The Rise to Power of the Congressional Anti-Parks Caucus

8/18/2019 The Rise to Power of the Congressional Anti-Parks Caucus

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1 Center for American Progress | The Rise to Power of t he Congressional Anti- parks Caucus

The Rise to Power of the

Congressional Anti-parks CaucusBy Jenny Rowland April 11, 2016

For much o he firs decade o he 2000s, America’s naional parks were an area o rare

biparisan agreemen in Washingon, D.C. Presiden George W. Bush’s Inerior Secreary

Dirk Kemphorne proposed a $1 billion Naional Parks Cenennial Challenge program

o raise public and privae money or he Naional Park Sysem.1 Firs Lady Laura Bush

launched new iniiaives o ge more young people oudoors, promoed culural andhisoric preservaion, and lauded and advanced he Save America’s reasures iniiaive,

which was sared by hen-Firs Lady Hillary Clinon o proec and preserve hisoric

buildings, documens, and ar.2 Likewise, Congress passed dozens o naional parks,

wilderness, and public lands bills wih he unanimous suppor o is members.

oday, Washingon’s biparisan work o proec America’s parks and public lands seems

like a disan memory. Since 2010, Congress has been incapable o passing individual

parks and wilderness bills, legislaors are pressing o sell off ens o millions o acres

o publicly owned lands, and laws which help proec a-risk public landsincluding

he Aniquiies Ac and he Land and Waer Conservaion Fundare under relenlessatack.3 A Cener or American Progress analysis ound ha beween January 2013 and

March 2016 members o Congress filed a leas 44 bills or amendmens ha atemped

o remove or undercu proecions or parks and public landsmaking he 114h

Congress he mos ani-conservaion Congress in recen hisory.

Tere is no adequae explanaion or his erosion in he congressional consensus around

naional parks and public lands. Te ransormaion does no appear o be a conse-

quence o change in public opinion. Polls indicae ha overwhelming majoriies o vo-

ers suppor he conservaion o naional parks and public lands and hold high opinions

o he Naional Park Service, he U.S. Fores Service, and oher ederal land managemen

agencies.4 Eighy-hree percen o Americans, or example, would have a “avorable”

reacion o heir represenaive in Congress aking “a srong sand in suppor o policies

o proec and srenghen naional parks.”5 Te congressional shif also does no appear

o be a reacion o any paricular acion by Presiden Barack Obama; each o he naional

monumens creaed by his adminisraion has largely been suppored by local communi-

ies and eleced officials rom he area.6


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Research or his brie ound ha he breakdown o congressional suppor or naional

parks and public lands can be raced o 20 lawmakersa group o U.S. senaors and

represenaives ha CAP has dubbed he ani-parks caucuswhose record on parks-

relaed issues in he las hree years sharply diverges rom ha o heir colleagues and

he American public. Tis brie profiles each o hese members, reviews heir records on

naional parks and public lands issues, and explores how hey have gained power and

influence in advancing heir roubling agenda.

Moreover, his brie seeks o unpack he origins and moivaions o he ani-parks caucus,

which emerged afer he ea Pary wave in he 2010 elecion. According o a CAP analysis,

a leas one o he ollowing hree atribues applies o members o he ani-parks caucus:

1. Tey are members o he ea Pary.

2. Tey were challenged by a ea Pary candidae in a recen primary elecion.

3. Tey are rom disrics ha are less compeiive han average.

Mos members o he ani-parks caucus have had heir re-elecion bids hreaened by amore conservaive candidae in a primary elecion.7 Ta being he case, i seems ha

hese members’ quixoic atacks on naional parks and public lands are primarily he

resul o poliical calculaiona means o burnishing heir conservaive credenials. By

launching an ideological atack on he governmen’s auhoriy o proec and preserve

lands, waers, and wildlie, he ani-parks caucus is proving o conservaive primary vo-

ers ha i is opposed o he ederal governmen in every way.

Defining the anti-parks caucus

Tis brie used he ollowing our crieria, which are based on saemens and legislaive

records since 2013, o ideniy he 20 members o he ani-parks caucus:

1. Inroducion o ani-park legislaion, including effors o seize and

sell public lands, undermine he Aniquiies Ac o 1906, open

areas o proeced public land o expanded drilling or mining,

atacks on he Land and Waer Conservaion Fund, and atemps o

limi publicly available land or recreaion or habia conservaion

2. Te number o ani-parks bills ha he member co-sponsored

3. Membership in he Federal Land Acion Group, or FLAG, which

has saed ha is goal is o “develop a legislaive ramework or

ranserring public lands o local ownership and conrol”8

4. Writen or verbal saemens ha suppor ani-parks legislaion

or values. Tis includes saemens made by several lawmakers

ha dismissed he acions bu suppored he cause o he armed

exremiss, led by brohers Ammon and Ryan Bundy, who occu-

pied he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge earlier his year. I also

includes leters, floor speeches, and saemens o he media.

Anti-parks legislation

Attacks against the Antiquities Act

The Antiquities Act of 1906 gives the president autho

ity to protect American landscapes and historical sites

as national monuments. Since the law’s passage, near

every president has used it to protect important areas

Bills aimed at abolishing or weakening this law under

mine needed protections for many of America’s speci

places. The Antiquities Act is a critical tool that has

helped protect many of the country’s most treasured

national parks, such as the Grand Canyon and Acadia,

which were originally national monuments.


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I a member’s congressional record showed aciviies in a leas wo o he above our

areas, he lawmaker is clearly acive in he ani-parks movemen and can be considered a

member o he ani-parks caucus. Te ani-parks caucus also includes any member who

inroduced a bill o seize or sell public lands, as well as all FLAG members. Te seizure

o public lands can have serious impacs on boh public access and proecion saus. I

is no a coincidence ha hese legislaive effors echo he exreme demands o recenly

indiced milian rancher Cliven Bundy and his sons, Ryan and Ammon.

TABLE 1

The anti-parks caucus

Members of the anti-parks caucus and an inventory of their legislative attacks

against America’s parks and public lands, January 2013–March 2016

Member of U.S. House

of Representatives

or U.S. Senate

State-

district

Anti-parks

statement

FLAG

member

Introduced

land seizure

legislation

Introduced

Antiquities

Act legislation

Introduced

additional anti-

parks legislation

Number of

co-sponsored

anti-parks bills

Rep. Mark Amodei NV-2 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 4

Rep. Rob Bishop UT-1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 3

Rep. Diane Black TN-6 ✓ ✓ 0

Rep. Jason Chaffetz UT-3 ✓ ✓ ✓ 4

Rep. Paul Cook CA-8 ✓ ✓ 4

Sen. Ted Cruz TX ✓ ✓ 0

Sen. Steve Daines MT ✓ 1

Rep. Jeff Duncan SC-3 ✓ 4

Rep. Paul Gosar AZ-4 ✓ ✓ 8

Rep. Cresent Hardy NV-4 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 4

Rep. Raúl Labrador ID-1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2

Rep. Doug LaMalfa CA-1 ✓ 5

Sen. Mike Lee UT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2

Rep. Cynthia LummisWY-at

large ✓ ✓ 5

Sen. Lisa Murkowski AK ✓ ✓ 1

Rep. Steve Pearce NM-2 ✓ 6

Rep. Ted Poe TX-2 ✓ 1

Rep. Chris Stewart UT-2 ✓ ✓ ✓ 5

Rep. Greg Walden OR-2 ✓ ✓ 3

Rep. Don YoungAK-at

large ✓ ✓ ✓ 2

Sources: Author’s analysis of legislation and statements from members of the U.S. House of Representatives or U.S. Senate official websites and the Library of Congress’ Congress.gov database.

