The Rise of Europe 500 – 1450 A.D.
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Transcript of The Rise of Europe 500 – 1450 A.D.
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The Rise of Europe500 – 1450 A.D.
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The Early Middle Ages
Geography of Western Europe
• In 500 A.D., northern Europe was sparsely populated
• Dense forests, rich earth, mineral resources, large rivers,
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Characteristics of the Middle Ages
• Population decreased
• Trade almost ended
• Learning stopped
• No written laws• “Dark Ages” –
Many warring invasions
• Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 A.D.
• High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
• Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
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Europe in the 6th Century
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The Germanic Kingdoms
• The tribes that defeated the Roman Empire were culturally very different
• They lived in small communities & elected kings
• B/w 400 & 700 AD, there were many small kingdoms
• The strongest to emerge were the Franks.– Clovis – king– Converted to
Christianity
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Europe and the Muslim World• Islam , a new
force, swept through the Middle East & Med
• Built a huge empire & captured Spain & Sicily
• Christians feared the Muslims
• The Franks under Charles Martel stopped the takeover of France at the Battle of Tours
• Europeans did learn about science & math from the Muslims
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The Age of Charlemagne• Around 800, a
Frankish king, Charles the Great built a large empire
• The pope (Leo III) crowned Ch.. Emperor of the Romans
• He wanted his capital to be like Rome & encouraged Latin & set up schools
• He helped the Church spread Christianity
• He appointed powerful nobles & sent out officials called missi dominici
Charlemagne: 742 to 814
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Charlemagne’s Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 800
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After Charlemagne• His empire fell
apart after he died.• His grandsons
drew up the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into 3 regions.
• Legacy: He blended Germanic, Roman, and Christian ideas.
• New invasions…– More Muslims– Magyars (Hungary)– Vikings in the 900s
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843
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Feudalism and the Manor EconomyThe Emergence of
Feudalism• Kings were not
strong enough to stop invasions by outsiders
• People needed protection so a new system, feudalism was developed.
• Powerful lords owned large pieces of land
• The land was divided into estates called fiefs.
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• Fiefs were given to less powerful lords, called vassals.
• Vassals promised loyalty & service to his lord
• The lord promised to protect his vassal
• Often vassals held fiefs from more than one lord.
• They then had to choose a liege lord – 1st loyalty
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FeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
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The World of Nobles
• Warfare was a way of life & nobles battled constantly for power.
• Knights were trained very strictly from the age of 7.
• When feudal warfare decreased in the 1100s, tournaments replaced…
• Castles had to withstand attack (stored food & water)
Sleeping Beauty CastleKassel, Germany
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Noblewomen & Chivalry
• Played an active role in warrior society
• The “lady of the manor” had many duties as the men were gone to war
• Some were involved in politics – Eleanor of Aquitane became queen in both France & England
• In the later Mid Ages, knights adopted a code of conduct called chivalry– They were brave,
loyal, & truthful. – Women were to be
protected & cherished.
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Peasants & Manor Life• Medieval economy was
based on the manor• Most people were serfs
who farmed the land. • They were not slaves,
but were not allowed to leave w/out permission.
• They received the lord’s protection and could even have several acres for themselves.
• Most peasants were illiterate and never left the manor.
• Simple diet of black bread w/ vegetables and families lived in one-room huts
• Life was harsh & few lived past the age of 35.
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The Medieval ChurchThe Church and
Medieval Life• After the fall of
Rome, the Church split into eastern & western churches.
• Western – Roman Catholic church, headed by the pope
• In 597, Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons
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• Later missionaries spread Chr. throughout Europe
• In manor villages, the priest was the peoples’ contact w/ the church.– Celebrated mass
and administered the sacraments…leading to salvation..
• Christian rituals were part of the fabric of everyday life.
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• They took pride in church buildings.
• Holy men buried there
• Christians paid a tithe
• Women were viewed as “daughters of Eve,” but the ideal woman was as pure as Mary .
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One of the oldest Medieval churches
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Monks and Nuns• Some Christians
spent their lives serving God.
• About 530 B.C., a monk named Benedict organized the first monastery. (Convent)
• They took 3 vows:– Obedience to the
abbot– Poverty– Chastity
• Cared for the sick and poor, and set up schools
• Some were missionaries …life of service
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Abbess Hildegard – Composed music & wrote books
Women’s roles were limited and there were many restrictions on nuns, such as no preaching.
