The risks of shift and extended work hours Laurence Hartley Murdoch University.
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Transcript of The risks of shift and extended work hours Laurence Hartley Murdoch University.
![Page 1: The risks of shift and extended work hours Laurence Hartley Murdoch University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649da75503460f94a93595/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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The risks of shift and extended work hours
Laurence Hartley
Murdoch University
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This talk
• First half presents the hazards of shiftwork
• Second half presents the hazards of extended work hours
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What is shift work?
• Shift work: the alternation of teams of workers, usually performing the same tasks, so work can continue for longer than one work period
• Some or all, work will occur outside of daytime hours
• Work hours can be fixed or rotate (change) and rotation can be fast or slow
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What’s the problem for shiftworkers? The rhythms of alertness & sleepiness
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The daily circadian rhythms• Rhythms driven by clock in brain• Alertness is max during the day• Sleepiness increases during the night• Maximum sleepiness in pre-dawn• Clock is mainly set by day light• So clock time cannot be easily changed• So workers do not adapt much to
shiftwork
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The 4 Hazards of Shiftwork 1. Increased risk of errors & accidents
when working or driving at night 2 Insufficient daytime sleep leads to increased fatigue & sleepiness
3. Increase in health problems
4. Increase in social and domestic problems
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1. Daytime sleep is insufficient for night
shiftworkers
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alertness &daytime sleep
• Circadian rhythms (daily rhythms) in body clock keeps body awake and alert during the day; daytime not suitable for sleep!
• Circadian rhythm of alertness means night workers are most sleepy at work and driving home
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shiftwork sleep problems
• Other ‘disturbances’ during the day eg. noise, light, heat
• Body rhythms and external disturbances combine so that day sleep is shorter (1-2hrs) and of poorer quality than night sleep
• Early shift start times cut down night sleep
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sleep loss & shiftwork• Insufficient sleep (<7-8hrs) or poor quality sleep
leads to sleepiness & fatigue, and decreased alertness & performance
• A “sleep debt” of ~ 2 h per night shift accumulates; 3 night shifts = 1 lost sleep.
• 2-3 nights needed to recover from debt.
• Workers may not realise how sleepy they are at work (masking) till driving home
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Sleep loss leads to microsleeps
• Insufficient sleep increases the likelihood of “microsleeps” and ‘nodding off’ occurring
• People are unaware of microsleeps
• Loss of awareness and control of surroundings ……. an accident can happen!
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2. More errors and accidents at night
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Folkard (2003) Mean relative risk across 3 shifts
SHIFT
Night (22-06)Afternoon (14-22)Morning (06-14)
Me
an
RR
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
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Folkard (2003) Mean relative risk over 4 successive night shifts
Successive Night Shifts
4321
Me
an
RR
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
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Folkard (2003) Relative risk of different blocks of successive night shifts
No of Successive Nights
7654321
Me
an
RR
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
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driving• Three times risk of a crash with less 6 h sleep
• Night workers are more likely to fall asleep at the wheel, and to have a crash or near-miss than day workers
• Night workers are at 6 times the risk of a car crash than day workers, especially at dawn
• Fatigue and shift work is a major workplace road safety issue
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staying awake and BAC• Long hours awake without sleep can
impair performance to a similar/greater level than acceptable BAC for driving
17hrs awake leads to performance similar to BAC 0.05%
20-25hrs awake leads to performance similar to BAC 0.1%
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3. More health problems on the night shift
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adverse health concerns• Gastrointestinal complaints
- 20-75% night shift workers - 10-20% day & evening workers
• Cardiovascular Disease - a 40% increased risk for developing
cardiovascular disease for shift workers
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4. Social and Domestic Problems for the night
shift
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family and friends
• Shift workers can have less ‘suitable’ time off and less ‘quality’ time off
• Shift workers often curtail their sleep time to be with family and friends; this means they can be awake for a long period of time, and they do not get enough sleep
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Risks of extended hours of work
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Folkard (2003) Relative risk over hours on duty
Hours on Shift
121110987654321
Me
an
RR
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
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Folkard (2003) Estimated relative risk on different lengths of shift
Length of Shift (hours)
121110987654321
Me
an
RR
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
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Folkard (2003) Estimated relative risk on different spans of 8, 12 h
No of Successive Nights
7654321
Me
an
RR
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
8-hour
12-hour
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Hours of work-relative transport crash risk. Folkard, (1997)
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Hours of work -U.S. F.M.C.S.A.
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Shift work hazard control strategies
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Three Essential Shift Work Hazard Control Measures
1. Adequate, good quality sleep
2. Suitable shift work schedules
3. Appropriate work conditions
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1. Adequate, good quality sleep
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sleep hygiene rules
• Maintain pre-sleep routines similar to night sleep
• Bedroom dark and quiet
• Avoid caffeine for 5 hrs before sleep
• Avoid alcohol before sleep
• Avoid exercise before sleep
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napping• Naps can help maintain alertness,
performance, and safety
• Naps can supplement insufficient sleep,
but …
• BEST if taken after 7-8hrs main sleep and before feeling fatigued:Nap at home before night shift Nap early in the night shift Nap before driving home after night shift
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2. Suitable shift work schedules
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shift work schedules• No “one best” shift work system
• Employers should consider their worker population and work tasks, and decide, in collaboration with workers, on the most suitable schedule for their work place
• Then evaluate the schedule
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Recommendations• Rapid rotations are preferred to slow rotations
• No more than 2 consecutive night shifts
• Forward (clockwise) rotation of shifts
• 8hr shift length; 12hrs maximum
• 5-7 consecutive work days maximum Fewer if shifts >8hrs or night shifts
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recommendations
• 2 days off minimum after a block of shifts More if shifts >8hrs or night shifts
• 11hrs off minimum between
consecutive shifts
• Keep schedules regular and predictable, but allow flexibility
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3. Appropriate work conditions
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rest breaks
• Regular rest breaks reduce accidents
• Incorporate movement, stretching or light exercise, social interaction
• A proper meal break away from work duties
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work schedule
• Employers should tailor work tasks according to shift time; some tasks are not suitable for night shift
• Work tasks should vary during the shift
• Schedule tasks so monotonous, boring, dangerous, and safety critical tasks are done early in the night shift
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work environment
• Bright lighting, comfortable temperature, and good ventilation
• Background music may help temporarily
• Appropriate facilities for healthy eating
• Napping facilities
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Summary
• Shift work is an OH&S hazard – employers and employees have a duty of care to control or minimise the hazards
• Mutual responsibility is essential
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• Employers – duty of care to provide an appropriate work schedule and work environment, and continuing education and training for workers about coping strategies
• Employees – duty of care to follow the recommended strategies to manage their sleep, health, and family life