For more information on these sources, see endnotes in Jenny Rowland, “The Rise to Power of the Congressional Anti-Parks Caucus” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016).

See also Office of U.S. Congressman Chris Stewart, “Federal Land Action Group to Hold Forum on Tuesday, February 9th,” Press release, February 2, 2016, available at

https://stewart.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/federal-land-action-group-to-hold-forum-on-tuesday-february-9th.


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Members of the anti-parks caucus

Rep. Rob Bishop (R-UT)

As chair o he House Naural Resource Commitee, Rep. Bishop is responsible or

developing and advancing he House o Represenaives’ agenda or naional parks andpublic lands; his posiion makes him he mos powerul and acive member o he ani-

parks caucus.

Rep. Bishop is a ounding member o FLAG, a vocierous advocae or he disposal

o naional public lands, and a deender o anigovernmen acivism on public lands.

Speaking abou he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge occupaion during he heigh o

he akeover, he said, “I wan i o end wihou violence, bu I also undersand he rus-

raion and eelings people have working wih land agencies.”9

In addiion o being one o he mos vocal members in suppor o he land seizuremovemen, Rep. Bishop has spen more han hree years drafing legislaion ha would

aciliae he disposal o public lands in Uah. According o Rep. Bishop, his proposed

legislaionknown as he Public Lands Iniiaiveinends o creae a “locally-driven”

public lands law ha is “rooed in he belie ha conservaion and economic develop-

men can coexis.”10 However, his draf proposal would ranser 40,000 acres o public

lands o he sae o Uah, creae loopholes in he Wilderness Ac o 1964 o essenially

creae pseudo-wilderness areas, accelerae oil and gas developmen, and ail o ully

proec he Bears Ears culural area in he sae’s souheasern secion.11

Rep. Bishop is also a dogged opponen o he Aniquiies Ac and has inroduced H.R.1459 o undermine he presiden’s auhoriy o esablish new naional monumens.12

In a leter o Presiden Obama, Rep. Bishop and several oher members rom he Uah

delegaion wroe ha hey “do no suppor he use o he Aniquiies Ac wihin our

communiy and ask ha he adminisraion wihdraw any plans o do so.” 13

Addiionally, Rep. Bishop has co-sponsored hree ani-parks bills and inroduced draf

legislaion ha sough o kill he Land and Waer Conservaion Funda program com-

monly reerred o as “America’s bes parks program.”14

Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)

Sen. Murkowski is chair o he Senae Commitee on Energy and Naural Resources

and, like Rep. Bishop, plays a powerul role in deciding which bills will receive a hearing

beore Congress.


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Since 2013, Sen. Murkowski has inroduced our ani-parks bills or amendmens and has

been responsible or many o he mos high-profile public lands-relaed voes. She inro-

duced Senae amendmen 838 o las year’s budge resoluion, which was nonbinding

legislaion ha suppored he idea o selling and ranserring public lands o he saes.15

Te measure passed, and many members subsequenly aced serious poliical backlash or

voing in avor o he bill.16 Similarly, Sen. Murkowski inroduced an amendmen on he

2015 Keysone XL oil pipeline bill ha would have released several wilderness sudy areasrom preservaion.17 Te amendmen also had a high-profile voe, bu ulimaely ailed.

Sen. Murkowski has also inroduced wo bills in he las wo years ha aim o block or

weaken he Aniquiies Ac. Boh bills, S. 437 and S. 2608, would require congressional

approval or all new monumen designaions, and would require any sae wihin 100 nau-

ical miles o a proposed marine monumen o approve is designaion.18 Sen. Murkowski

has also cosponsored anoher Senae bill aimed a limiing he Aniquiies Ac.19

Rep. Mark Amodei (R-NV)

Rep. Amodei is a FLAG member and inroduced H.R. 1484, he Honor he Nevada

Enabling Ac o 1864which would seize Nevada public land or sae conrol.20 In

2015, Rep. Amodei also inroduced H.R. 488, which would cripple he Aniquiies

Ac by blocking he exension or creaion o naional monumens in Nevada, unless

auhorized by Congress.21 Rep. Amodei has also cosponsored our oher bills aimed a

curailing he Aniquiies Ac and seizing public lands.22 In response o he occupaion

o he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge, Rep. Amodei signed on o a join saemen

ha condemned ederal officials or law-breaking, raher han condemning he acions

o he armed milians.23

Rep. Diane Black (R-TN)

Rep. Black is a member o FLAG and has used he group o promoe her Federal Lands

Freedom Ac, or H.R. 866, which would give saes he opporuniy o ake conrol o

he permiting process on all orms o energy developmen on ederal lands.24 Alhough

he bill would exemp naional parks rom hese seizures, i is sill an exreme hrea o

hose who use public lands or recreaion or live near lands where energy producion is

likely o increase.


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Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT)

Rep. Chaffez has inroduced H.R. 435, he Disposal o Excess Federal Lands Ac,

which would dispose o 3 million acres o shared public lands by compeiive sale.25

Rep. Chaffez has also cosponsored and helped draf Rep. Bishop’s Public Lands

Iniiaive bill, which includes aspecs o land seizure and would creae pseudo-wilder-

ness areas and auhorize expanded oil and gas developmen on public lands.26 He hasalso co-sponsored hree addiional bills ha aim o undermine he Aniquiies Ac or

seize public land.27

Mos recenly, Rep. Chaffez inroduced legislaion ha would ge rid o he U.S. Bureau

o Land Managemen, or BLM, and Fores Service’s law enorcemen officersa con-

cerning developmen given he recen conronaions beween armed exremiss and

ederal employees on public lands.28 A recen CAP analysis ound ha he ederal agen-

cies ha manage public lands already have oo ew rangers and law enorcemen officers

o adequaely comba criminal aciviies on public lands.29

Rep. Paul Cook (R-CA)

A he beginning o he year, Rep. Cook inroduced H.R. 4313, which would allow

saes, counies, and privae companies o claim housands o miles o so-called Revised

Saue 2477or simply RS 2477highways across naional parks, monumens,

wilderness areas, and oher public lands.30 Te majoriy o he roues ha all under he

1866 saue are no ypical highways, and ofen include dry washes, cow pahs, or seis-

mic lines rom drilling exploraion, ha would serve o ragmen wildlie, waersheds,

and recreaion on public land.31

Rep. Cook has also cosponsored our bills o weaken or prohibi use o he Aniquiies

Ac.32 “I’ve always opposed any effor o creae monumens hrough he Presiden’s

Aniquiies Ac,” said Rep. Cook in response o he deser monumens ha were recenly

designaed in Caliornia. “Tis ime, special ineres groups hijacked hese monumen

designaions and ignored he wishes o hose who live closes and use he land mos

ofen.”33 Tis is despie he ac ha 75 percen o Caliornians suppor Presiden Obama

in proecing hese lands as naional monumens.34

“I’ve always opposed

any effort to create

monuments through

the President’s

Antiquities Act.”

—Rep. Cook


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Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX)

Sen. Cruz inroduced Senae amendmen 3456 o he Biparisan Sporsmen Ac o

2014, which would have prohibied he ederal governmen rom owning more han 50

percen o he land in any sae and orced any land beyond ha hreshold o be auc-

ioned off or ranserred o sae governmens.35 “In my view, he BLM already conrols

ar oo much land,” Cruz said in an inerview wih Breibar in 2014. “We should bereducing he amoun o ederal land ha he BLM conrols and he amoun o land ha

he ederal governmen owns.”36

Sen. Steve Daines (R-MT)

Sen. Daines has inroduced our pieces o legislaion o undermine he Aniquiies Ac:

wo amendmens o he 2015 Keysone XL Pipeline Approval AcS. Amd 176 and S.

