portion of our population lives in villages.

(a) living/ villages/ most of the/ in/ people/ illiterate/ are (b) social evils/ they/ from/ suffer/ many (c) the lot of the/ a great deal/ students/ do/ can/ to improve/ villagers

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ASSIGNMENT – 4

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)

Ayurveda is the natural medic inal sc ience (a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is unique to India and (b) ............................ given in the Atharvaveda. According to this system (c) .............................. human body should (d) .............................. balance between and (e) .............................. among the various properties found (f) .............................. it like blood, mucous, wind, secretions and so on.


When we speak / intelligence we refer (a) .................................... / the natural intelligence of people which (b) .................................... means / inherent mental ability. But (c) .................................... artificial intelligence / the intelligence (d) .................................... of machines that / think like human (e) .................................... minds. Of late scientists / developed (f) .................................... computers / can perform tasks (g) .................................... / require intelligence. (h) ....................................

3. Read the following conversation and complete the blanks in indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks) Richa : I am very busy today. Nisha : What is the matter? Richa : My brother is coming from Jaipur. Nisha : What special dishes are you preparing for him? Richa : Not many. He is not very fond of dishes.

Richa said to Nisha that (a) .............................. . Nisha asked her what the matter was. Richa told that (b) .............................. from Jaipur. At this Nisha asked (c) .............................. . Richa told that she was not preparing many dishes because her brother was not very fond of them.

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ASSIGNMENT – 5

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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Passport is an official document (a) .............................. enables a person to travel (b) ............................ one country to another. It is used (c) ......................... all countries of the world and (d) .............................. in practice for many years. Literally the world ‘passport’ means permission (e) .............................. leave a port or to sail into it. Later the meaning (f) .............................. extended to include a general permission to exit and entry.


Prithviraj Chauhan was / last (a) .................................... Hindu king / rule at Delhi. (b) .................................... He was / great ruler, and the (c) .................................... people loved /. There are (d) .................................... / stories of his great deeds. (e) .................................... Even today people celebrate / victories (f) .................................... and sing his praises. Mohammed Gauri invaded India / attacked Prithviraj’s (g) .................................... kingdom. But Prithviraj / a stronger (h) .................................... army and he defeated Gauri.

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

(a) cutting down/ must/ burning of forests/ stop/ we/ the/ and/ the (b) flightless bird/ a large/ Cassowary/ sturdy legs/ has/ strong feet/ and (c) one of the most/ science/ achievements/ man/ of/ important/ is

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ASSIGNMENT – 6

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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A river usually starts as a tiny trickle (a) .............................. a rill. It flows downhill and is joined by other rills. It gets larger (b) .............................. becomes a stream. Other streams flow (c) .............................. it to make a river. A river (d) .............................. have other rivers, called tributaries (e) .............................. into it and so it (f) .............................. bigger and bigger.

2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the given space. Don’t forget to underline your correction: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Over the last few years computers had invaded (a) ............... ............... almost all spheres to our life by (b) ............... ............... increasingly play a bigger and bigger role (c) ............... ............... in various ways. The computer revolution get (d) ............... ............... a major shock which computer viruses (e) ............... ............... intruded to the computer and started (f) ............... ............... spoil the system. The basic purpose of a (g) ............... ............... computer virus was to damage the programs to (h) ............... ............... the computer and spoil the operational mechanism.


Example: natural/ minerals/ non-living/ are found/ are/ in the Earth/ substances/ that Minerals are natural non-living substances that are found in the Earth.

(a) types of/ there are/ about/ minerals/ 3,000 (b) made from/ combination/ special/ each mineral/ its/ of atoms/ is/ own (c) such as/ some minerals/ diamonds/ very rare/ are/ rubies/ and

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ASSIGNMENT – 7

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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India’s national flower is lotus. (a) .............................. lotus is big and beautiful and (b) .............................. a grace of its own. It is strange (c) .............................. see that this beautiful flower has its roots (d) .............................. the mud. When a brilliant person establishes himself coming (e) .............................. his disturbing circumstances, people compare him (f) .............................. the lotus that comes out of the mud.


Most people believe / anacondas can (a) .................................... grow / any length. The females grow (b) .................................... to a maximum of around five / six metres (c) .................................... but not more / 10 m. The people of South (d) .................................... America / many tales based on the (e) .................................... mythical lengths / anacondas. These anacondas (f) .................................... are actually / largest snakes in the world (g) .................................... and / found in this continent. (h) ....................................

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

(a) the Ganga/ at Allahabad/ and/ Jamuna/ Saraswati/ joins/ the (b) an important/ among/ Allahabad Sangam/ place/ has/ the Hindu places/ pilgrimage/ of (c) comes/ a very famous/ Varanasi/ then/ which/ city of U.P./ is

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ASSIGNMENT – 8

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Pollution is the spoiling (a) .............................. land, air and water. Smoke (b) ..............................

vehicles, factories and used house fouls (c) .............................. air Garbage from houses thrown (d) .............................. the open pollutes land and air, (e) .............................. causes diseases. Spilling of oil or petroleum and dumping (f) .............................. chemical wastes from factories into the rivers and seas harm water plants and animals.


Three-fourth of an earth’s surface is (a) ............... ................ covered from water, but only a small (b) ............... ................ proportion of it accounted for freshwater (c) ............... ................ that can be put to using. This freshwater (d) ............... ................ is mainly obtains from surface run off (e) ............... ................ and ground water that are continually being (f) ................ ................ renewed and recharged to the hydrological (g) ............... ............... cycle. Thus water is an renewable resource. (h) ............... ...............


Example: better known as/ moving air/ wind/ is/ atmosphere/ in/ the Moving air in the atmosphere is better known as wind.

