5/17/2017 ObjectivesLocate and describe Arabia in the period before the rise of Islam.• Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the prophet and how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula under Islam.• Identify the basic beliefs and practices of Islam.

ISLAM

Section 1: The Rise of Islam

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?Islam – the religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia around 630 C.E.

Muslim – a person who is a follower of the Islamic religion.

Allah – The word for God in Arabic.Qur’an (Koran)– the holy book for Muslims.Islamic – usually refers to Islamic art, architecture or culture

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• Mecca

• MedinaNOTE: “ISLAMIST” AND “ISLAMIC” CAN SOMETIMES REFER TO EXTREMIST GROUPS USING TERRORIST TACTICS. THIS IS *NOT* THE SAME THING AS STUDYING THE HISTORY OF ISLAM, AND SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EMPRIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD HISTORY CREATED FROM THE RISE OF ISLAM IN THE 7TH CENTURY.

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INDONESIA IS THE MOST POPULOUS MUSLIM COUNTRY IN THE WORLD

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?

Christianity

How similar are they?How do they view each other hisorically?

Jewish TORAH

Christian BIBLE

Holy Book ?

IslamicKORAN(Qu’ran)

Introduction to Islam: “The Qu’ran”

Insert transparency of Qu’ran quote

What does this Qu’ran passage tell you about how Muslims view

the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? How do Muslims view Jesus?

What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians all share?

What was Arabian society like

before Muhammad came on the

scene?

The Prophet MuhammadCAUSE

1. What were Muhammad’s revelations?• He believed God spoke to him through the Angel Gabriel (same one from the Bible) • that he was the “last of the great prophets” • now had to teach others that Allah was the one and only God and all the other gods and idols in Arabia had to be abandoned.

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The Prophet MuhammadEFFECTS

2. Why were Muhammad’s ideas unpopular in Mecca?• Muhammad’s new idea of “one” God (monotheism) angered those who, for centuries, had worshiped the many traditional Arab gods.• Mecca’s economy thrived on the pilgrimages of Arabs who came to make frequent visits to shrines of the many gods. If there was only one God, the visitors would stop coming, and so would the lucrative trade income.

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Not welcome in Mecca, to what city

did Muhammad flee? Yathrib (Medina) is where he fled

Hijrah – Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina in 622. IT IS THE BEGINNING OF THE MUSLIM CALENDAR.

map

The Islamic world begins its calendar Year 1 with this event.

In other words, our year 622 A.D. is their year 1 A.H.

This year, 2017 A.D., is year 1437 A.H. in the Islamic world.

To learn the formula for figuring the Islamic year, visit www.islam.com

• Medina• Mecca

DID YOU KNOW?

The Prophet MuhammadEFFECT

3. In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning point?• Mecca’s opposition to Muhammad only brought attention to his new religious message and he gained a wide following in Medina.• Besides a religious leader, he now became a political leader – uniting the various Arab tribesmen. • He was also forced into a position as a military leader now in the conflict between Mecca and Medina.

• Mecca• Medina

The Prophet MuhammadEFFECT

map• Mecca

• Medina

4. Why was Muhammad’s return to Mecca important?• Muhammed used Mecca as a base from which to work toward unifying the entire Arabian peninsula.

Unity now based on belief instead of tribes

Write down what is in red.

Beliefs & Practices of Islam

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• Monotheism - There is only one God (Allah).• Each person is responsible for his or her own actions.• Allah will judge all people on a final judgment day.

5. What does Islam teach its followers?

B. More DefinitionsMosque – place of worship for MuslimsMinaret – prayer towerMuezzin – prayer crier, he cries out the time of prayer 5 times a day.

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Beliefs & Practices of IslamB. More Definitions The Five Pillars – five requirements of a Muslim’s life.

Muslims circling around thesacred Ka`aba in Mecca,

climax of the hajj pilgrimage.

The Hajj

Write these in your notebook.

Beliefs & Practices of Islam

B. More Definitions

Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make in their lifetime.

Sunna – Muhammad’s model for proper living.

shariah – a system of laws in Islam.

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Beliefs & Practices of Islam

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• Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life.

• Carrying out the Five Pillars daily as well as other customs ensures that Muslims live their faith while serving in the community.

6. How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims?

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Beliefs & Practices of Islam

Because Muhammad wrote the Qu’ran in Arabic and all followers are required to read it, that one language and that one religion created unity.

The SIGNIFICANCE of Muhammad is…he single-handedly unified hundreds of nomadic tribes in Arabia who spoke different languages and worshipped hundreds of different gods.