Amd 132as well as an amendmen o he FY 2016 budge and H.R. 1434, a bill ha

would prohibi he creaion o parks or monumens by he presiden in Monana.37

Sen.Daines has also cosponsored ores managemen legislaion ha would prioriize log-

ging over recreaion and open new areas o roads and clear cuting.38

Rep. Jeff Duncan (R-SC)

Rep. Duncan is a FLAG member who has cosponsored a land seizure bill which would

ranser he auhoriy o leasing, permiting, and regulaing oil and naural gas on public

lands o he saes.39 He has also cosponsored wo bills ha would place sric limis on

he Aniquiies Ac and one ha would increase drilling on undeveloped areas o publiclandsa policy change ha Rep. Duncan has cied as one o his op prioriies.40

Rep. Paul Gosar (R-AZ)

Rep. Gosar inroduced H.R. 3946, which would require an unatainable level o public

inpu and local approval condiions or he esablishmen o new naional monumens.41

Te proposed bill would also prohibi new naional monumen designaions o more

han 5,000 acres and naional monumen designaions wihin 18 wesern counies.

Addiionally, Rep. Gosar has cosponsored eigh bills ha would aciliae land seizures

or undermine he Aniquiies Ac.42

Rep. Gosar, who has a propensiy or inflammaory proposals and rheoric, recenly called

or he BLM o creae an invenory o public lands ha would be “eligible or disposal” and

criicized he recen review o he ederal coal leasing program, calling i “shameul.”43

“We should be reducing

the amount of federal

land that the BLM

controls and the amounof land that the federal

government owns.”

—Sen. Cruz

“Obama’s moratorium

on coal production

for public lands is

shameful.”

—Rep. Gosar


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Rep. Cresent Hardy (R-NV)

Rep. Hardy is a member o FL AG and inroduced H.R. 1445, which would prohibi he

Deparmen o he Inerior rom acquiring new public lands ha would be managed

by he Naional Parks Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlie Service, or he BLM, unless he

ederal budge is balanced.44 As a pracical mater, he bill would preven he U.S. gov-

ernmen rom being able o proec Civil War batlefields rom developmen or guardagains he building o privae mansions on privae inholdings wihin naional parks.

Rep. Hardy inroduced wo amendmens ha would add loopholes o he Aniquiies

Ac: H. Amd. 597 o he mos recen appropriaions bill and H. Amd. 345 o he

deense auhorizaion bill.45 He has also cosponsored hree oher bills ha would aler

he Aniquiies Ac, as well as one bill ocused on land seizure.46

Rep. Raul Labrador (R-ID)

Rep. Labrador, a member o FLAG, inroduced H.R. 2316, which would ranser he

managemen o up o 4 million acres o naional ores land o sae governor-appoined

commitees o indusry leaders.47 During he occupaion o he Malheur Naional

Wildlie Reuge, he deended he milians, calling he occupaion a “peaceul akeover”

in he spiri o “civil disobedience.”48 Rep. Labrador also inroduced H.R. 900, which

would require ha all monumen designaions be approved by Congress and he sae.49

He also co-sponsored wo addiional bills ha hreaened he Aniquiies Ac.50

Rep. Doug LaMalfa (R-CA)

Rep. LaMala has cosponsored five bills relaed o land seizure and weakening he

Aniquiies Ac. In response o Presiden Obama’s designaion o Caliornia’s Berryessa

Snow Mounain Naional Monumen in 2015, LaMala gave a floor speech saing ha

he designaion would “make i off limis o all Americans, even i you jus wan o go in

or hiking or huning.”51 In realiy, he monumen coninues o be open or recreaion

and was srongly suppored by oudoor recreaion and sporsmen groups.52

Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT)

Sen. Lee has offered a slew o ani-parks bills and amendmens over he pas ew years.

Tese include S. 361, which would dispose o Wesern lands by compeiive sale; S.

Amd.71 o he 2015 Keysone XL Pipeline Approval Ac, which would have expe-

died drilling on public lands; and S. 2004 ha would limi he Aniquiies Ac.53 In

January, Sen. Lee inroduced S. Amd. 3022, which would sop he permanen reau-

horizaion o he Land and Waer conservaion Fund.54 Sen. Lee has also auhored

wo amendmens and co-sponsored wo bills ha would limi he Aniquiies Ac and

hal he creaion o new monumens.55


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Rep. Cynthia Lummis (R-WY)

Rep. Lummis, a member o FLAG, signed ono a join saemen wih several oher

lawmakers ha commened on he occupaion o he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge

and condemned ederal officials or law-breaking, raher han aking o ask he armed

milians.56 Rep. Lummis has also saed ha she believes saes are beter ores manag-

ers han he ederal governmen.57 However, oress under sae conrol are no subjecedo he same kind o proecions as naional oress and saes more ofen prioriize

logging, mining, and developmen over recreaional access and conservaion.58 Rep.

Lummis has also cosponsored five bills wih eiher land seizure provisions or which aim

o weaken he Aniquiies Ac.59

Rep. Steve Pearce (R-NM)

Rep. Pearce has cosponsored six pieces o legislaion ha cover land seizure, atacks o

he Aniquiies Ac, and legislaion ha would prioriize logging over recreaion andopen new areas o roads and clear cuting.60 In response he occupaion o he Malheur

Naional Wildlie Reuge, Pearce issued a join saemen ha condemned he acions o

ederal officials while ailing o decry he law-breaking acions o he armed milians.61

Rep. Ted Poe (R-TX)

Rep. Poe inroduced H.R. 1931, he American Lands Ac, which seeks o orce he

sell-off o public land by compeiive sale. Te bill would indiscriminaely sell off 8

percen o naional oress and 8 percen o land managed by he BLM o he highes bidder every year unil 2021.62 Ta means nearly 36 million acres o publicly owned

land would be sold o corporae ineress in one year alone.63 Rep. Poe also cosponsored

legislaion ha would ranser he managemen o leasing, permiting, and regulaing oil

and naural gas rom he ederal governmen o saes.64

Rep. Chris Stewart (R-UT)

Rep. Sewar, a ounding member o FLAG, inroduced H.R. 4579which would urn

over an esimaed 6,000 miles o road righ-o-ways on ederal public lands in Uah or

road consrucion and developmen in proeced wilderness areas.65 He has also cospon-

sored five bills wih land seizure provisions or resricions o he Aniquiies Ac.66 “Te

ederal governmen has been a lousy landlord or wesern saes and we simply hink he

saes can do i beter,” Rep. Sewar said on he opic o seizing public land. 67


10/19


Rep. Greg Walden (R-OR)

During he occupaion o he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge, which is locaed in

Rep. Walden’s disric, he congressman gave a long floor speech atacking ederal land

managemen policies in he wes and condoned he moives underlying he acions o

he armed occupiers. “Now we see he exen hey will go o in order o deend wha

hey view as heir consiuional righs,” said Walden o he armed exremiss.68

A monh beore he armed occupaion began, Walden released draf legislaion ha

was inended o help solve long-running waer managemen problems in Oregon and

Norhern Caliornia’s Klamah Basin. However, among oher hings, he bill proposed

o dispose o 200,000 acres o naional ores land o counies in Oregon.69 Addiionally,

Walden has cosponsored wo bills ha would limi he Aniquiies Ac, as well as ores

legislaion ha would prioriize logging over recreaion, open new areas o roads, and

promoe clear cuting.70

Rep. Don Young (R-AK)

Rep. Young has recenly inroduced H.R. 3650, which would allow any sae o

seize conrol and ownership o up o 2 million acres o naional oress, he size o

Yellowsone Naional Park.71 I hese lands are ranserred o he sae, hey can hen

be aucioned off o privae ownership or mining, logging, drilling, or oher develop-

men.72 He has also inroduced H.R. 330, which would require congressional and

governor approval or land and marine monumen designaions, which would severely

weaken he Aniquiies Ac.73 Addiionally, Rep. Young has cosponsored anoher land

seizure bill and ores legislaion ha would prioriize logging over recreaion andopen new areas o roads and clear cuting.74

Congressional supporting cast

While hese 20 members o he ani-parks caucus are he clear leaders o he ani-parks

movemen, here are several oher ederal lawmakers who have played supporing roles

in he deerioraion o he biparisan hisory o public lands legislaion. Sen. Orrin

Hach (R-U), Sen. Jeff Flake (R-AZ), Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), Sen. David Viter

(R-LA), Rep. Ryan Zinke (R-M), Rep. Doug Lamborn (R-CO), Rep. Dan Benishek

(R-MI), Rep. Scot ipon (R-CO), and Rep. Mike Enzi (R-WY), among ohers, have

aced as supporing cas o he congressional ani-parks caucus.