(a) differences/ air temperature/ is caused/ it/ by/ in (b) weighs/ warm air/ less than/ so/ and/ rises/ it/ cold air (c) rushes in/ cooler air/ underneath it/ creating winds/ then/ its place/ take/ to

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ASSIGNMENT – 9

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) On April 12, 1961, Major Yuri Gagarin (a) .............................. the first man ever to venture

(b) .............................. space. He did not know (c) .............................. certain beforehand that he (d) .............................. to be chosen. The Russian had three possible candidates ready, and although Gagarin was first (e) .............................. the list, the choice (f).............................. not definitely made until the early morning of April, 12.

2. In the passage given below there is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the space given. Don’t forget to underline the correction: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Ganesh Chaturthi was the religious (a) ............... ................ festival dedicate to Ganesha, (b) ............... ................ a son of Lord Shiva. In western (c) ............... ................ parts especially, as well as all (d) ............... ................ over India the idols to Ganesha (e) ............... ................ or pictures are keep or hung (f) ............... ................ on walls into the houses for (g) ............... ................ luck, peace or good fortune. (h) ............... ................

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. (1 × 3 = 3 marks) (a) is free/ a/ the din and noise/ village/ from/ city/ of/ the (b) crowd free/ there/ open/ and/ atmosphere/ is (c) water/ fresh air/ vegetables/ milk/ and/ in/ are/ village/ in plenty

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ASSIGNMENT – 10

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) The legend (a) ............................ got about the computers that they are electronic brains. The

programmers (b) ............................ some sort of supermen. The facts are (c) ............................ computers are very stupid (d) ............................ the people who programme them (e) ............................ normal human beings. The business (f) ............................ not difficult, just tricky.


Mahatma Gandhi / Ali brothers tour (a) ..................................... the country / explain the importance (b) ..................................... / Non-cooperation Movement to the (c) ..................................... people of India. Its objective / declared (d) ..................................... as “the attainment of Swaraj / peaceful (e) ..................................... and legitimate means”. / programme of (f) ..................................... the movement / to boycott foreign goods (g) ..................................... to / swadeshi goods, to surrender titles, etc. (h) .....................................

3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. (1 × 3 = 3 marks) (a) I/ happy/ days/ those/ never/ forget/ shall (b) India/ speak/ in/ languages/ different/ people (c) the/ vacation/ in/ summer/ did you/ what books/ read

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ASSIGNMENT – 11

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Punjab is India is the birth place (a) .............................. the Sikh religion. The word ‘Sikh’

(b) .............................. derived from Sanskrit word ‘risya’ (c) .............................. means ‘disciple’. The Sikhs are about 2 per cent (d) .............................. total Indian population, according (e) .............................. reports. The place of worship (f) .............................. the Sikh is called Gurudwara.

2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Fasting helps one / experience the (a) ..................................... pangs / hunger and thus, understand (b) ..................................... the / plight of / who do not have (c) ..................................... enough to eat. The Muslims believe / (d) ..................................... offering alms to / poor on the sacred (e) ..................................... day of Ramzan. It is necessary to / a (f) ..................................... minimum of two and a half kilograms / wheat, (g) ..................................... or any other grain, dates or grapes / Fitr or alms. (h) .....................................

3. Given below is a set of instructions for forming ice. Read them and then complete the paragraph below in passive voice: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)

Instructions:• Place an ice tray under the tap.• Allow the tray to fill up with water.• Place the tray in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator.• Set the temperature to the required level.• Ice is formed in an hour’s time.

For forming ice an ice tray (a) .............................. under the tap. The tray (b) .............................. to fill up with water. Then it is placed in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. The temperature (c) .............................. to the required level. Ice is formed in an hour’s time.

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ASSIGNMENT – 12

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.


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1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) Dwarka on the west coast (a) .............................. Gujarat is believed to be the Kingdom (b)................

.............. Lord Krishna after he left Mathura. In the old texts and Puranas there (c) .............................. mention of Dwarka which in olden days (d) .............................. known as Dwaraavati. The temple Jagran Mandir is dedicated (e) .............................. Lord Krishna and pilgrims (f) .............................. all over India and abroad visit this pilgrimage.

2. In the passage given below one word is missing from each line. A slash (/) has been given where the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

The songs of / cuckoo starting (a) ..................................... with ‘Koou’ and then / rising (b) ..................................... to the seventh / the highest (c) ..................................... pitch give / to a marvellous (d) ..................................... sensation of mirth / gaiety in the (e) ..................................... spring season / the cuckoo song (f) ..................................... / blended with fair breeze, mild (g) ..................................... weather and the blooming / flowers. (h) .....................................


Example: serves/ proper food/ medicine/ the purpose of Proper food serves the purpose of medicine.

(a) as poison/ improper food/ but/ works/ causes/ and/ diseases (b) eat/ mostly/ processed foods/ we/ refined sugar/ and (c) by/ eating/ we/ obesity/ processed foods/ invite/and/ diabetes

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ASSIGNMENT – 13

Roll No.

Max. Marks 10

Teacher’s Sign

Class Section

Date

Name

Marks /10

Time 30 Min.