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The Power of the Church Grows
• Medieval popes eventually claimed papal supremacy, or authority over secular rulers also.– The Pope controlled
vast lands.• Christians believed
that all people were sinners & doomed to eternal suffering, so the church had the power of sacraments over people.
• The church developed its own canon law & courts.
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• Those who disobeyed Church law could face excommunication.
• A noble who disobeyed could face the interdict, excluding a whole region.
• The church tried to end feudal warfare.
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Reform Movements
The success of the Church brought problems.
• As wealth & power grew, discipline weakened.
• Some clergy lived in luxury, and some ignored their vows.
• Many called for reforms…
Medieval monk, bishop, & priest
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Jews in Europe• Jewish
communities existed across Europe.
• Muslim Spain became a center of Jewish culture. (Sephardic)
• Many rulers in N. Europe valued and protected…
• In the late 1000s, Christian persecution of Jews began & worsened in bad economic times.
• Many Jews then migrated to E. Europe and thrived.
Chaiya's Sephardic World,
Jewish Prince in Moslem Spain: Selected Poems of Samuel ibn Nagrela,
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Economic Expansion & Change
An Agricultural Revolution
• By the 800s, farmers started using new inventions.– Iron plow,
harness, & windmill
• Began to us the 3-field system to keep the soil fertile.– Grain, beans,
fallow
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Trade Revives• During the High
Middle Ages, the economy of Europe grew stronger
• As the pop. grew, people began to trade again.– As war diminished,
there was a growing demand for goods.
– Chinese silk, Asian spices, etc.
• Merchants set up fairs
• These meeting places grew into the 1st towns and cities.
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Medieval Trade
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A Commercial Revolution
• As trade increased, people developed new ways of doing business.
• They began using money.
• They developed banks for lending.
• 1st partnerships, system of insurance, & bills of exchange
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Medieval society also changed.
• A new middle class emerged that included traders, merchants, and artisans.
• The lords & clergy despised them.
• The church forbade Christians from lending money. (usury)
• As a result, many Jews became money-lenders & played an important role in the new economy.
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Role of Guilds• Merchants and
artisans formed associations known as guilds.
• Each guild represented workers in one occupation.
• They made rules to protect the quality of their work, set prices, & look after their members.
• Fewer people were serfs as times changed.
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Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership
apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
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Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
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Crest of a Cooper’s Guild
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Becoming a Guild Member
• Apprentice at around 7 or 8– Spent about 7
years training– Made no wages,
but got room and board
• Few became masters, but journeymen (salaried)
• Women could become masters also, and dominated some trades (Paris – silk & woolen)
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Town & City Life• Surrounded by
high, protective walls
• With constant growth, newcomers had to settle in the fields…
• Jumble of narrow streets lined w/ tall houses, dim lighting.
• No garbage collection or sewer systems
City Walls of medieval York, England
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Medieval city in Romania
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Medieval walled city of Guérande ...
Medieval South Ampton, England
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Growth of Royal Power in England and France
Monarchs, Nobles & the Church
• Nobles & the church had as much – or more – power as feudal kings– The monarchs
began centralizing their power.
– They gave rights to townspeople & gained their loyalty.
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• The Magna Carta (England) contained 2 important ideas that stay w/ us today.– People have rights– The monarch must
also obey the law.• During the 1200s,
Parliament also evolved.– Representatives of
the “common people” joined w/ the lords.• House of Commons• House of Lords• (Later gained the
“power of the purse”)
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The Holy Roman Empire & the Church
The Holy Roman Empire• After Charlemagne,
Germany split into many states
• Powerful nobles ruled the states.
• Otto I of Saxony became the King of Germany.
• He was later crowned emperor by the pope.
• Conflicts w/ powerful nobles prevented future Holy Roman emperors from succeeding.
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Conflict Between Popes & Emperors
• Gregory VII was one of the greatest medieval popes & the most controversial.
• Emperors & popes clashed over who had the right to pick bishops.– Lay investiture
• Most nobles supported the pope.
• Finally in 1122, the pope & emperor reached a settlement that the pope should choose (at the Concordat of Worms)
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The Struggle for Italy• During the 1100s &
1200s, Holy Roman emperors tried to gain control of Italy.– Emperor Frederick I
(Barbarossa)• While they were
focusing on Italy, German nobles became more independent.