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Behind the emergence of the anti-parks caucus

Te public land policies o he ani-parks caucus no only differ grealy rom he views

o mos Americansa bi-parisan 77 percen o whom believe ha he Unied Saes

benefis a “grea deal/air amoun” rom he Naional Park Sysembu hey also sray

drasically rom a majoriy o heir colleagues in Congress.75 Te caucus’ posiions on

public lands are also no common o all Republicans rom Wesern saes. For example,congressional membersincluding Rep. Mike Simpson (R-ID), Rep. Dave Reicher

(R-WA), and Rep. Cory Gardner (R-CO)have worked across he aisle o proec

America’s diverse landscapes and oudoor heriage.76

Nex, a closer look a he origins and moivaions o he ani-parks caucus.

TABLE 2

Why the anti-parks caucus has emerged

Member of

U.S. House of

Representativesor U.S. Senate State-district

Tea Partyaffiliation

Tea Partychallenger

Competitiveness,

as measured by

the Cook PartisanVoting Index

Rep. Mark Amodei NV-2 R+5

Rep. Rob Bishop UT-1 ✓ R+27

Rep. Diane Black TN-6 ✓ ✓ R+21

Rep. Jason Chaffetz UT-3 ✓ R+25

Rep. Paul Cook CA-8 ✓ R+10

Sen. Ted Cruz TX ✓ R+10

Sen. Steve Daines MT ✓ R+7

Rep. Jeff Duncan SC-3 ✓ R+18

Rep. Paul Gosar AZ-4 ✓

R+20Rep. Cresent Hardy NV-4 ✓ D+4

Rep. Raúl Labrador ID-1 R+18

Rep. Doug LaMalfa CA-1 ✓ R+10

Sen. Mike Lee UT ✓ ✓ R+22

Rep. Cynthia Lummis WY-at large ✓ ✓ R+22

Sen. Lisa Murkowski AK ✓ R+12

Rep. Steve Pearce NM-2 ✓ R+5

Rep. Ted Poe TX-2 ✓ R+16

Rep. Chris Stewart UT-2 R+18

Rep. Greg Walden OR-2 ✓ R+10

Rep. Don Young AK-at large ✓ R+12

Average 45% 55% R+14.2

Note: Author’s analysis of the origins and motivations of the anti-parks caucus revealed three attributes—one of which at least applies to nearly allmembers of the anti-parks caucus: 1) They are members of the Tea Party; 2) they were challenged by a Tea Party candidate in a recent primary election;or 3) they are from districts that are l ess competitive than the average district.

Sources: Author’s analysis based on David Wasserman, “Introducing the 2014 Cook Political R eport Partisan Voter Index” (Washington: The CookPolitical Report, 2013), available at http://cookpolitical.com/story/5604; The Cook Political Report, “Partisan Voter Index by State, 1994-2014” (2013),available at http://cookpolitical.com/file/filename.pdf; Tea Party Caucus via Wayback Machine, “Membership,” available at https://web.archive.org/ web/20121212040121/https://teapartycaucus-bachmann.house.gov/membership (last accessed March 2016); CR Wire, “Largest Tea Party Group InAmerica Endorses Ted Cruz,” Conservative Review, January 31, 2016, available at https://www.conservativereview.com/commentary/2016/01/tea-party-patriots-endorses-cruz; David M. Herszenhorn, “Senate Tea Party Caucus Holds First Meeting,” The Caucus, January 27, 2011, available at http:// thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/senate-tea-party-caucus-holds-first-meeting/?_r=0; Lisa Mascaro, “Meet J ason Chaffetz: The congressmanwho wants to be House speaker,” Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2015, available at http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-jason-chaffetz-five-things-20151007-story.html. For more information on these sources, see endnotes in Jenny Rowland, “The Rise to Power of the Congressional Anti-ParksCaucus” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016).


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Three characterist ics of an anti -parks caucus member

Tea party affi liation

Te ea Pary is he ar-righ, populis, and conservaive wing o he Republican Pary

ha gained prominence in 2009 in he wake o Presiden Obama’s elecion and played asignifican role in he 2010 and 2012 elecions.77 Evidence has shown ha he belies o

he ea Pary are no largely shared wih he majoriy o Republicans.78

Te pary’s lis o “non-negoiable core belies” on heir websie include opics such as

“Illegal aliens are here illegally”, “gun ownership is sacred”, “governmen mus be down-

sized”, and “inrusive governmen mus be sopped.”79 While policies on public lands are

no explicily reerenced, he las wo o hese ea Pary belies play imporanly ino is

vision on public landsnamely, ha ederally owned public lands should be cu wih

he res o “big governmen” insiuions.80

An analysis o congressional members who are in he ea Pary Caucus or were

endorsed by a prominen ea Pary organizaion ound ha 9 o he 20 ani-park caucus

members45 percenare acive in he ea Pary movemen.81 Tis is a significan

number, considering ha only 21 percen o he ull Republican caucus are ea Pary

members.82 Moreover, 11 o he 20 ani-parks members are a par o one or more o he

ea Pary, Freedom, or Libery Caucuses; he later wo caucuses hold similar values and

are closely associaed wih he ea Pary movemen.83

Challenges from the right

Primary elecion challenges rom candidaes on he ar righ or he ea Pary move-

men may offer some explanaion or he ani-parks caucus members who are no

direcly associaed wih he ea Pary. Poliical challengers and heir policy posiions

may influence he more moderae posiion ha Congress has hisorically held in rela-

ion o public lands, pushing vulnerable members o adop much more conservaive

posiions in order o remain compeiive.

According o a CAP analysis, 11 o 20 ani-parks caucus memberssome 55 per-

cenaced ea Pary opponens or candidaes wih exreme posiions on public lands

wihin heir las wo elecion cycles. When members associaed wih he ea Pary are

excluded, 8 ou o 11or 73 perceno remaining members on he ani-parks caucus

have aced hese ypes o opponens.84


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Sen. Murkowski, or example, los he 2010 Senae Republican primary o ea Pary

avorie Joe Millerwho was endorsed by ormer Alaska Gov. Sara Palin (R), hersel an

acive figure in he ea Pary movemen.85 Sen. Murkowski evenually won by a narrow

margin in a wrie-in campaign.86 oday, Miller’s personal websie conains pro-Bundy

propaganda, such as an aricle proclaiming an FBI cover-up in he deah LaVoy Finicum,

an exremis who occupied he Malheur Naional Wildlie Reuge in 2016 and was killed

during a conronaion wih Oregon Sae Police and he FBI.87 Miller has also advancedhe idea o he urnover o Alaska’s public lands o sae conrol.88

Rep. Hardy’s closes compeior in he 2014 Nevada Republican primary, Niger Innis, is

closely associaed wih he ea Pary and has been a vocal supporer o he now-indiced

rancher Cliven Bundy.89 During he campaign, Innis criicized hen-sae assembly

member Hardy or no doing enough o help Bundy. “Tese guys have done nohing o

solve his problem,” Innis said o Hardy and oher Nevada sae officials. “Bundy is he

lighning rod, bu he real argumen is over he 85 percen o our land ha is conrolled

by he ederal governmen.”90

CAP also ound ha Reps. Walden, Black, Cook, Gosar, LaMala, Lummis, and Young, as

well as Sens. Lee and Daines, have all had opponens in heir las wo elecion cycles who

were closely affiliaed wih he ea Pary and/or held exreme views on public lands.91

Lack of district competition

Te hird reason why many congressional members may have ani-park views is ha

hey are eleced in an uncompeiive disric, meaning ha i is more likely ha hey can

reain heir sea regardless o parisanship.