PBAssignments in english Plus – 7230 grAmmAr

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231 Reading, WRiting & gRammaR

SECTION – A : READING (20 MARKS) 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks)

SLOTH BEAR – A GOOD TREE CLIMBERThe most commonly seen Indian bear is the sloth bear. It was confused with the sloth (a slow-moving animal that lives in trees in South America) when first discovered, hence the name. The sloth bear is also found in Nepal and Sri Lanka.An inhabitant of the forested regions and hilly areas the sloth bear stands two to three feet at the shoulder. It measures 4-5 feet long and weighs between 60 to 140 kg. The dull black coat of this bear has a slight brownish colour. The long sharp claws are ivory-white. There is a prominent whitish v-shaped mark on the breast. The animal has short back legs and the tail is almost not visible.The sloth bear starts searching for food around night and retires just before dawn. In cool and cloudy weather, it can be up and move about even during the day.The sloth bear feeds on both plant and animal food. It feeds on fruits, insects, honey, flowers, roots, tubers and even dead animal flesh. Sloth bears are noisy creatures and they squeal, grumble and chatter while looking for food. It is a good tree climber.During the rainy season, insects become plentiful and form part of its diet. The way the sloth bear feeds on white ants is quite interesting. It breaks open a white ants’ mound with its claws and blows away the dust and the rubbish. Then it sucks out the white ants from their underground galleries. —Pranav Trivedi

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. Name the countries where the sloth bear is found. 2. What is the height and weight of the sloth bear? 3. Describe the animal’s back legs and tail. 4. When does it start searching for food? When does it take rest? 5. What does it feed on? 6. How can you say that sloth bears are noisy creatures? 7. How does the sloth bear feed on white ants? 8. What is the meaning of the word ‘prominent’? 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

Jaipur is a city of vibrant colours and hues which now give the visitor a mixed view of old and traditional and the new market places that have come in the shape of malls. While the Jaipur’s colourful markets offer a great break to stop and shop and you cannot afford to return home only seeing its historical monuments. You shall have to provide ample time slot for shopping. While moving through the markets, you will come across not only merchandise but also the vivacious culture of this region. The Pink City is the perfect place to shop for handicrafts, antiques, jewellery, gems, pottery, carpets, textiles, metal-work and leatherware.While shopping you will have to divide the city into two—the old world charm of the ancient city is called the walled city and these markets Amer Road, Bari Chaupar, Chhoto Chaupar, Kishanpol Bazar, Haldiyon Ka Rasta, Mahiharon Ka Rasta, Joharii Bazar, Bapu Bazar, Nehru Bazaar showcase the various produce of the city and merchandise from various parts of the state.

UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 1

Reading, Writing & Grammar 50 Marks

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Assignments in english Plus – 7232

Outside the walled city, you could go shopping on MI Road, Raja Park, Gaurav Tower, Bhawani Singh Road, Tonk Road, Vaishali and various exclusive shops that have come up in various colonies. One cannot define in words, the assortment of products, which these markets offer. You have to visit the city to experience the actual range of stuff. Shopping is an electrifying activity in Jaipur. If you don’t visit these markets of Jaipur, you will be definitely at amiss. Source: The Times of India

I. QUESTIONS (2 × 4 = 8 marks) On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief:

1. Based on paragraph 1, describe Jaipur and the things that attract people towards this city. 2. Name some of the famous shopping markets that are located in the walled city. 3. Which markets are located outside the walled city? 4. Explain: Shopping is an electrifying activity in Jaipur.

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. What does the word ‘merchandise’ mean? 2. Give the opposite of ‘ample’. 3. Give another word for ‘vivacious’. 4. Pick out a word from the above passage that means “a collection composed of several sorts”.

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. You are the pupil leader of your school. Draft a notice for the notice board about an excursion

that your school is organising. Giving all the information and asking the interested students to give their names.

4. The cultural committee of your school organised a kite making competition. You participated in the competition enthusiastically. Mentioning the number of participating students, the colourful kites they made, the prizes given, etc, write a diary entry in about 100-120 words. (8 marks)

5. Air pollution has become a big problem nowadays. Write an article in about 120 words for your school magazine highlighting the causes of this problem and how it can be curbed. (8 marks)


Amrita had high fever last night (a) .......................... she responded to the medicines and recovered enough (b) .......................... sit for her examination this morning. However, it is doubtful (c) .......................... she would be able (d) .......................... attend the marriage of her friend Anita. (e) .......................... her doctor advised her to rest, Amrita decided to spend some time (f) .......................... Amrita.


Marie Curie, a Polish-born physicist, (a) ............... ................

share the Nobel Prize in Physics in (b) ............... ................

1903 to her husband Pierre and another (c) ............... ................

French scientist, for her discovery (d) ............... ................

of radioactivity. Marie Curie was award (e) ............... ................

a Nobel Prize again on 1911, this (f) ................ ................

time in Chemistry, by her work (g) ............... ................

on radium and it compound. (h) ............... ................



Example:a glass house/ a green house/ where/ especially/ we grow plants/ during winter/ isA greenhouse is a glass house where we grow plants especially during winter.

(a) is controlled/ a green house/ climate/ in/ the (b) pass through/ the sun’s rays/ warm up/ and/ the glass/ the house/ the inside of (c) the warm and moist air/ plants/ well/ a green house/ grow/ in/ of

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Global warming means the gradual increase in the average temperature on Earth due to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods occur more often. Over the last 100 years, the average temperature of the air near the Earth’s surface has risen a little less than 1°C. Although this does not seem very alarming, scientists feel that global warming is responsible for the noticeable increase in storms, floods and raging forest fires that we have seen in the last ten years.Research shows that an increase of 1° C makes the Earth warmer now than it has been for at least a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years that we know of, 19 have occurred since 1980. The three hottest years ever observed have all occurred in the last eight years.However, it is not only about how much the Earth is warming, it is also about how fast it is warming. There have always been natural climate changes—Ice Ages and the warm times between them—but those changes happened over periods of 50,000 to 100,000 years.A temperature rise as rapid as the one we have seen over the last 30 years has never happened before, as far as research shows. All these facts lead scientists to infer that the global warming we now experience is not natural and that it is not brought on by natural causes.The lifestyle of people in the last few decades has been responsible to a large extent for global warming. When we bring back our shopping in attractive plastic bags, we forget that they cause great harm to the health of our planet. Plastic bags are made of polyethylene – a by-product of oil refining, and can take up to 1,000 years to biodegrade in landfills that emit harmful greenhouse gases. Oil is a non-renewable resource, which means it is not going to be available forever. Besides this, petroleum-based plastic bags take years to break down. They litter the Earth, causing pollution, blocking drains and flooding the streets in heavy rains.