He did this with one tool: the Qu’ran ! Written in a COMMON LANGUAGE (Arabic)

+ providing a COMMON RELIGION (Islam)

= he achieved Arabian UNITY.

7. How did observing Islamic teachings help to create unity among Muslims?

Beliefs & Practices of Islam

Shariah law required Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews – the “people of the book.”

8. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews?

OBJECTIVES:• Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam.• List sources of conflict within the Umayyad Muslim state that led to the two major divisions / branches of Islam today.• Identify on a map the major Muslim capitals / caliphates.

ISLAM

The Spread of Islam

Examine maps ; “The Spread of Islam”

Islam

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

SPAIN

A R A B I A• Mecca

• Medina

• Baghdad• Jerusalem

Alexandria .

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian Sea

R e

d

S e

a

Persian Gulf

•Rome

NORTH AFRICA

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

•Constantinople

• Cordoba

Cairo .• Damascus

Within 100 years, the Islamic empire would grow larger than the RomanEmpire at its height.

c. means circa, or around

THE MUSLIM WORLD TODAY

• Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one.

• Relying on ancient tribal custom, the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and Muhammad’s first successor.

He had been a loyal friend of Muhammad, accompanied him on the Hijrah, and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. Under Abu-Bakr, the collection of Mohammad's revelations were recorded in the Qur’an.

Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E.

Illuminated Qur'an

• In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph (KAY•lihf), a title that means “successor” or “deputy.”

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Yes, write this down

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs• Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs—Umar,

Uthman, and Ali—all had known Muhammad and supported his mission.

• They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership.

• For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • The region ruled by a caliph was called a caliphate.

1. What did the “rightly guided” caliphs use as guides to leadership? The Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions in life.

What is the meaning of the word “caliph?” Caliph means “successor”

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs• Abu-Bakr had promised the Muslim

community he would uphold what Muhammad stood for.

• For two years, Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community.

• By the time Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia.

Abu-Bakar

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“Rightly Guided” Caliphs• Under Umar, the second caliph, swift

and highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire.

• The next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali, continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward.

• By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles—about two times the distance across the continental United States.

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2. What changes did they make during their rule? They mobilized highly-disciplined armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and Persia.

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“Rightly Guided” Caliphs

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3. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and spread Islam?• Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam.• Armies were well-disciplined and expertly commanded.• The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak at this time.• People who had suffered religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant Islamic empire.

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“Rightly Guided” Caliphs

Persecutions in Persia of those who did not practice official Zoroastrianism, as well as persecution in the Byzantine empire of those who did not practice official Christianity, was widespread at this time.

The persecuted often referred to the Islamic invaders as “liberators.”

Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam. • They were attracted by the appeal of the message of

Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax.

• Christians and Jews, as “people of the book,” were allowed to practice their faiths freely and even received special consideration.

• Christians and Jews played important roles as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state.

• In practice, tolerance like this was extended to other groups as well.

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Yes write this down in a SUMMARY in your own words

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis• The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil

war, with various groups struggling for power. • A family known as the Umayyad

(oo•MYE•yadz) came to power.

• They set up a hereditary system of succession.

Umayyad Mosque

4. What ended the elective system of choosing a caliph?When the Umayyads came to power after a bloody civil war, they set up a hereditary system of succession.

The Umayyads

5. What other changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Damascus. They abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs, and began surrounding themselves with wealth and ceremonies.

The Umayyads

When you look at the expanse of

the lands conquered by the Umayyad, what logistical reason might they have

had for relocating the

capital to Damascus?

Sunni–Shi’a Split

• In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule.

• A minority did continue to resist, and around some of these groups an alternate view of the office of caliph developed.

• In this view, the caliph—the person most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message—needed to be a relative of the Prophet.

Sunni–Shi’a Split• This group was called Shi’a, meaning

the “party” of Ali. • Those who did not outwardly resist

the rule of the Umayyads later became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example.

• Another group, the Sufi (SOO•fee), reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

The Sufi

• They tried to achieve direct personal contact with God through mystical means, such as meditation and chanting.

• In some ways they were similar to Christian and Buddhist monks.

• The Sufis played an important role in keeping Muslims focused on the Qur’an and tradition.

The Sufi

• Later, they became very active as missionaries in newly conquered lands.

• Another religious development was the growth of scholarship in various branches of Islamic learning and law.

• The study of the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic language, and the development of schools of shari’a established standards of Islamic conduct.

