Cocoa Biotechnology- Status, Constraints and Future Prospects
The Semantic Web: status and prospects
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The Semantic Web:Status and Prospects
Guus Schreiber
University of Amsterdam
Co-chair W3C Web Ontology Working Group
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The Evolving Web
Web ofKnowledge
HyperText Markup LanguageHyperText Transfer Protocol
Resource Description FrameworkeXtensible Markup Language Self-Describing Documents
Foundation of the Current Web
Proof, Logic andOntology Languages Shared terms/terminology
Machine-Machine communication
1990
2000
2010
Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001
DOCUMENTS
DATA/PROGRAMS
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Semantics for the Web:some challenges
Machine-processable representation of semantic information
Defining semantics in an OPEN environment• Adding semantics to other people’s semantics • Ability for everyone to contribute
Ability to define mappings between semantic representations• Semantic representations are context-dependent,
but commonalities can/must be captured Creating a critical mass of semantic content
• In the end, this will be the critical success factor
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W3C’s view on Web Semantics
Semantic Web LayerCake (Berners-Lee, 99;Swartz-Hendler, 2001)
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Semantic web languages provide “external” referents for XML documents
CV
name
education
work
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SW languages add mappingsAnd structure.
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What is an Ontology?
In philosophy: theory of what exists in the world
In IT: consensual & formal description consensual & formal description of shared concepts in a domainof shared concepts in a domain
– Aid to human communication and shared understanding, by specifying meaning
– Machine-processable (e.g., agents use ontologies in communication)
Ontology = key technology in Ontology = key technology in semantic information processingsemantic information processing
– Applications: knowledge management, e-business, industrial engineering, semantic world-wide web
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Typical semantic-web use case: image search
A person searches for photos of an “orange ape”
An image collection of animal photographs contains snapshots of orang-utans.
The search engine finds the photos, despite the fact that the words “orange” and “ape” do not appear in annotations
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Example semantic annotation
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RDF annotation about a web resource
chimpanzee
scratchingthe head
youngape08.jpg
activeagent
posture
life stage
Speciesontology
WordNet
ICONCLASS
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Ontologies describes the concepts used
great ape
grass landsrain forest
Africa
chimpanzee
geographicalrange
subClassOf
typicalhabitat
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Use of semantic markup in query interfaces
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Annotating with a concept:term disambiguation
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W3C’s Semantic Web Activity
Started in March 2001• Follow-up of Metadata activity
RDF Core Working Group• Revision of RDF and RDF Schema
Web Ontology Working Group• Started November 1, 2001• 50+ members
– HP, IBM, Lucent, Daimler Chrysler, Fujitsu, Intel, Sun, EDS, Motorola, Nokia, Philips, Unisys, ….
All proceedings are public• See http://www.w3.org under “Semantic Web”
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RDF and RDF Schema
RDF• Baseline representation for annotations of web
resources• Simple triple format• Already many tools and used in browsers such as
Mozilla RDF Schema
• Base-level specification of semantics• Language constructs include: class, property,
subclass subproperty• Classes and properties are themselves also
resources: enables annotations about annotations
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The Web Ontology Language OWL
OWL adds expressivity to RDF Schema to enable more powerful semantics:• cardinality restrictions, local range constraints,
equality of resources, inverse, symmetric and transitive properties, boolean class combinations, disjointness and completeness
OWL Lite: subset of features that is easy to implement and use
OWL DL: subset of features supporting description-logic reasoning (e.g. useful for ontology construction)
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OWL documents
Published:• Requirements document• OWL Guide (language walkthrough)• OWL Feature synopsis• OWL Reference• OWL Semantics• OWL Test cases
In preparation: • UML and XML presentation syntax
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Moving to the future of the web
Semantic Web LayerCake (Berners-Lee, 99;Swartz-Hendler, 2001)
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Web services require ontologies
Source: the Web (can’t find it anymore)
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Use semantics for service composition
Translate my symptoms fromFrench and find me a pharmacythat has the necessary medicine(then compute how to get thereand print the directions)
Print the directions to a pharmacywhich has a medicine that curesthe symptoms that I will tell you (in French)
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Services need web logics
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Will the Semantic Web succeed?
One big plus: there is a growing need for semantic search of information
Availability of large amounts of semantic content is essential• There is a lot of content already out there.
First applications are likely to be in area of large virtual collections• E.g., cultural heritage, medicine
Web services will not work without ontologies