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. What does global warming mean? 2. Why is the Earth’s average temperature gradually increasing? 3. Why do disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods occur frequently nowadays? 4. Based on paragraph 2, mention two important conclusions of the research made on global warming. 5. Based on paragraph 4, what do scientists infer? 6. How are the plastic bags harmful for our planet? 7. What disaster do petroleum based plastic bags cause to our Earth? 8. What do we mean when we say — “oil is a non-renewable resource”? 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

The Father of India’s Atomic Energy Programme: Dr. Homi Jehangir BhabhaIn the 1930s, when scientists were trying to tap energy from the atom for destructive purposes, Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha was thinking of its peaceful uses. Bhabha had a vision that India would enter a new era of development through modern science and technology. His aim was to further the cause of science to improve human knowledge, and lead the country to social and economic prosperity. Bhabha initiated India’s atomic energy programme and almost single-handedly moulded and guided its destiny.Bhabha was born in a wealthy Parsi family in Mumbai. After his graduation, he went to Cambridge University for further studies. Tutored by the likes of Paul Dirac, Bhabha did commendable work on cosmic rays and identified a nuclear particle in electrons which he called ‘meson’.



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After his return to India in 1940, young Bhabha started a research unit of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in the house where he was born. But his huge bungalow could not contain him for long. After independence, his ideals gained more significance and with the encouragement of the then Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian Atomic Energy Commission was set up. As its first Chairman, Bhabha masterminded a three-stage plan for atomic energy, using India’s natural resources and available talents. Under his expert guidance, the Atomic Energy Establishment began functioning and research in nuclear energy gathered momentum in the country. Three atomic reactors, Apsara, Cirus and Zerline, were built. Surveys for uranium, needed for the purpose, were carried out, and plants to purify the required materials were also built.Bhabha also encouraged research in electronics, space science, radio astronomy and microbiology. The Radio Telescope at Udagamandalam (Ooty) is one of his creations. The construction of India’s first atomic power station at Tarapur, near Mumbai, was started by him. Unfortunately, he died in a plane crash on his way to attend the ‘Atom for Peace’ conference in 1966. The nation mourned his sudden death. As a tribute to his memory, the Atomic Energy Establishment at Trombay, was renamed the ‘Bhabha Atomic Research Centre’ (BARC).Bhabha, a bachelor, was ‘married to creativity’. He was a poet and a painter, and loved Western music. He has been called the Leonardo do Vinci (the Universal Man) of the twentieth century. He was not only a creative scientist, but also an outstanding administrator and a builder of scientific institutions. However, he will be best remembered as the architect of India’s Atomic Energy Programme. (Source: A Vision of India)


1. How was Dr. Bhabha different from his contemporary scientists? What was his aim as a scientist? 2. • In which family in Mumbai was Bhabha born? • What did he do after his return to India in 1940? • What responsibility was given to him with the setting up of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission? 3. How did he carry on the assigned responsibility? 4. How was the year 1966 an unfortunate one in the field of science? How did the nation pay tribute

to him?

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. Pick out a word from the above passage which means opposite to ‘adversity’. 2. Give another word for ‘commendable’. 3. Make adjective from ‘creation’. 4. Pick out a word from the above passage that means the same as ‘meeting’.

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. You lost your Titan wrist watch in your school. Draft a notice in not more than 50 words to be

placed on your school notice board. You are Akshay/Akshita, Head Boy/Head Girl of Jasmine Public School, Delhi (4 marks)

4. Avani, a student of Class VII, has found a wallet in the school canteen. In addition to cash, it contains some receipts/bills. Write a notice for the school notice board inviting the rightful owner to claim it after giving details of the wallet and its contents. (4 marks)

5.Belowisgiventhebeginningofastory.Useyourimaginationtofinishit.Yourstoryshouldnotexceed 150-200 words. (12 marks)

Our class was going on a pleasure trip to Manali. The bus was fully packed. When it left Delhi, it gathered speed. We had hardly gone one or two kilometers that ........................................... .

Moral: ........................................................................

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks) The Bharat Ratna was instituted as (a) .............................. award by the first President, Rajendra

Prasad (b) .............................. in 1954. Eminent physicist C.V. Raman, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, and C. Rajagopalachari, (c) .............................. last governor-general of India became the first recipient


(d) .............................. year. It is the highest civilian award (e) .............................. the country and (f) .............................. confirmed on 41 people so far.


Maulana Abul Kalam Azad / offered the (a) .................................... Bharat Ratna / declined on the grounds that (b) .................................... those / had been on the selection (c) .................................... panel should not be / it. However, (d) .................................... the award was ultimately conferred / (e) .................................... him posthumously in 1992. This apart, / award (f) .................................... given / Netaji S C Bose, also in 1992, (g) .................................... had / be withdrawn after a PIL. (h) ....................................

8. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences: (1 × 3 marks)

1. Yoga/exercise/body and mind/is/control/the/to 2. Various tendencies/the mind/affected by/the body/are 3. Hunger/some tendencies/thirst, etc./like/body’s requirement/the/are

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SECTION – A : READING (20 MARKS)MARKS) 1. Read the following passage carefully: (8 marks)

HOW DOES A SEISMOGRAPH MEASURE EARTHQUAKES?An earthquake is a trembling or vibration of the earth’s surface. And it is these vibrations that are measured. The cause of an earthquake is usually a “fault” in the rocks of the earth’s crust, a break along which one rock mass has rubbed on another with very great force and friction. Much of the vast energy in this rubbing is changed to vibration in the rocks. This vibration may travel thousands of miles, which is why an earthquake in Tokyo can be detected and measured in England.Earthquake vibrations consist of three or more types of wave motion, which travel at different speeds through the earth’s rocky crust. The waves move in different directions. The primary waves vibrate length-wise; the secondary waves crosswise; and the long waves travel around the earth’s surface. The long waves move more slowly, but they have a larger motion and cause all the damage that may be seen by man.Instruments called seismographs placed in different parts of the world record vibrations every day in the year, for the earth’s crust is never still. The record sheets of two or more seismographs help seismologists to see where the quake took place.A seismograph is a delicately hung weight, which remains still when an earthquake shakes the surrounding parts of the instrument. In other words, this weight, which hangs down from a fixed post, doesn’t move during an earthquake. But the post holding it moves, and attached to the post, underneath the weight, is a chart. As the chart moves, a record is made on it by the weight.Record sheets indicate the time the wave arrives, the force of the motion, and can even indicate the direction from which the wave comes. (Source: More Tell Me Why)

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. What is an earthquake? When does it occur? 2. What are the different types of wave motions? 3. Which waves cause damage during the earthquake? Why? 4. • Name the instrument that measures the earthquake. • What is the characteristic of earth’s crust? 5. What helps the seismologists to see where the quake took place? 6. What is peculiar with a seismograph? 7. Where is chart located? What happens when it moves? 8. What are the various things indicated by record sheets? 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

If someone offered me a month’s holiday, I would visit India, which is a country that has always interested me. I will explain why I would like to go to India. I first got interested in India when I read a very interesting novel which described life in an Indian city. Later at the University, I came to know several Indian students whom I liked, I learnt from these friends that India has a completely different way of life from that of any European country. I am sure it would be very interesting to visit a country



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which is very unlike my own. If I went there, I would try to find out how the people live and what they think. I believe one can understand one’s own way of life better when one compares it with other ways of life. My Indian friends also explained that India faces a number of difficult problems such as shortage of food, increase in population and the need for industrialization. These are problems which face most countries. If these problems could be solved in India, which has the second largest population in the world, they could be solved in other countries. If I went to India, I could see how the Indians are dealing with these problems. But my main reason for going there would be that I think I would enjoy myself because India has many unusual and beautiful places.


1. What does the author wish? Why? When did he first get interested in India? 2. What did he learn about India from the friends that he made at the university? 3. What would he do if he got a chance to visit the country? 4. What is his opinion about the problems of India? What wish does he express in the end?

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. Another word for ‘offered’ is ................... . (a) gave (b) took (c) praised (d) thanked 2. The opposite of ‘shortage’ is ................... . (a) plenty (b) crisis (c) insufficiency (d) shock 3. The phrase ‘deal with’ means ................... . (a) think seriously (b) do business (c) take action about (d) lower in quality 4. The word ‘unusual’ means ................... . (a) thick (b) common (c) ordinary (d) extraordinary

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. An interschool Kabaddi Competition is organised by your school. Write a notice, in not more than

50 words requesting the students to be present at the venue to encourage the players. Invent all the necessary details. You are Arjun, the Sports Captain of your school. (4 marks)

4. You are Suraj. You are worried to see the bad condition of the public library in your locality. You have been writing to the local authorities about it but no action has been taken so far. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper highlighting the plight of the library. Also mention the importance of a library in society. Your letter should not exceed 100-120 words. (8 marks)

5. Write a letter to your father who lives in other city requesting him to credit some money to your bank account as you have to pay your annual examination fee. (8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)Solomon was a king (a) .......................... the jews. He was known to be the .......................... man (b) .......................... his day. His wisdom has become proverbial, indeed. Even today, we use his name (c) comparisons, saying, “He (d) .......................... as wise as Solomon”. Solomon (e) .......................... not only wise (f) .......................... very humble and patient as well.

7. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (1 × 4 = 4 marks)

Snails are mollusks, / means a kind e.g. which of animals without backbones. There / two (a) ................................... basic kinds of snails: / first includes (b) ................................... the snails which / shelts; the second, (c) ................................... those which are covered merely / a thin mantle. (d) ...................................



(a) marsupials/ a separate/ the/ animals/ order/ of/ are (b) young marsupials/ tiny and helpless/ are/ when/ are born/ they (c) they/ are fed/ live/ mother’s body/ and/ in a pouch/ on/ their

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A VISIT TO PURI – KONARK – BHUBANESHWARTemples seen all around, announce one’s arrival at Bhubaneshwar.The largest temple is the 54m-high Lingaraj Temple built in the 11th century. Non-Hindus are not allowed to enter the temple precincts. So the British built a platform outside to be able to look at the temple walls with their rich decorative sculptures.The smallest (11m), yet most perfect jewel, among the temples is the Mukteswara Temple of the 10th century, famous for the Panchatantra stone relics on its entrance arch.Puri looks a cross between a shanty town and a permanent mela with shops on stilts and a constant hub of activity. Puri is famous for the Jagannath Temple, the home of Lord Vishnu. The beach at Puri is fine for a short walk or a dip in the ocean, especially at dawn or sunset when the water is at its best. But I found the beaches of Konark far superior as they are still bordered by pine forests and tropical vegetation instead of concrete jungles. From Puri, the road meanders for about 85 km, through lush green fields dotted by somnolent villages and shrines dedicated to tribal gods before arriving at the quiet, seaside resort of Konark.We walk between rows of stalls displaying applique umbrellas, bags, mats, sea shells and an assortment of divine figurines towards one of the most magnificent temples ever created — the Sun Temple. More than 1,000 artisans took 16 years to construct this 13th century architectural wonder. Originally the temple was on the seashore, but over the centuries the water receded. When the silt and rubble were cleared in the beginning of this century, 24 magnificent, stone-carved wheels were revealed. The wheels prop up the stone chariot pulled by seven powerful horses which bear the actual temple. The animal statues at the temple depict martial strength.

