The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

Respiration taking in O2 (oxygen) and releasing CO2(carbon dioxide).Other functions include inhaling and exhaling, and conditioning the air entering the body.Air is warmed by blood vessels.2The Overall Respiratory System Labelled

DiaphragmPleural Membrane Pleural membrane surrounds and holds the lungs in place3The Respiratory System Flow of AirAir enters in through the nasal passage. Dust is filtered out by hairs (called cilia) and mucus. Air is also warmed in this region Air also enters in through the mouthAir passes through the pharynx (located at the back of the mouth) to the trachea and into the lungs.The larynx is made of cartilage rings and is lined with cilia

4Cilia and MucousCilia are hair like projections used to capture bacteria and/or dust particlesCilia can be found in the linings of nasal passageway, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.Mucous is also located in these regions

The LarynxThe larynx is the enlarged portion of the trachea; contains muscular vocal cords. Vibrations are mixed with air to produce sound. The larynx, known as the voice boxThe vocal cords are made of folded structures.While breathing, the vocal cords a spread far apartWhen the vocal cords are brought together they create vibrations as air passesSound is made

Larynx How Sound is Made (Video)

The epiglottis is located at the top of the trachea. When you swallow, it closes so that food cannot enter your trachea. From the trachea, air enters the bronchi and then into the small extensions called the bronchioles.The bronchioles are no longer made up cartilage but rather they consist of soft spongy tissue

The Respiratory System Flow of Air8What Happens When You Fluid goes down the wrong pipe?When food or liquid is consumed and it enters into the trachea instead of the esophagusKnown as pulmonary aspirationThe cilia in the trachea will move the food/liquid in the opposite directionThe diaphragm also helps to reverse the process

Video: Epiglottis Preventing Choking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvGYvK6qScE

10Larynx to Trachea

The Respiratory System AlveoliBronchioles branch into smaller alveoli. This is where gas exchange with blood occurs. The blood receives O2 and releases CO2 through the capillaries, in a process called diffusion.

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Air Flow Chart

Breathing

What is air composed of?

InhalationThe process of taking air into the lungsOccurs when air pressure outside the body is greater than insideDiaphragm and intercostals muscles contracts creating more space in lungs this creates low pressureDiaphragm moves down Rib cage moves up and out

ExhalationThe process of taking air out of the lungsOccurs when air pressure inside the body is greater than outsideDiaphragm and intercostals muscles relaxes creating less space in lungs this creates high pressureRib cage moves down and inDiaphragm moves up

Inhalation and Exhalation

The Respiratory System Breathing

20Constructing A Model Lung Using Simple Materials - DemoExhalation vs. Inhalation Video Clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhtArz6fl10&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhtArz6fl10&feature=related

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High Altitude BreathingAt high altitudes, the air pressure is lowered and thus thinner than at sea levelOxygen and other gases are present in the air at equal amounts, however there is less air in general. Breathing at these altitudes can be difficult since a lack of oxygen is entering the bodyThe result is a condition known as hypoxia (low oxygen)23High Altitude BreathingAltitude sickness often results from moving to high altitudes and not adjusting to the airIn response to low air, the body increases the breathing rate which helps to bring in more oxygen to the alveoli.

Adapting to Low OxygenAfter approx. two weeks, individuals will adapt to low oxygen levels by producing more red blood cells.Individuals living at high altitudes have even evolved to contain more alveoli and more lung capillaries.

Case Study: AthletesIn the 1968 Olympics in Mexico (~7000ft alt.), short explosive events such as the 100-400m dash, produced record-breaking levels whereas endurance events were well below expectations.

How can these results be explained?

At high altitudes, the air is less dense thus allowing for less resistance.At high altitudes, there is less air causing more rapid fatigue

5 minute breakRespiratory ImpairmentDrowning: Laryngospasm: The larynx closes and death occurs by asphyxiation (choking)Fresh water: Water wipes away lipoprotein surrounding the alveoli alveoli collapse no gas exchangeSalt water: Water leaves blood and fills lungs oxygen cannot reach alveoli

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning: CO binds to the oxygen receptors in the red blood cells more tightly than oxygenPrevents oxygen from entering blood

Respiratory ImpairmentAir Pollution:Includes airborne pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, methane, and dust particlesCan lead to aggravated immune systems asthma

Smoking

StatisticsBy 2030, if current trends continue, smoking will kill one in six people.Every eight seconds, someone dies from tobacco use.About 15 billion cigarettes are sold daily - or 10 million every minute.Among young teens (aged 13 to 15), about one in five smokes worldwide.Between 80,000 and 100,000 children worldwide start smoking every day - roughly half of whom live in Asia.

Activity: SmokingUse/share a smartphone and quickly research one harmful chemical in cigarettes

Smoking primarily damages cilia Recall: Cilia helps filter out harmful bacteria and dust particles Cigarette smoke has over 1000 times the level of carbon monoxide that is known to be harmful to human health.Cigarette smoke contains 4000 chemicals40 of which increase the incidence of cancerSmoking

List of Harmful Chemicals - Discussion

HomeworkPg. 447 # 10-12