THERISE OF

ISLAM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe Arabia before Islam2. Explain how Muhammad unified Arabia under

Islam3. Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread

Islam4. Explain the events that halted Islamic expansion

into Europe5. Discuss the 5 Pillars of Islam6. Identify Islamic beliefs and practices

Pre-Muhammad Arabia

Dominated by Nomads called Bedouins

Worshiped hundreds of spirits called Jinns

The spirit of the Jinn resides within rocks and objects

Mecca was the holy city and was the home of the Kaaba and other idolsKaaba is the black moon stone that has

the spirit of AllahBelieved in pagan gods and shrines

Rise and Spread of Islam

Muhammad: the prophet for Allah Gabriel tells him God’s wordTries to convert Meccans, his wife

KhadijahHijrah: (622 A.D.)

Runs to MedinaFlight to avoid persecutionMuslim calendar

Rise and Spread of Islam

In Medina- attracted many followers

630 A.D- Return to Mecca Defeats the Meccans Destroyed the idols of all pagan godsEstablishes a theocracy- rule by divine

authority and according to religious beliefs and laws

Origin of the Ummah (Islamic state)

Islam Expands Abu-Bakr replaces Muhammad

Named Caliph –successorHead of govt. and religion

Ordered writing of Quran – only in Arabic

Begins Jihad (holy war) -to expand Islam

The Orthodox Caliphate (632-661) 4 leaders directly after

MuhammadConquer all of Arabic Peninsula,

Egypt, Palestine, Libya, and most of Mesopotamia

The Umayyad Caliph (661-750)

conquered North Africa, parts of India, and Spain

Finally stopped at Battle of Tours-Poitiers in 732

Overthrown by the Abbasids

Islam Invades Europe

Reasons for Expansion:

Passionate for their new faith: Jihad

Expansion of the Ummah- Muslim state

Severe overpopulation in Arabia

Resistance was weak

Results of Conquest

No forced conversion

Arabs were tolerant rulers

4 class systemArab MuslimsNon-Arab MuslimsChristians, Jews,

non-Muslims -- ‘people of the book’

Non-Muslim slaves

Brain Break

Think/Pair/ShareNon Muslims living in Muslim controlled areas were required to pay an annual tax for not being Muslim. Why did the government require this?

Cordoba, Spain

Society and Scholarship

Women are submissive to menStill more rights that European women

MedicineDiagnose and treat smallpox and measles

Calligraphy Astronomy and the astrolabe Scholars –

Invented Algebra, zero conceptLiterature – Thousand and One NightsPhilosophy and Ibn Rushd

Allah in calligraphy

Abbasid Dynasty

Centered in Baghdad More political, intellectual, and social

freedoms Won control of former Roman trade routes

and prospered Over-expansion and corruption plagues

empire Political division

Morocco, Spain, Egypt all break awayFatimid's of Egypt became the dominate group

The Turks Overrun the Byzantine Empire

Breakup of the Islamic Empire945- Sultan takes political powerMuslims can keep religious beliefs

Seljuk Turks- captured Baghdad in 1055Threatened the ByzantinesTHE CRUSADES!

Ottoman TurksCaptured Constantinople, April 1453Byzantine Empire Falls

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg

Islamic Belief

Based on 4 sources:1. Qur’an- The holy book of Islam- Allah’s

words passed to Muhammad 2. Hadiths- Accounts of Mohammed’s life and

teachings3. Sunna- Muhammad’s life was example for

Muslim behavior4. Tradition/Interpretation- Muslim clerics

(religious scholars) apply to real world questions/actions. These interpretations become part of Muslim faith, practice, and life

Basic Rules of Islam

5 Pillars of Islam1. Faith- must make a testament of faith2. Prayer- must pray 5 times a day –3. Alms- give to the poor4. Fasting- fast during the holy month of Ramadan5. Pilgrimage- must visit Mecca - hajj

No wine or porkWorship:

mosques

What makes Islam so appealing?

What makes Islam so appealing? Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

THE DIVISION OF ISLAM!!!

Muslims: 2 major divisions of Islam!!!!Sunni vs. Shi’a

SunnisMajority of Muslim population

Shi’a Iran, Iraq, Lebanon

Disagreement primarily over leadership of the Muslim faith

Minaret at the great mosque of Samarra

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

Islam today

Review

1. What was the Hijrah?2. What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?3. Where and in what year was the

Muslim Expansion stopped?4. What are the two major divisions of

Islam?5. List three reasons Islam is so

appealing?