According o Mathew Frankel o he Brookings Insiue: “Where compeiive races

end o produce more moderae eleced officials, noncompeiive races produce he

mos liberal and conservaive members o Congress.”92

Disric and sae compeiiveness is commonly measured using he Cook Parisan

Voing Index, or PVI, which measures how srongly a disric or sae leans oward vo-

ing Democra or Republican in he orm o a numbered raing based on he mos recen

presidenial or congressional elecion. For example, a raing o D+5 means he disric

perormed five poins more Democraic han he naional average. A higher PVI score

means a disric is less compeiive.93

According o CAP’s analysis he average ani-parks caucus member’s congressional

disric has a raing o R+14.2, which is considered very sae or ha sea o remain

Republican.94 Only one ani-parks caucus member represens a Democraic-leaning

disric and only hree members are in a disric raed less han R+10.95


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Ineresingly, when i comes o mos public land concerns, paricularly land seizure

issues, he impeus o do away wih ederal conrol does no come rom he localiies

near ederal land. According o Jim Caswell, BLM direcor under Presiden George

W. Bush, “public land grab effors almos never rise up rom local communiies. Tey

are insead galvanized by parisan poliics, mainly a he naional level, where he real

agenda is wresing public lands rom public hands and ulimaely privaizing hem or

nonpublic uses.”96

Conclusion

Te 20 legislaors idenified in his brie are responsible or espousing ani-parks rheoric

and inroducing legislaion aimed a weakening proecions o lands ha are owned by

all Americans and imporan o a majoriy o Americans. A he hear o hese members’

ani-park ideology are some common hreads: ea Pary affiliaion; compeiion rom

ar-righ candidaes; and uncompeiive parisan disrics.

Te decline o biparisan parks legislaion has come o a head jus as he Naional Park

Service marks 2016 as is cenennial year and celebraes 100 years o sewardship or

American public lands. In his year especially, he parks, and indeed all o America’s public

lands, deserve a policy agenda ha reflecs he value Americans place on hese excepional

FIGURE 1

How members of the anti-parks caucus compare

with members of the Republican Party and Congress

Anti-parks caucus

▼

45%

Republican caucus

▼

21%

Congress as a whole

▼

12%

Competitiveness,

as measured by

the Cook PVI

R+14.2

R D R D

R+10R+2

R D

Tea Party

affiliation

Note: Members of the anti-parks caucus vary heavily from other Republicans and members of Congress. Members of the anti-parks caucus are

115 percent more likely to be a part of the Tea Party and are 150 percent more likely to be in a less competitive district compared with other

members of Congress.

Sources: Author's analysis based on David Wasserman, “Introducing the 2014 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index” (Washington: The Cook

Political Report, 2013), avail able at http://cookpolitical.com/story/5604; Tea Party Caucus via Wayback Machine, "Membership," available at

https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040121/https://teapartycaucus-bachmann.house.gov/membership (l ast accessed March 2016); CR Wire,

"Largest Tea Party Group In America Endorses Ted Cruz," Conservative Review, January 31, 2016, available at https://www.conservativere-

view.com/commentary/2016/01/tea-party-patriots-endorses-cruz; David M. Herszenhorn, "Senate Tea Party Caucus Holds First Meeting," The

Caucus, January 27, 2011, available at http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/senate-tea-party-caucus-holds-first-meeting/?_r=0; LisaMascaro, “Meet Jason Chaffetz: The congressman who wants to be House speaker,” Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2015, available at http://www.la-

times.com/nation/politics/la-na-jason-chaffetz-five-things-20151007-story.html.


15/19


places and he conservaion benefis hey provide he counry. I is he job o Congress

o make sure hese imporan places coninue o be proeced or uure generaions and

improved upon so ha hey become more accessible o and inclusive o all Americans.

o couner he ani-parks caucus, hose hundreds o congressional members who under-

sand he American values ha are inheren in he Naional Park Sysem should join

ogeher o creae policy ha shepherds he parks ino heir nex cenury o conservaion.

Jenny Rowland is he Research and Advocacy A ssociae for he Public Lands Projec a

Cener for American Progress.

Te auhor would like o hank Carl Chancellor, Emily Haynes, Cheser Hawkins, Erin Whalen,

Mat Lee-Ashley, Nicole Genile, and Mary Ellen Kusin for heir conribuions o his issue brief.


16/19


Endnotes

1 The White House, “Ask the White House,” available at http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ask/20070212.html (last accessed March 2016).

2 Office of the First Lady, “Mrs. Bush’s Remarks at the PreserveAmerica/Save America’s Treasures Legislation Announce-ment,” Press release, October 31, 2007, available at http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releas-

es/2007/10/20071031-4.html.

3 The Wilderness Society, “113th Congress Wilderness Bills,”available at http://wilderness.org/article/113th-congress-wilderness-bills (last accessed March 2016).

4 National Parks Conservation Association, “Poll: StrongBipartisan Support for National Parks,” August 7, 2012, avail-able at https://www.npca.org/resources/2566-poll-strong-bipartisan-support-for-national-parks.

5 Hart Research Associates and Center for American Progress,“Public Opinion on National Parks” (2016), on file withauthor.

6 John Rupel, “Op-ed: Recent national monuments have pro-tected lo cal interests,” The Salt Lake Tribune, March 26, 2016,available at http://www.sltrib.com/opinion/3699059-155/op-ed-recent-national-monuments-have-protected.

7 Dennis Linthicum, “Klamath Count y Patriots Tea Party,”available at http://www.dennis2014.com/events/event/klamath-county-patriots-tea-party-1 (last accessed April2016); Andrea Zelinski, “Common Core hearings stacked withexperts paid by Tea Party,” NashvillePost.com, September16, 2013, available at http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/blog/20471959/common-core-hearings-stacked-with-experts-paid-by-tea-party; Andrew Edwards, “Greg Imus andPaul Cook seek votes in 8th Congressional District,” The SunNew s, October 14, 2012, available at http://www.sbsun.com/article/ZZ/20121014/NEWS/121018626 ; Ryan Grim, “RonGould’s Son, Featured in Gun-Heavy Ad, is Barred from Own-ing Guns (VIDEO),” Huffington Post, June 11, 2012, availableat http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/11/ron-gould-arizona-ad-guns-son-felon_n_1588153.html ; Vote Smart,“SB 1332 – Requires the Federal Government to Give BackLand to Arizona – Key Vote,” available at https://votesmart.org/bill/15097/39695/requires-the-federal-government-to-give-back-land-to-arizona#.VwLPSPkrK71 (last accessed April2016); Bill Hammons’ American Politics Guide: Total Politics,