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. What is Puri famous for? 2. Name the largest temple located at Bhubaneshwar. What is its height? 3. Why did the British build a platform outside the temple? 4. What is Mukteshwar temple famous for? 5. How does the writer describe the beach at Puri? 6. What can one see between Puri and Konark? 7. Why is the Sun Temple known as an architectural wonder? 8. Pick out a word from the above passage that means the same as ‘a roughly made hut’. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

Claude Monet, a 19th century French painter; was the most famous artist associated with the movement known as impressionism. Monet was born on November 14, 1840, and even as a young man he was known for producing small portraits in charcoal. In 1858 Monet met the artist Eugene Boudin, who became his mentor and introduced Monet to painting outdoors, or “en plein air” as it came to be known. In 1859, at the age of 19, Monet moved to Paris to become a professional artist. Most artists of his time tried to imitate nature realistically, but in his landscape painting Monet instead sought to portray nature as it appeared to him. In particular, he was interested in how light affects the ways that we perceive color in one of his most famous series of works, Monet painted the cathedral in Rouen, France at several



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different times of day, showing how changes in natural light make the cathedral appear to change color. In 1883, Monet moved to a small French town called Giverny, where he built an elaborate garden. This garden, in particular its water lily ponds, became the chief subject of Monet’s later painting. Monet’s paintings of water lilies were extremely influential to 20th century modern artists. In these paintings Monet used the landscape merely as a starting point, creating abstract fields of vibrant color. These paintings relied on broad, thick brushstrokes. The texture of these brushstrokes gave the canvases a tactile quality that contrasted sharply with the smooth canvases produced by more traditional artists. Though he struggled financially throughout his life when Monet died in 1926, he was one of the most famous and influential painters in the world.


1. Who was Claude Monet? How was his meeting with Eugene Boudin significant in his life? 2. When did he become a professional artist? Describe the characteristic features of his painting. 3. Why did Monet paint the cathedral in Rouen, France at several different times of day? 4. What made Monet’s paintings of water lilies so popular among the 20th century modern artists?

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. The word ‘mentor’ means ................... . (a) follower (b) colleague (c) classmate (d) a trusted adviser 2. The opposite of ‘particular’ is ................... . (a) general (b) careless (c) especial (d) precise 3. The phrase ‘a tactile quality’ suggests the Monet’s canvases were ................... . (a) beautiful (b) smooth (c) colourful (d) rough 4. The word ‘influential’ in the last line has been used as ................... . (a) noun (b) adjective (c) adverb (d) verb

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. As librarian of Crescent International School, Gwalior, draft a notice in not more than 50 words

asking all students and teachers to return the library books they have borrowed, two days before the commencement of the examination. (4 marks)

4. The internet cannot replace a classroom teacher. Write a debate in 100-120 words either for a or against the motion. (8 marks)

5. Writeaspeechtobedeliveredinthemorningassemblyonthetopic‘Benefitsofearlyrising’. (8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)People living around (a) .............................. oasis depend (b) .............................. their living on the careful use (c) .............................. small quantity of water. (d) .............................. inch of land is utilised to grow as (e) .............................. food items as possible. The desert soil is fertile, (f) .............................. the hot sun causes quick ripening.

7. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the given space. Don’t forget to underline the correction: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Small deeds of kindness brings (a) ............... ................ fame, prosperity but popularity. (b) ............... ................ One that teaches the poor boys (c) ............... ................ and girls one hour the day renders (d) ............... ................ a great service of humanity. A man (e) ............... ................


who feed the ants with a few (f) ................ ................ pinch of flour everyday gains (g) ............... ................ a lot by the passage of time. (h) ............... ................ 7.Re-arrangethefollowingwords/phrasestomakemeaningfulsentences.Thefirstonehasbeen

done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)Example:born at/ Jawaharlal Nehru/ in 1889/ was/ Allahabad/ 14th November/ onJawaharlal Nehru was born at Allahabad on 14th November in 1889.

Moral: ...................................................................... .

(a) Motilal Nehru/ his father/ lawyer/ was/ great/ a (c) sent/ he/ for higher studies/ his son/ at the age of 15/ to England (d) he/ there/ the Public School/ joined/ at Harrow

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The new tenant who had come to Flat 4C was a smuggler. Ratan was sure of that. The man had straight, black brows and when he smiled, which was seldom, he showed teeth that were crooked. ‘Just like the villain in the film Moti Moti,’ thought Ratan. And was this all his furniture? One cot, a table, two chairs and a steel almirah. Ratan’s father could carry most of it himself, except for the almirah, and for that he had only to call the maali (gardener).When everything was taken upstairs—and it took only two trips in the lift and one up the stairs—when the furniture was dumped with a thud on the floor, how little it looked. How ridiculously small! Ratan thought of the other drawing-rooms in the building. The one in 2A, Bhaskar’s, with its large chairs and all those books. And what about the drawing room in Gopi’s house, 4B, just next door? How beautiful it was, with its red carpet where your feet went right in and the huge sofas and the big TV set that needed six men to carry it up.Then there was the other thing. Why did this new tenant want to stay in this block of flats anyway? He had not come with a family; he could so easily have stayed in Nilgiri apartments, just opposite, where there were one-room flats. Why did he have to come here, to a flat with three rooms plus a drawing-dining and two bathrooms? Two bathrooms, imagine that!