Write down Section B

6. What led to the downfall of the Umayyads? The division of Islam into Sunni, Shi’a, and Sufi branches. The Sunni and Shi’a had different ideas about leadership; and the Sufi practiced lives of extreme poverty and religious devotion.

The Umayyads

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Umayyad mosque, Damascus.

B. The 3 Different Branches or Sects Within Islam

Sunni – choose their caliph by election. Approx. 80% Muslims are Sunni.Shi’a – believe the caliph must be a relative of Muhammad. Approx. 17% Muslims are Shi’a.Sufi – abandon material possessions, live simple “monastic” life

The Abbasids• Vigorous religious and political opposition to the

Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. • Especially troubling to Muslims was the Umayyad

obsession with material wealth.• Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750. • The most powerful of those groups, the Abbasids

(AB•uh•SIHDZ), took control of the empire. 7. How did the Abbasids come to power? They were the most powerful of the rebel groups that overthrew the Ummayads.

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The Abbasids

The Abbasids’ strength lay in the former Persian lands – including Iraq, Iran, and central Asia.

8. What changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Baghdad, developed a strong government bureaucracy, created an efficient tax system, and a strong trade network.

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Abbasids Consolidate Power

• A chancery prepared letters and documents. • A special department managed the business of

the army. • Diplomats from the empire were sent to courts

in Europe (for example, Charlemagne’s court), Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business.

• To support this bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth.

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The Abbasids8. What major problem did the Abbasids face? They were unable to complete solid political control over such an immense empire.

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The Umayyads and the Abbassids

Set up dynasty that ruled until 750

Moved capital to Damascus

Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley

Relied on local officials to govern the empire, while the Umayyads themselves lived in great luxury.

Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs

Split in Islam occurs during their reign – between Sunni, Shi’a, Sufi.

Overthrew the Umayyads in 750

Moved capital to Baghdad

Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion

Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power through strong trade network.

Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age

Difficulty controlling vast empire.

These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization.

UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS

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Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands• The Abbasid caliphate lasted from

750 to 1258. • The Fatimid (FAT•uh•MIHD)

Dynasty, named after Muhammad’s daughter Fatima, ruled in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria.

• Although politically divided, the Abbasid Empire and the smaller powers remained unified in other ways. Religion, language, trade, and the economy tied the lands together.

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Muslim Trade Network • The two major sea-trading zones—

those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean—linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea.

• The land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa.

• Muslim merchants needed only a single language, Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar, to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and on to China.

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Muslim Trade Network • To encourage the flow of trade,

Muslim moneychangers set up banks in cities throughout the empire.

• Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to merchants.

• A merchant with a sakk from a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire.

• In Europe, the word sakk was pronounced, “check.” Thus, the practice of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire.

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OBJECTIVES:• Describe Muslim society during the Abbasid caliphate.• Explain how Muslims worked to preserve scientific learning.• Give examples of Muslim advances in the sciences.

ISLAM

Muslim Achievements

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ALBEGRA (al-jabr)

Muslim Achievements

The ASTROLABE

ARABIC NUMERALS

IBN KHALDUNGreat Arab Historian

Art & Literature

Islam

Today’s Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz…..you have 3 minutes!

Solve the following simple equations:

1. V + II = _________________

2. CM – L = _______________

3. MCMLXXXV – XXX = ________

4. XXVI X III = __________________

5. CDXXV / V = _________________

Time is Up!

Was it hard?

Would you be happier using

Arabic numerals instead of

Roman numerals?

Today’s Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz…..you have 3 minutes!

Solve the following simple equations:

1. V + II = _________________

2. CM – L = _______________

3. MCMLXXXV – XXX = ________

4. XXVI X III = __________________

5. CDXXV / V = _________________

1. 5 + 2 = ______________

2. 900 – 50 = ___________

3. 1985 – 30 = __________

4. 26 x 3 = ____________

5. 425 / 5 = ___________

1. Muslim society There were Four social classes:Those who were• Muslim by birth• converts to Islam• of other religions (the protected “people of the book”)• slaves______________________________

• Muslim women - at this particular time actually had more rights than women living in Medieval Europe.

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Razia Sultana [1205-1240] Razia Sultana was the first female Muslim ruler of South Asia.

She was a talented, wise, just and generous woman. She was a great administrator and well-versed in governmental affairs. She was not only a good leader in the battlefield but herself was also an excellent fighter. The capable son of King Iltutmush died during his own life, and the rest of his sons were incompetent to govern, so Iltutmush nominated his daughter, Razia Sultana, as his successor on the throne of Delhi India.