“Gregory Cheadle (R),” available at http://www.wrhammons.com/cheadle-for-congress.htm (last accessed April 2016);Newsmax, “Tea Party Dominates GOP Utah Senate Race,” June21, 2010, available at http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/Tea-Party-Dominates-Utah/2010/06/21/id/362565/ (last accessedApril 2016); Jason A. Senteny for Congress 2016, “Radio Inter-view on KIML Talk Radio Gillette,” YouTube, March 30, 2016available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxxAZg-gW40&ebc=ANyPxKo9APFX2uYO_KEIIW22WY7a1v3aG9W-2PZX9foiKSDTS71pGEjmvsunnc7G13bJcn6bqgj2y_tTzBn-c3AxPaIp6Nk4Smkg; Jill Burke, “Long shots face long oddsin quest to unseat Alaska Congressman Don Young,” AlaskaDispatch News, August 23, 2012, available at http://www.adn.com/article/long-shots-face-long-odds-quest-unseat-alaska-congressman-don-young ; Ron Moody, “Should federalpublic lands in Montana remain in US Ownership,” GallatinCounty Democrats, available at http://gallatindemocrats.com/2014/05/should-federal-public-lands-in-montana-remain-in-us-ownership/ (last accessed April 2016); BridgetBowman, “Niger Innis Hopes to Expand Tea Party Base andInfluence | Downtown Moves,” Roll Call , September 8, 2014,

available at http://blogs.rollcall.com/beltway-insiders/niger-innis-hopes-to-expand-tea-party-base-and-influence-down-town-moves/; Fox News, “Palin backs Tea Party favorite JoeMiller for Alaska GOP Senate nod,” August 15, 2014, availableat http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/08/15/palin-backs-tea-party-favorite-joe-miller-for-alaska-gop-senate-nod.html.

8 Congressman Christ Stewart, “Federal Land Action Groupto Hold Forum on Tuesday, February 9th,” Press release,February 2, 2016, available at https://stewart.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/federal-land-action-group-to-hold-forum-on-tuesday-february-9th.

9 Geof Koss, “House GOP decries federal land policies,disavows militia,” Energy & Environment Daily, January 6,2016, available at http://www.eenews.net/eedaily/sto-ries/1060030176/.

10 Rep. Rob Bishop, “Public Lands Initiative FAQ,” available athttp://robbishop.house.gov/uploadedfiles/public_lands_initiative_faq.pdf (last accessed March 2016).

11 Jenny Rowland, “New House Bill Gives Away PublicLands, Creates Pseudo-Wilderness Areas,” ThinkProgress,January 21, 2016, available at http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/01/21/3741512/rob-bishop-bundy-public-lands-seizures/.

12 Ensuring Public Involvement in the Creation of National Monu-ments Act, H.R. 1459, 113th Cong., 1st sess. (April 10, 2013),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1459.

13 Letter from Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and others to PresidentBarack Obama, February 12, 2016, at http://chaffetz.house.gov/sites/chaffetz.house.gov/files/212%20Delegation%20Letter%5B1%5D.pdf .

14 Aaron Weiss, “The seven words that sum up Rob Bishop’sLWCF bill,” Center for Western Priorities, November 5, 2015,available at http://westernpriorities.org/2015/11/05/seven-

words-that-sum-up-rob-bishops-lwcf-bill/; Utah Test andTraining Range Encroachment Prevention and Temporary Clo-sure Act, H.R. 4579, 114th Cong., 2d. sess. (February 12, 2016),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4579; Disposal of Excess Federal Lands Act of 2015,H.R. 435, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (January 21, 2015), available athttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4 ; Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Com-munities Act, H.R. 1526, 113th Cong., 1st sess. (April 12, 2013),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1526/cosponsors.

15 S. Amdt. 838 to S. Con. Res. 11 114th Cong., 1st sess.(March 25,, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/838; CallyCarswell, “Federal public land transfers get a Congressionalboost,” High Country News, March 31, 2015, available athttps://www.hcn.org/articles/western-states-trying-to-take-

back-federal-lands-get-a-boost-from-the-u-s-senate.

16 Tom Kuglin, “Daines blasted for vote on federal land transferamendment,” Independent Record , March 27, 2015, availableat http://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.html.

17 S. Amdt. 166 to S. Amdt. 2, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (Janu-ary 27, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/166.

18 Improved National Monument Designation Process Act, S.437, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (February 10, 2015), availableat https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/437; Improved National Monument Designation Process

Act, S. 2608, 113th Cong., 2d. sess. (July 15, 2014), availableat https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2608.

19 National Monument Designation Transparency and Account-

ability Act of 2015, S. 228, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (January 21,2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/228.

20 Honor the Nevada Enabling Act of 1864 Act, H.R. 1484, 114thCong., 1st sess. (March 19, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1484/.

21 To prohibit the further extension or establishment of nationalmonuments in Nevada except by express authorization ofCongress,H.R. 488, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (January 22, 2015),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/488.

