The Responses to Industrialization
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Transcript of The Responses to Industrialization
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The Responses to Industrialization
Late 19th Century Thought
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Conditions and treatment of the working class in factories were brutal and harsh:
• Psychological anonymity; boring and monotonous jobs • 14-16 hours - 6 days a week - no breaks, a short lunch• Low wages, even less for women & children
• Factories were dirty, hot, unventilated and frequently dangerous
• Housing was overcrowded, dirty and poorly built.• Unmarried workers lived in barracks; if they lost their job
they lost their shelter.• Little time to socialize, fined for talking with one another
or being late• Little job security, constant competition with others
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Conditions in the mines:
• Until 1842, preferred workers were young boys and girls• Faced cave-ins, explosions and deadly fumes• Deep under the earth’s surface, life was dark, wet and
dangerous• Bodies became stunted and twisted, with crippling effects
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Factory Act of 1833:
• Children under 13 could not work more than 9 hours
• Ages 13-18 no more than 18 hours or at night
• Children were required to be in school at least two hours a day (no funding for schools!)
• By 1847, women and children were no longer permitted to work more than ten hours
• By 1874, adult male workers
were limited to a ten hour day
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The 1842 Mines Act:
• No female was to work underground • Boys had to be at least 10 years old to work underground • It also appointed inspectors to see that the provisions of the
act were enforced • The Act however, did not address hours of work, only
focusing on working conditions in mines.
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• By 1870, industrialization was in full swing
• Historians refer to the period from 1870-1914 as the 2nd Industrial Revolution
• The “first” Industrial Revolution was characterized by innovations in the textile industry, iron and coal, and railroads & steamboats…
• The “second revolution” was led by steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum.
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The first change…
• The substitution of steel for iron- steel is stronger, lighter, more durable and improved the machines driving industrialization.
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Electricity- the second great change…
• The new source for heat, light and motion
• In 1870, the first commercially-practical generators of electricity were developed
• By 1910, whole communities were driven by electricity from hydro-electric or coal-fired generating plants.
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The telephone of A.G. Bell
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Radio waves of Guglielmo Marconi
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In transportation- electric street cars and subways
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In factories- conveyor belts, cranes, machines and machine tools
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The third change – the internal combustion engine
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• Airplanes: 1903 Orville and Wilbur- and by 1919, the first regular passenger air service was in operation.
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Related developments…
• Between 1870 and 1914, Germany passed Britain as the industrial leader of Europe
• Europe was divided into two economic zones-
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The Advanced industrial states:
• Great Britain, Belgium, France the Netherlands, Germany , northern Italy and the western part of the Austrian Empire
• These areas enjoyed a high standard of living, decent systems of transportation, and relatively healthy and educated people.
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The backward and little industrialized area to the south and east consisted of:
• southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms and Russia.
• These areas were largely agricultural, and exploited for their function as food and raw material providers.
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Economic ideologies…
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Patterns of Thought…
• The growth of manufacturing led to the expansion of the middle class and the creation of a new social class, the worker.
• Industrialization created problems wherever it spread.
• Many people had different ideas on how to deal with the new issues created by the transformation of society
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Adam Smith
• In his book, Wealth of Nations Smith proposed the idea of laissez-faire - liberalism.
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Thomas Malthus, “Essay on the Principles of Population.” 1798
• The working class should blame themselves for their poverty and poor conditions
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David Ricardo, “Principles of Political Economy” 1817
• The “Iron Law of Wages.”
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• The ideas of men like Smith, Malthus and Ricardo -the classical, liberal economists in general, - had a great influence
• Spread to the public through journals, newspapers and even popular literature
• Businessmen used them to justify their reluctance to raise wages
• These ideas provided strong theoretical support for the opposition of labor unions.
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The Utopian Socialists…
• had visionary ideas that advocated for the creation of ideal communities
• They questioned the values and structure of the existing capitalist framework
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Robert Owen, 1771-1858
• Owen believed that people brought up in goodness and decency would turn out to be people of fine character.
• In Glasgow, Scotland; New Harmony Indiana (1825) Owens invested his wealth in “factory villages” with low income housing, low priced company stores, schools, higher wages, shorter hours, sick benefits and pensions.
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Charles Fourier, 1772-1837
• Create perfect communities where no one would be rich or poor…
• Profit formula: 5/12 to workers; 4/12 to capitalist; 3/12 to managers
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Democratic Liberals and the rise of the Labor (Labour) movement
• In general, called for legislation for higher wages, a reduction in working hours, safer conditions in factories, granting voting rights to workers and the formation of labor unions.
• Thomas Hill Green – (1870’s) Oxford scholar lectured on the evils of laissez-faire
• James Kier Hardie – created the Labour Party of Great Britain (1893)
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Early struggles led by Democratic Liberals during this period…
• 1880 James K Hardie unionized Scot miners and led their strike
• 1888 Annie Besant led the “matchgirls” strike
• 1889 Ben Tillet organized the Eaast London dockworkers strike
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Karl Marx, 1818-1883 Marxism/Communism
• Marx presented a philosophy of history based on the idea of dialectical materialism
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Scientific Socialism: the Marxist view…
• He and Friedrich Engels published “The Communist Manifesto” in 1848
• Marx saw history as a struggle between the “Haves” and the “Have-nots”
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The Marxist Revolution…
• The bourgeoisie of the present age controlled the government and used it to their advantage
• The proletariat, with no political power, had a miserable existence…
• The proletariat will rise up and overthrow the capitalist class in a violent revolution…
• Socialism would become the new form of government – a classless society where all would share equally in the profits of their labor.
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Any questions?