• Therefore, Germany stayed divided while English & French kings were growing stronger.
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The Height of Church Power
• During the 1200s, the Church was very powerful.
• Pope Gregory VII and Pope Innocent III believed the pope should have more power than any other ruler.
• Rulers who objected were excommunicated.
• After 1200s, the power of the pope declined.
Pope Innocent III
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Europeans Look Outward
The World in 1050• While Europe was still
cut off from the world, other places were thriving.
• Islamic civilization stretched from the Middle East to Spain.
• China’s culture flourished.
• The Byzantine empire was prosperous & a rival to Islam.
• In 1050, the Seljuk Turks invaded Palestine.
Seljuk Turks
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Byzantine Empire
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The Crusades• Pope Urban II
called for Europeans to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.
• Thousands of knights went on the long journey first & then others followed.– Few returned.
• For 200 years, thousands of knights fought religious wars called the CRUSADES.
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• Only the first crusade came close to achieving their goals.
• Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.
• It fell to Saladin (Muslim) in 1187.
• On the 3rd crusade, Europeans failed to retake Jerusalem.
• There were more, but in the end, the crusades failed to regain the Holy Land.
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Effects of the Crusades on Europe
• People of different religions grew to hate each other.
• Trade w/ the East increased, especially w/ Italian port cities.
• Kings & popes became more powerful.
• Europeans realized there was culture & civilization in far away places.
• Marco Polo actually traveled to China.
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The Reconquista in Spain• Religious wars also
took place in Spain.• Christians wanted to
retake Spain from the Muslims.
• Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon which united Spain.
• In 1492, Granada finally fell & the Muslims were forced out of Spain
• The Spanish then persecuted Jews who refused to convert.
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Learning, Literature & the Arts
Medieval Universities• By the 1100s, the
improvements in the conditions in Europe created a need for education.
• The church wanted a more educated clergy.
• Rulers needed people who could read & write to help run the gov’t.
• Wealthy people wanted their sons to have important jobs.
• The church set up schools to train the clergy, but eventually laymen could attend.
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• Salerno and Bologna in Italy boasted the first universities.
• Paris and Oxford soon had theirs.
• A lot of memorization & oral exams
• Women were not allowed to attend.
• Christine de Pizan was an exception.
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Europeans Acquire “New Learning
• New learning was just reaching Europe.
• Scholars rediscovered the ideas of ancient Greece, Rome, and the Muslim world.
• The ideas of reason came into conflict w/ the Christian idea of faith.
• Scholasticism combined the two using logic.– Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas
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• Science made little real progress, but Arabic numerals were adopted.
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Medieval Literature• Writers began to
use everyday languages that ordinary people could understand.
• Authors such as Chaucer wrote stories about warrior heroes– Canterbury Tales
• Dante’s Divine Comedy– Detailed hell in the
afterlife
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Architecture & Art• Some architects built
stone churches that looked like Roman fortresses. (Romanesque)
• Others built Gothic churches w/ pointed arches, flying buttresses
• Stained glass windows & marble statues & illuminations showed Bible stories for those who couldn’t read.
Romanesque
Gothic
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Cathedral of Notre Dame - Paris
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Visconti Cathedral – Milan, Italy - 1386
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A Time of Crisis
The Black Death• During the 1300s, a deadly
disease called the bubonic plague spread through Europe from Asia.
• One out of every three people died.
• The economy fell apart b/c of the loss of workers and rising prices
• Landowners converted farmland to sheep pastures to avoid having employees.
• Peasants moved to towns, but found no jobs.
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The Black Death
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• People were scared & angry so they:– Thought it was G-
d’s punishment & repented
– Christians blamed the Jews and thousands were murdered.
• Europe would not recover for 100 years.
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Upheaval in the Church• Many priests &
monks died from the plague, so the church was not able to comfort the needy.
• Rich popes in France & bishops who lived in luxury caused great resentment.
• Angry reformers attacked corruption and elected their own pope.
• For many years, 2 or 3 different popes ruled at the same time. (Schism)
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• In England, John Wycliffe attacked Church corruption and insisted that the Bible should be the source of Christian truth.
• He translated the Bible into English.
• Jan Hus followed him & had followers.
• The Church responded by persecution & trying for heresy.
• Hus was burned at the stake in 1415.
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John Wycliffe helped produced the first complete Bible in English. Here we see a portion from The Earlier Version, completed in 1382.