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OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1526/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1526/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/838https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/838https://www.hcn.org/articles/western-states-trying-to-take-back-federal-lands-get-a-boost-from-the-u-s-senatehttps://www.hcn.org/articles/western-states-trying-to-take-back-federal-lands-get-a-boost-from-the-u-s-senatehttp://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttp://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttp://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/166https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/166https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/437https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/437https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2608https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2608https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/228https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/228https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1484/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1484/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/488https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/488https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/488https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/488https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1484/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1484/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/228https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/228https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2608https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2608https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/437https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/437https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/166https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/166http://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttp://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttp://helenair.com/news/local/daines-blasted-for-vote-on-federal-land-transfer-amendment/article_11534e32-58af-579d-bb27-5bc1750d14ac.htmlhttps://www.hcn.org/articles/western-states-trying-to-take-back-federal-lands-get-a-boost-from-the-u-s-senatehttps://www.hcn.org/articles/western-states-trying-to-take-back-federal-lands-get-a-boost-from-the-u-s-senatehttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/838https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/838https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1526/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1526/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/435?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22cite%3A%28hr435+OR+hr1484+OR+hr1931+OR+hr3650+OR+s361%29%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=4https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4579https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4579http://westernpriorities.org/2015/11/05/seven-words-that-sum-up-rob-bishops-lwcf-bill/http://westernpriorities.org/2015/11/05/seven-words-that-sum-up-rob-bishops-lwcf-bill/http://chaffetz.house.gov/sites/chaffetz.house.gov/files/212%20Delegation%20Letter%5B1%5D.pdfhttp://chaffetz.house.gov/sites/chaffetz.house.gov/files/212%20Delegation%20Letter%5B1%5D.pdfhttp://chaffetz.house.gov/sites/chaffetz.house.gov/files/212%20Delegation%20Letter%5B1%5D.pdfhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1459https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1459http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/01/21/3741512/rob-bishop-bundy-public-lands-seizures/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/01/21/3741512/rob-bishop-bundy-public-lands-seizures/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/01/21/3741512/rob-bishop-bundy-public-lands-seizures/http://robbishop.house.gov/uploadedfiles/public_lands_initiative_faq.pdfhttp://robbishop.house.gov/uploadedfiles/public_lands_initiative_faq.pdfhttp://www.eenews.net/eedaily/stories/1060030176/http://www.eenews.net/eedaily/stories/1060030176/https://stewart.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/federal-land-action-group-to-hold-forum-on-tuesday-february-9thhttps://stewart.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/federal-land-action-group-to-hold-forum-on-tuesday-february-9thhttps://stewart.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/federal-land-action-group-to-hold-forum-on-tuesday-february-9thhttp://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/08/15/palin-backs-tea-party-favorite-joe-miller-for-alaska-gop-senate-nod.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/08/15/palin-backs-tea-party-favorite-joe-miller-for-alaska-gop-senate-nod.htmlhttp://blogs.rollcall.com/beltway-insiders/niger-innis-hopes-to-expand-tea-party-base-and-influence-downtown-moves/http://blogs.rollcall.com/beltway-insiders/niger-innis-hopes-to-expand-tea-party-base-and-influence-downtown-moves/http://blogs.rollcall.com/beltway-insiders/niger-innis-hopes-to-expand-tea-party-base-and-influence-downtown-moves/http://gallatindemocrats.com/2014/05/should-federal-public-lands-in-montana-remain-in-us-ownership/http://gallatindemocrats.com/2014/05/should-federal-public-lands-in-montana-remain-in-us-ownership/http://gallatindemocrats.com/2014/05/should-federal-public-lands-in-montana-remain-in-us-ownership/http://www.adn.com/article/long-shots-face-long-odds-quest-unseat-alaska-congressman-don-younghttp://www.adn.com/article/long-shots-face-long-odds-quest-unseat-alaska-congressman-don-younghttp://www.adn.com/article/long-shots-face-long-odds-quest-unseat-alaska-congressman-don-younghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxxAZg-gW40&ebc=ANyPxKo9APFX2uYO_KEIIW22WY7a1v3aG9W2PZX9foiKSDTS71pGEjmvsunnc7G13bJcn6bqgj2y_tTzBnc3AxPaIp6Nk4Smkghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxxAZg-gW40&ebc=ANyPxKo9APFX2uYO_KEIIW22WY7a1v3aG9W2PZX9foiKSDTS71pGEjmvsunnc7G13bJcn6bqgj2y_tTzBnc3AxPaIp6Nk4Smkghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxxAZg-gW40&ebc=ANyPxKo9APFX2uYO_KEIIW22WY7a1v3aG9W2PZX9foiKSDTS71pGEjmvsunnc7G13bJcn6bqgj2y_tTzBnc3AxPaIp6Nk4Smkghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxxAZg-gW40&ebc=ANyPxKo9APFX2uYO_KEIIW22WY7a1v3aG9W2PZX9foiKSDTS71pGEjmvsunnc7G13bJcn6bqgj2y_tTzBnc3AxPaIp6Nk4Smkghttp://www.newsmax.com/Politics/Tea-Party-Dominates-Utah/2010/06/21/id/362565/http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/Tea-Party-Dominates-Utah/2010/06/21/id/362565/http://www.wrhammons.com/cheadle-for-congress.htmhttp://www.wrhammons.com/cheadle-for-congress.htmhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/11/ron-gould-arizona-ad-guns-son-felon_n_1588153.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/11/ron-gould-arizona-ad-guns-son-felon_n_1588153.htmlhttp://www.sbsun.com/article/ZZ/20121014/NEWS/121018626http://www.sbsun.com/article/ZZ/20121014/NEWS/121018626http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/blog/20471959/common-core-hearings-stacked-with-experts-paid-by-tea-partyhttp://www.nashvillepost.com/home/blog/20471959/common-core-hearings-stacked-with-experts-paid-by-tea-partyhttp://www.nashvillepost.com/home/blog/20471959/common-core-hearings-stacked-with-experts-paid-by-tea-partyhttp://www.dennis2014.com/events/event/klamath-county-patriots-tea-party-1http://www.dennis2014.com/events/event/klamath-county-patriots-tea-party-1http://www.sltrib.com/opinion/3699059-155/op-ed-recent-national-monuments-have-protectedhttp://www.sltrib.com/opinion/3699059-155/op-ed-recent-national-monuments-have-protectedhttps://www.npca.org/resources/2566-poll-strong-bipartisan-support-for-national-parkshttps://www.npca.org/resources/2566-poll-strong-bipartisan-support-for-national-parkshttp://wilderness.org/article/113th-congress-wilderness-billshttp://wilderness.org/article/113th-congress-wilderness-billshttp://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ask/20070212.htmlhttp://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ask/20070212.html


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22 Historic Routes Preservation Act, H.R 4313, 114th Cong., 2d.sess. (January 5, 2016), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4313/cosponsors;Self-Sufficient Community Lands Act, H.R. 2316, 114th Cong.,1st sess. (May 15, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2316/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+2316%22%5D%7D; Protecting Local Communities from Executive Overreach

Act, H.R. 3946, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (November 5, 2015),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3946/cosponsors; Ensuring Public Involvement inthe Creation of National Monuments.

23 Congressional Western Caucus, “Private IndividualsProsecuted, Federal Agencies G o Scott-Free,” Press release,January 7, 2016, available at https://westerncaucus-lummis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/private-individuals-prosecuted-federal-agencies-go-scott-free.

24 Federal Land Freedom Act of 2015, H.R. 866, 114th Cong., 1stsess. (February 11, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/866.

25 Disposal of Excess Federal Lands Act of 2015.

26 U.S. Congressman Jason Chaffetz, “Reps. Bishop & Chaffetzrelease Utah Public Lands Initiative (PLI) Discussio n Draft,”Press release, January 20, 2016, available at https://chaffetz.house.gov/press-release/reps-bishop-chaffetz-release-utah-public-lands-initiative-pli-discussion-draft.

27 Federal Land Freedom Act of 2015; Ensuring Public Involve-ment in the Creation of National Monuments Act ; Utah Test

and Training Range Encroachment Prevention and TemporaryClosure Act .

28 Local Enforcement for Local Lands Act of 2016, H.R. 4751,114th Cong., 2d sess. (March 16, 2016), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4751/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Chaffetz%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1.

29 Matt Lee Ashley, “Congress Should Confront the Rise ofViolent Extremism on America’s Public Lands” (Wash-ington: Center for American Progress, 2016), availableat https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2016/03/24/133730/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands/.

30 Historic Routes Preservation Act.

31 Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, “Keep Hoax HighwaysOff Our Public Lands!,” available at http://suwa.org/keep-hoax-highways-off-our-public-lands/ (last accessed March

2016).

32 National Monument Designation Transparency and Account-ability Act of 2015; Protecting Local Communities from Execu-tive Overreach Act ; To amend section 320301 of title 54, UnitedStates Code, to modify the authority of the President of theUnited States to declare national monuments, and for other

purposes,H.R. 2258, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (May 12, 2015),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2258/cosponsors; National Monument Designa-tion Transparency Act .

33 Col. Paul Cook (Ret.), “Rep. Paul Cook Issues Statement onNew Monument Designations,” Press release, February 12,2016, available at https://cook.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-paul-cook-issues-statement-on-new-monument-designations.

34 Vet Voice Foundation, “New Poll Shows Overwhelming Sup-port for Designating California Desert National Monuments,”

Press release, November 17, 2015, available at http://www.vetvoicefoundation.org/press/new-poll-shows-overwhelm-ing-support-for-designating-california-desert-national-monuments.

35 S. Amdt. 3456 to S. 2363, 113th Cong., 2d. sess. (July8, 2014), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/senate-amendment/3456/text.

36 Bob Price, “Ted Cruz Exclusive: BLM Needs to be ReducingLand Claims (Audio),” Breitbart, April 28, 2014, available athttp://www.breitbart.com/Texas/2014/04/28/Exclusive- Ted-Cruz-BLM-Needs-to-Be-Reducing-Land-Claims/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

37 S. Amdt. 176 to S. Amdt. 2, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (Janu-ary 26, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/176?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7D; S. Amdt. 132 to S. Amdt. 2, 114th Cong., 1st sess.(January 22, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/132?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7D; Montana Land Sovereignty Act, H.R. 1434, 113thCong., 1st sess. (April 9, 2013), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1434.

38 Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act.

