The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

SS.B.2.4.1-4; SC.D.2.4.1; SS.B.2.4.1-4; SC.D.2.4.1; SS.A.2.4.3-5SS.A.2.4.3-5

Escaping Etruscan RuleEscaping Etruscan Rule753-509 B.C.: Rome is under Etruscan 753-509 B.C.: Rome is under Etruscan

influence, ruled by seven kingsinfluence, ruled by seven kings509 B.C.: Romans overthrow last king509 B.C.: Romans overthrow last king

A Roman A Roman republicrepublic is formed is formedAfter the formation of the Roman After the formation of the Roman

Republic, Rome spends the next 200 Republic, Rome spends the next 200 years at war with hostile neighborsyears at war with hostile neighbors

338-288 B.C.: Rome conquers entire 338-288 B.C.: Rome conquers entire Plain of Latium, and large swaths of Plain of Latium, and large swaths of central Italycentral Italy

Growing Roman PowerGrowing Roman Power

The new lands under Roman control The new lands under Roman control brought the Romans in closer contact brought the Romans in closer contact with the Greek colonies to the southwith the Greek colonies to the south

By 264 B.C. Rome was at war with By 264 B.C. Rome was at war with the Greek colonies in southern Italy, the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and the Etruscans to the north.and the Etruscans to the north.

260 B.C.: Rome controls most of Italy260 B.C.: Rome controls most of ItalyRome adopts the best of Greek and Rome adopts the best of Greek and

Etruscan culturesEtruscan cultures

The Roman ConfederationThe Roman Confederation

To rule Italy, the Romans formed a To rule Italy, the Romans formed a confederation :confederation :Some communities, most Latins, were Some communities, most Latins, were

given full Roman citizenshipgiven full Roman citizenshipOther communities were made allies:Other communities were made allies:

Free to run own affairs/communitiesFree to run own affairs/communitiesMust provide soldiers for Roman armyMust provide soldiers for Roman armyItalian allies could achieve citizenshipItalian allies could achieve citizenshipConfederation made conquered peoples feel Confederation made conquered peoples feel

they were a big part of Rome and Roman they were a big part of Rome and Roman success success

Roman SuccessRoman Success

Roman historian Livy, tells stories Roman historian Livy, tells stories depicting virtues Romans should aspire depicting virtues Romans should aspire toto

Romans=good diplomats Romans=good diplomats citizenship, autonomycitizenship, autonomy

Military might and infrastructureMilitary might and infrastructureForts, roads, weaponryForts, roads, weaponry

Practical governmentPractical governmentCreating government institutions in Creating government institutions in

response to problems, not to preempt themresponse to problems, not to preempt them

Roman GovernmentRoman GovernmentRome was made of two classes of Rome was made of two classes of

people:people:Patricians: Patricians: great land-owners, rulersgreat land-owners, rulersPlebeians: Plebeians: less wealthy land-owners, less wealthy land-owners,

craftsman, merchants, farmerscraftsman, merchants, farmersExecutive offices of government:Executive offices of government:

Consuls:Consuls: 2 elected every year to run 2 elected every year to run government and lead army into battlegovernment and lead army into battle

Praetors:Praetors: in charge of Roman civil law, in charge of Roman civil law, citizens, eventually another was added for citizens, eventually another was added for cases involving one or more noncitizenscases involving one or more noncitizens

The Roman SenateThe Roman Senate

Enjoyed a special place in Roman societyEnjoyed a special place in Roman society300 patricians who served for life300 patricians who served for lifeBegan as advisory group for leadersBegan as advisory group for leaders300 B.C. the advice of the Senate is law300 B.C. the advice of the Senate is lawCenturiate Assembly: Centuriate Assembly: another another

assembly in charge of electing consuls assembly in charge of electing consuls and praetors, and passing laws.and praetors, and passing laws.

The Struggle of the OrdersThe Struggle of the OrdersPatricians vs. PlebeiansPatricians vs. Plebeians

not allowed to marry outside your classnot allowed to marry outside your classPlebeians: serve in army + Plebeians: serve in army +

protecting republic= equal rightsprotecting republic= equal rightsCouncil of the Plebes:Council of the Plebes: 471 BC, 471 BC,

tribunes protect plebeians, plebeians tribunes protect plebeians, plebeians allowed to become consuls. By 287 allowed to become consuls. By 287 BC, council has ability to pass law. BC, council has ability to pass law. All men can vote.All men can vote.