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. What did Ratan think about the new tenant? 2. What were his belongings? Why did Ratan’s father call the maali? 3. Who lived in Flat Nos.2A and 4B? 4. Gopi’s drawing room, according to Ratan, was beautiful. What made it look so beautiful? 5. The new tenant, according to Ratan, should stay in a one-room flat. Why? 6. Where was Nilgiri apartments? What facility could one get there? 7. What does the above passage reflect about Ratan? 8. Pick out a word from the above passage which means “a dull low sound”. 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

A stamp is, to many people, just a slip of paper that takes a letter from one town or country to another. They are unable to understand why we stamp collectors find so much pleasure in collecting them and how we find the time in which to indulge in our hobby. To them it seems a waste of time, a waste of effort and a waste of money. But they do not realise that there are many who do buy stamps, many who find the effort worthwhile and many who, if they did not spend their time collecting stamps, would spend it less profitably. We all seek something to do in our leisure hours and what better occupation is there to keep us out of mischief than that of collecting stamps? An album, a packet of hinges, a new supply of stamps, and the time passes swiftly and pleasantly.Stamp-collecting has no limits and a collection never has an end; countries are always printing and issuing new stamps to celebrate coronations, great events, anniversaries and deaths. And the fascination of collecting is trying to obtain these stamps before one’s rivals. Every sphere of stamp-collecting has its fascination — receiving letters from distant countries and discovering old stamps in the leaves of dusty



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old books. A stamp itself has a fascination of its own. Gazing at its little picture we are transported to the wilds of Congo, the homes of the Arabs, and the endless tracks of the Sahara desert. There is a history in every stamp. The ancient Roman Empire and the Constitution of America, India’s Independence and the Allied victory, are all conveyed to our mind’s eye by means of stamps. We see famous men, pictures, writers, scientists, soldiers, politicians and famous incidents. Stamps, so small and minute, contain knowledge that is vast and important.


1. What do many people think about stamps and the hobby of stamp-collecting? 2. • On which occasions do countries print and issue new stamps? • Why is there a rivalry among stamp collections? 3. The author says ‘Every sphere of stamp-collecting has its fascination’. How? Explain. 4. How does this hobby enhance our knowledge?

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. One of the following is the noun form of ‘indulge’. (a) indulgent (b) indulgence (c) indulgently (d) indulged 2. One of the following which does not mean ‘swiftly’ is ................... . (a) fast (b) quickly (c) slowly (d) speedily 3. Another word for ‘fascination’ is ................... . (a) attraction (b) disappointment (c) pleasure (d) repulsion 4. The opposite of ‘victory’ is ................... . (a) success (b) defeat (c) contest (d) barrier

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. While travelling by bus from Noida to South Extension, you left behind your bag containing ` 2000

and some important documents. Write a notice for the Lost and Found column of the Hindustan Times. (4 marks)

4. You are Ranjan/Ranjana,aclassVIIstudent.Youcamefirstinadebatecompetitionandgotacash prize of ` 2500. Write a diary entry in 100-120 words expressing your feeling. (8 marks)

5. You had bought an expensive wrist watch last month. Now it is not functioning properly. Write a letter to the Manager, Garg Watch, New Delhi complaining about it and requesting him to replace it immediately as it is within guarantee period. (8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)Nature has provided us (a) ........................... an inbuilt mechanism–sleep. Sleep is very important as that is (b) ........................... the body releases stress (c) ........................... energy gets recuperated. To some extent, sleep takes care (d) ............................ the fatigue. But most of the time, stress remains (e) .......................... the system. For tackling these kinds of stresses, there are techniques (f) ............................ pranayam and meditation.

7. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the given space. Also underline the corrections: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

Two goldfish has survived 134 days (a) ............... ................ since a devastated earthquake hit (b) ............... ................ New Zealand without many pet (c) ............... ................ food or electricity for power (d) ............... ................ its tank filter. The goldfish were (e) ............... ................


in a 100–litre tank into the (f) ................ ................ reception area at Quantum Chartered Accountants in Christchurch while the (g) ............... ................ earthquake strike, killing 181 people. (h) ............... ................ But the goldfish were found alive. 8. Read the following conversation and complete the blanks in indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks) Ratan : I have planned to go to see Harry Potter today. Chetan : Then I’ll also accompany you. Ratan : You are so small. You won’t understand the film. Chetan : I’ll. I know about Harry Potter.

Ratan told Chetan that (a) .............................. . Then Chetan said (b) .............................. . At this Ratan told him that he was so small and that he would not understand the film. Chetan replied that he would understand the film because (c) .............................. about Harry Potter.

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HOW DID THE EGYPTIANS PRESERVE MUMMIES?A mummy is a dead body embalmed or treated for burial with preservatives. The Egyptians believed in life after death. They thought of the soul as a bird with a human face that could fly around by day, but must return to the dead body at night for fear of evil spirits! The body was therefore preserved after death in the form of a ‘mummy’.The word ‘mummy’ comes from the Arabic word ‘mummiyah’ which means a body preserved by wax or tar. Before about 3000 B.C., the Egyptians used to bury their dead in a curled-up position in the hot sand of the desert. The sand preserved their bodies.Later, important persons were buried in tombs cut from the rocks. But the pyramids and rock tombs were not so dry as the desert sand, and moisture could have spoiled the body. So they had to develop some way for preserving the bodies in the tombs. This is why they developed the art of mummification.The process of mummy preservation varied from age to age. When a person died, some of the internal organs like brain, digestive system and lungs were removed. These were preserved separately and placed in four vases called ‘Canopic Jars’. Later they were replaced in the body. Then the body was treated with salts. The salts acted with the dry, desert air to remove moisture from the body. Once dried, the body was bathed, rubbed with resin from pine trees, and wrapped in hundreds of meters of linen. This whole process took about 70 days.In the meantime the special case for the mummy was made by carpenters. If the man was rich and important, a number of mummy cases were made—each one fitting closely in the other. Artists decorated the cases with many bright colours. The walls of the tomb were decorated with tents and pictures which told the story of the man’s life. Then all the things that had made the man comfortable in his lifetime were collected and placed in the tomb. In this way, the Egyptians believed that they had prepared the man for his next life. (Source: Children’s Knowledge Bank)