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy

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Al-Kwarazini (Mohammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi) was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived. He was the founder of several branches of mathematics. He not only initiated the subject of algebra in a systematic form but he also developed it to the extent of giving analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations, which established him as the founder of Algebra. The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Mfuqabilah. His arithmetic synthesized Greek and Hindu knowledge and contained his own contributions to mathematics and science. He explained the use of zero, a numeral of fundamental importance developed by the Arabs. Similarly, he developed the decimal system so that the overall system of numerals 'algorithm' or 'algorizm' is named after him. In addition to introducing the Indian system of numerals (now generally known as Arabic numerals), he developed at length several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions. It was through his work that the system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs and later to Europe, through its translations in European languages. He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the sine functions.

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe

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The Astrolabe played a pivotal role in history.The astrolabe was highly developed in the Islamic world by 800 and was introduced to Europe from Islamic Spain (Andalusia) in the early 12th century. It was the most popular astronomical instrument until about 1650, when it was replaced by more specialized and accurate instruments.

It is doubtful the European explorers could have ever launched the great Age of Discovery without this device.

Astrolabes are still appreciated for their unique capabilites and their value for astronomy education.

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe• Wrote medical reference books – Rhazes (al-Razi) and Ibn Sina

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Avicenna, or Ibn Sina wrote two important works: The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine.

The first is a scientific encyclopedia covering logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music.

The second is the most famous single book in the history of medicine.

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe• Wrote medical reference books• Produced a book on optics that would lay the groundwork for the later development of the telescope and microscope

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Alhazen wrote The Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manazir), probably the most thoroughly scientific in method of all medieval works. In it, Alhazen developed a broad theory that explained vision by using geometry and anatomy. He rejected the theory of Euclid and Ptolemy that vision results from a ray leaving the eye and reaching the object. Instead he postulated, correctly, that each point on a lighted area or object radiates light rays in every direction, but only one ray from each point strikes the eye perpendicularly, "and is transmitted there by the transparent body [the lens]." So profound and seminal was this explanation that it led George Sarton to call Alhazen "the greatest Muslim physicist and one the greatest students of optics of all time."

Alhazen965-1040

2. Medicine, math, and science• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits)• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy• Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts• The astrolabe• Wrote medical reference books• Produced a book on optics that would lay the groundwork for the later development of the telescope and microscope• Muslim scholars were re-introducing the Greek (Aristotle’s) understanding of the importance of proper scientific observation and experimentation.

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Why is it that so many ancient Greek texts survive only in Arabic translations? How did the Arabs, who had no direct contact with the science and learning of Classical Greece, come to be the inheritors of the classical tradition? The answer appears to be the Umayyad dynasty located in Damascus. They had an interest in things Greek, employed educated Greek-speaking civil servants extensively, and sought to preserve Greek science.

Which Muslim dynasty was in power in A.D. 732 when Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours by the Frankish armies of Gaul led by Charles Martel, thus halting Arab expansion in Europe?

About how many yearsdid the Abbasid dynasty last?

Muslims split into two main sects – Shi’a and Sunni – after a revolt led by Hussein in what year?

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The House of WisdomA Great Center of Learning

During Abbasid Rule In Baghdad

Abbassid Castle in Baghdad

The House of Wisdom was actually a group of learned Arabic men –

including the great mathmetician al-Khawarizmi, the Bana Musa brothers (Mohammed Jafar ibn Musa, Ahmad ibn Musa and al-Hasan ibn Musa), and Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi

- to whom was entrusted the task of translating Greek manuscripts into Arabic.

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4. Literature and the Arts• The Qur’an – a great work of literature.• Poetry• Legendary stories such as the Arabian Nights

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4. Literature and the Arts• The Qur’an – a great work of literature.• Poetry• the Arabian Nights• Arabesque art

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In the visual arts and architectural design, Arabesque art is a linear decoration based on plant forms. Arabesque motifs are complicated, intertwined, flowing designs first found in ancient Arabic art – hence the term. They are a feature of ancient Greek and Roman art, and are particularly common in Islamic art.

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“THE 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons In History”By Michael Hart

The Top 10:• Muhammad• Isaac Newton• Jesus Christ• Buddha• Confucius• St. Paul• Ts’ai Lun• Johann Gutenberg• Christopher Columbus• Albert Einstein

Muhammed was the only founder of

a major world religion who also was a successful

military leader and political leader.