New senatorial class keeps powerNew senatorial class keeps power

Roman LawRoman LawRome’s system of law=gift to worldRome’s system of law=gift to worldFirst laws= First laws= Twelve Tables Twelve Tables (450 BC)(450 BC)

Small farming system, not good for big Small farming system, not good for big citycity

New civil laws applied only to citizensNew civil laws applied only to citizensLaws of Nations:Laws of Nations: Laws for to apply Laws for to apply

standard of justice for all; based on standard of justice for all; based on reasonreasonInnocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guiltyRight to defend oneself before a judgeRight to defend oneself before a judge

Rome On A WarpathRome On A Warpath

After conquering Italy, Rome clashes After conquering Italy, Rome clashes with another power in the Med.--with another power in the Med.--Carthage Carthage Phoenician city-state founded 800 BCPhoenician city-state founded 800 BCCarthaginian Empire included N. Africa, Carthaginian Empire included N. Africa,

Spain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. SicilySpain, Corsica, Sardinia and W. SicilyControlled trade in Western Med. SeaControlled trade in Western Med. Sea

Rome did not like Carthaginians in Sicily Rome did not like Carthaginians in Sicily being so close to Italy--clash in 264 BCbeing so close to Italy--clash in 264 BC

First Punic WarFirst Punic War

264 BC: war b/w Rome and Carthage264 BC: war b/w Rome and Carthage ““Punic” comes for Roman word for Phoenician Punic” comes for Roman word for Phoenician

((punicuspunicus)) Rome sends troops to Sicily, part of Rome sends troops to Sicily, part of

Carthaginian Empire, Carthage reads as Carthaginian Empire, Carthage reads as act of waract of war

Rome builds a navy to wage warRome builds a navy to wage war 241: Roman navy beats Carthage, gains 241: Roman navy beats Carthage, gains

control of Sicilycontrol of Sicily Carthage expands Spanish holdings, vows Carthage expands Spanish holdings, vows

revengerevenge

The Second Punic WarThe Second Punic War

Rome encourages Spanish revoltRome encourages Spanish revoltHannibalHannibal, decides to bring war to Rome, decides to bring war to RomeFrom Spain, Hannibal brings army of From Spain, Hannibal brings army of

46,000 men, with horses and 37 46,000 men, with horses and 37 elephants across the Alps--most elephants across the Alps--most elephants diedelephants died

216 BC: Rome meets Hannibal, loses at 216 BC: Rome meets Hannibal, loses at Cannae, Rome loses army of 40,000+Cannae, Rome loses army of 40,000+

Rome raises another armyRome raises another army

The Battle Continues…The Battle Continues…Hannibal takes control of many Italian Hannibal takes control of many Italian

cities, free to roam Italy, but not cities, free to roam Italy, but not powerful enough to take major citiespowerful enough to take major cities

206 BC: Rome takes back Italian cities, 206 BC: Rome takes back Italian cities, and pushes Carthage out or Spainand pushes Carthage out or Spain

202 BC: 202 BC: Battle of Zama, Battle of Zama, Rome takes Rome takes fight to Carthage, Hannibal recalled fight to Carthage, Hannibal recalled from Italy, crushed by Romansfrom Italy, crushed by Romans

Rome dominates Mediterranean regionRome dominates Mediterranean region

Third Punic WarThird Punic War

50 years later powerful Romans call for 50 years later powerful Romans call for complete destruction of Carthagecomplete destruction of Carthage

146 BC: Carthage destroyed, buildings 146 BC: Carthage destroyed, buildings burned, Carthange=Roman province of burned, Carthange=Roman province of “Africa”, 50,000+ sold as slaves“Africa”, 50,000+ sold as slaves

Rome also battled Hellenistic KingdomsRome also battled Hellenistic Kingdoms 148 BC: Macedonia=Roman province148 BC: Macedonia=Roman province 146 BC: Greece=Roman province146 BC: Greece=Roman province 129 BC: Pergamum becomes first Roman 129 BC: Pergamum becomes first Roman

province in Asiaprovince in Asia