On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the following questions in brief: (1 × 8 = 8 marks) 1. What is a mummy? What did Egyptians believe in? 2. How did the Egyptians use to bury their dead before 3000 B.C.? Why did they use hot sand? 3. What led to the development of the art of mummification? 4. Some of the internal organs like brain, digestive system and lungs were removed from the dead body. 5. What was done with the body once it was dried? 6. How much time did the process of mummy preservation take? Who made the special cases for the

mummy? 7. How were the mummy cases of rich people decorated? 8. What was the last step of the process of mummy preservation? 2. Read the following passage carefully: (12 marks)

PRAISED BY ENEMIES TOOThere can be no one who does not melt upon hearing the qualities of Rama. Therefore it is quite understandable that those who were fortunate to have lived in His time, and been a part of his life during His avatara, should have borne great love for Him. He was spoken of kindly even by those who were ill disposed towards Him, said Kurichi Sreenarayanachariar, in a lecture. If our loved ones and family and



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friends love us, that is nothing to be surprised about. But if a person is praised even by his enemies, then he must have had special qualities. Rama had many such endearing qualities, that made friend and foe alike, respect Him.When Rama is dropped off at the forest, even the horses that draw the chariot are reluctant to go back. Plants wither in their sorrow. Even aquatic plants dry up, because the water has become hot with Rama’s separation.Rama’s words to Sumantra, show His magnanimity and concern for others, two qualities that are present in Him in such large measure, that they alone are enough to justify the kind of affection everyone bore for Him.He asks Sumantra to convey to Dashratha His respects. There is not a trace of bitterness in Rama’s attitude to the father who banished Him to the forest. He has a request to Kaushalya. She is to take good care of Dashratha. Bharata is to be treated as a king. His message to Bharata is that he should not be unkind to Kaikeyi. Bearing Rama’s messages to the members of his family who are still in Ayodhya, Sumantra leaves the forest.Dashratha dies, heartbroken, and Bharata, who is visiting his maternal uncle, is summoned. He is shocked at the turn of events, and asks Kaikeyi why Rama has been banished. Only one who has committed unforgivable sins would have been banished. Had Rama committed treason? Had He coveted another’s wife? Why then had He been exiled? Kaikeyi, although she is the cause for Rama’s exile, tells Bharata that Rama is incapable of even looking at another man’s wife. Who but Rama would impress people so much, that even if they were jealous of Him, even if they had caused Him difficulties in a fit of anger, they would still be unable to criticize Him? Source: The Hindu


1. Based on paragraph 1, write the content of Kurichi Sreenarayanachariar’s lecture. 2. • How do the horses drawing Rama’s chariot and plants express their sorrow at his (Rama’s)

separation? • Which two qualities of Rama make Him a Superman? 3. What are Rama’s messages for Sumantra, Kaushalya and Bharata? What do they reveal about Him? 4. Based on the last paragraph, answer these questions: • What happens to Dashratha? • How do Bharata react at Rama’s exile?

II. VOCABULARY: (1 × 4 = 4 marks) 1. One of the following which is the antonym of ‘reluctant’. (a) sloth (b) unwilling (c) willing (d) disinclined 2. The word ‘aquatic’ in paragraph is used as ................... . (a) noun (b) verb (c) adjective (d) adverb 3. Another word for ‘magnanimity’ is ................... . (a) selfishness (b) nobility (c) meanness (d) pride 4. The word ‘coveted’ means ................... . (a) desired a thing belonging to another (b) loved a thing whole-heartedly (c) sought favour by lowly behaviour (d) showed respect to elders

SECTION – B : WRITING & GRAMMAR (30 MARKS) 3. As Principal of Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Lucknow, draft a notice in not more than 50 words

informing students of a proposed visit to some important historical sites in your city.(4 marks) 4. You are interested in doing a short term course in computer during your holidays. Write an e-mail

to the Manager, Shivam Computers, Delhi asking for all the necessary details. (8 marks) 5. Regular practice of Yoga can help in maintaining good health and even in the prevention of so

many ailments. Write a speech in 100-120 words to be delivered in the morning assembly by on the usefulness of yoga. (8 marks)

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)Confucius was one of the greatest moral teachers and philosophers (a) .......................... China. He studied ancient writings (b) .......................... great devotion. These works taught him many new ideas (c) ................... character development.


7. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the given space. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)

The biggest change to man’s daily (a) ............... ................ life comes about two hundred years (b) ............... ................ ago. That was while a largely agrarian (c) ............... ................ community changed to one into which (d) ............... ................ industry, and particularly the used of (e) ............... ................ machines, gaining significance. (f) ............... ................ This exciting period to human (g) ............... ................ history was called the Industrial Revolution. (h) ............... ................ 8. Change the following into indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks) (a) He said, “I am very sorry for the mistake”. (b) The teacher said, “The earth revolves round the sun”. (c) Priti said, “My father will come today”.

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