39 Federal Land Freedom Act of 2015.

40 National Monument Designation Transparency and Account-ability Act of 2015; To amend section 320301 of title 54, UnitedStates Code, to modify the authority of the President of theUnited States to declare national monuments, and for other

purposes,H.R. 2258, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (May 12, 2015),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2258/cosponsors; Federal Lands Jobs and EnergySecurity Act of 2013, H.R 1965, 113th Cong., 1st sess. (May14, 2013), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1965/cosponsors; House Republicans,“Jeff Duncan,” available at http://www.gop.gov/member/ jeff-duncan/ (last accessed March 2016).

41 Protecting Local Communities from Executive Overreach Act.

42 National Monument Designation Transparency and Account-ability Act of 2015; To amend section 320301 of title 54, United

States Code, to modify the authority of the President of theUnited States to declare national monuments, and for other purposes; Federal Land Freedom Act of 2015; Ensuring PublicInvolvement in the Creation of National Monuments Act ;Historic Routes Preservation Act ; Restoring Healthy Forests forHealthy Communities Act ; Self-Sufficient Community Lands

Act ; Local Enforcement for Local Lands Act of 2016.

43 Arizona Business Daily Reports, “Gosar speaks outagainst federal land acquisitions,” Arizona Business Daily,March 8, 2016, available at http://azbusinessdaily.com/stories/510699138-gosar-speaks-out-against-federal-land-acquisitions; Congressman Paul Gosar, “Rep. Gosar:‘Obama’s Moratorium on Coal Production for Public Landsis Shameful,’” Press release, January 15, 2016, availableat https://gosar.house.gov/press-release/rep-gosar-%E2%80%9Cobama%E2%80%99s-moratorium-coal-pro-duction-public-lands-shameful%E2%80%9D.

44 LAND Act, H.R. 1445, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (March 18, 2015),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/

house-bill/1445.

45 H. Amdt. 597 to H.R. 2822, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (July7, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/house-amendment/597; H.Amdt. 345 to H.R. 2578, 114th Cong., 2d. sess. (June 3, 2016),available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/house-amendment/345.

46 To amend section 320301 of title 54, United States Code, tomodify the authority of the President of the United States to de-clare national monuments, and for other purposes; To prohibitthe further extension or establishment of national monumentsin Nevada except by express authorization of Congress;Protecting Local Communities from Executive Overreach Act ;Honor the Nevada Enabling Act of 1864 Act .

47 Self-Sufficient Community Lands Act ; Max Greenberg, “Houseconsiders devastating public lands takeover bills,” TheWilderness Society, February 25, 2016, available at http://

wilderness.org/blog/house-considers-devastating-public-lands-takeover-bills.

48 Cristina Marcos, “GOP lawmaker: Oregon armed protestsare ‘civil disobedience’,” The Hill , January 6, 2016, available athttp://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/264951-gop-lawmaker-oregon-armed-protests-are-civil-disobedience.

49 National Monument Designation Transparency and Account-ability Act of 2015.

50 To amend section 320301 of title 54, United States Code, tomodify the authority of the President of the United States to de-clare national monuments, and for other purposes; ProtectingLocal Communities from Executive Overreach Act .

https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4313/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4313/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2316/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+2316%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2316/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+2316%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2316/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+2316%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2316/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+2316%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3946/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3946/cosponsorshttps://westerncaucus-lummis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/private-individuals-prosecuted-federal-agencies-go-scott-freehttps://westerncaucus-lummis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/private-individuals-prosecuted-federal-agencies-go-scott-freehttps://westerncaucus-lummis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/private-individuals-prosecuted-federal-agencies-go-scott-freehttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/866https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/866https://chaffetz.house.gov/press-release/reps-bishop-chaffetz-release-utah-public-lands-initiative-pli-discussion-drafthttps://chaffetz.house.gov/press-release/reps-bishop-chaffetz-release-utah-public-lands-initiative-pli-discussion-drafthttps://chaffetz.house.gov/press-release/reps-bishop-chaffetz-release-utah-public-lands-initiative-pli-discussion-drafthttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4751/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Chaffetz%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4751/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Chaffetz%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4751/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Chaffetz%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4751/cosponsors?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Chaffetz%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2016/03/24/133730/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2016/03/24/133730/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/report/2016/03/24/133730/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands/http://suwa.org/keep-hoax-highways-off-our-public-lands/http://suwa.org/keep-hoax-highways-off-our-public-lands/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2258/cosponsorshttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2258/cosponsorshttps://cook.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-paul-cook-issues-statement-on-new-monument-designationshttps://cook.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-paul-cook-issues-statement-on-new-monument-designationshttps://cook.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rep-paul-cook-issues-statement-on-new-monument-designationshttp://www.vetvoicefoundation.org/press/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-support-for-designating-california-desert-national-monumentshttp://www.vetvoicefoundation.org/press/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-support-for-designating-california-desert-national-monumentshttp://www.vetvoicefoundation.org/press/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-support-for-designating-california-desert-national-monumentshttp://www.vetvoicefoundation.org/press/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-support-for-designating-california-desert-national-monumentshttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/senate-amendment/3456/texthttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/senate-amendment/3456/texthttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/113th-congress/senate-amendment/3456/texthttp://www.breitbart.com/Texas/2014/04/28/Exclusive-Ted-Cruz-BLM-Needs-to-Be-Reducing-Land-Claims/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.breitbart.com/Texas/2014/04/28/Exclusive-Ted-Cruz-BLM-Needs-to-Be-Reducing-Land-Claims/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitterhttp://www.breitbart.com/Texas/2014/04/28/Exclusive-Ted-Cruz-BLM-Needs-to-Be-Reducing-Land-Claims/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitterhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/176?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/176?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/176?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/176?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/132?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1%5C%22%22%5D%7Dhttps://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/132?q=%7B%22s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51 Doug LaMalfa, “Antiquities Act Abuse: Floor Speech,” VoteSmart, July 13, 2015, available at https://votesmart.org/public-statement/997669/antiquities-act-abuse#.VwO3n-fkrK70.

52 Dustin Rocksvold, “Trout Unlimited Praises Designation ofNew Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument,” TroutUnlimited, July 10, 2015, available at http://www.sac-sierra-tu.org/conservation/trout-unlimited-praises-designation-of-new-berryessa-snow-mountain-national-monument.

53 Disposal of Excess Federal Lands Act of 2015; S. Amdt. 71 to S.Amdt2, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (January 21, 2015), available

at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/71; To amend section 320301 of Title 54,United States Code, to modify the authority of the presidentof the United States to declare national monuments, and forother purposes.

54 S. Amdt. 3022 to S. Amdt 2953, 114th Cong., 2d. sess.(January 27, 2016), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/3022.

55 Ibid.; S. Amdt. 3447 to S. Amdt 2953, 114th Cong., 1st sess.(March 7, 2015), available at https://www.congress.gov/amendment/114th-congress/senate-amendment/3447; Abill to amend title 54, United States Code, to limit the authorityto reserve water rights in designating a national monument,S. 1416, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (May 21, 2015), available athttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1416/cosponsors; National Monument DesignationTransparency and Accountability Act of 2015.

56 Congressional Western Caucus, “Private Individuals Pros-ecuted, Federal Agencies Go Scott-Free.”

57 Associated Press, “Wyoming Sportsmen Wary of Land Trans-fer to the State,” March 6, 2016, available at http://k2radio.com/wyoming-sportsmen-wary-of-land-transfer-to-the-state/.

58 The Wilderness Society, “Keep America’s public lands inpublic hands,” available at http://wilderness.org/keep-america%E2%80%99s-public-lands-public-hands (lastaccessed March 2016).

59 Ensuring Public Involvement in the Creation of National Monu-ments Act ; Protecting Local Communities

The Rise to Power of the Congressional Anti-Parks Caucus

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