THE RENAISSANCE
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Transcript of THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance Period
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Dark Ages/Medieval times 400- 1200 AD
• Not much recorded history.
• Growth of mankind limited as people were bound physically and mentally by their “place” in society.
• The church had become as powerful or more powerful than the king and Government.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Feudal System A Political, Economic, and Military system where people were bound
to the land they were born, and others exchanged their services to protect and serve the king.
King and Queen
Great Lords Ladies
Knights Servants
Peasants serfs
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Feudal System
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The Middle Ages as a historical period, has clearly defined dates agreed on by historians BEGAN in 476 (fall of the Roman empire in the West) and ended on 1492 (discovery of the
New World by Columbus).
The renaissance and Enlightenment were intellectual and cultural movements in the Arts and Sciences, and may NOT be historical periods, so there are no universally agreed on
dates for their beginning and end among historians.
Renaissance BEGAN as 1291 (first known works by Giotto); military historians would put the start date much later,1453 and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, and the
ENDED with the Hundred Years War between England and France, the publication of 'Discourse on the Method' (1637) by Descartes, or his 'Meditations on First Philosophy'
(1641) or in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution in England.
The same is true of the Enlightenment BEGAN with either of the 2 works by Descartes mentioned above, some as the Restoration in England (1660) or the Glorious Revolution.
Some see the Enlightenment as lasting from 1700 - 1800, 1715 - 1789, 1715 - 1815, or combinations of any of these.
Middle Ages is 476 - 1492.
Renaissance any of the years 1291- 1641 Enlightenment 1688 - 1789 jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
“Out of the Dark Ages” Renaissance --> Enlightenment
• Also known as the age of Exploration and the advancements in the Arts.
• Paved the way for the Scientific Revolution 1500-1600. Discoveries/inventions (compass, clock, blood pressure,
microscope, heliocentric theory, etc..)
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Renaissance (1300- 1500 AD)
• Renaissance “ rebirth” facilitated by the invention of the printing press.
• Okay for people to think again, use reason to figure things out.
• 1520 AD, Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church and the medieval dogma, --> 95 theses --> Protestant Reformation
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Basic Definition Renaissance: movements following the Middle ages that centered on revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. The
word Renaissance comes from the Latin Word
renasci, meaning “to be born again.”
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The Beginning
• The Renaissance began in Italian cities because of their access to trade routes.
• Trade brought wealth to Italy
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The Renaissance was a time where…
• Classical Greco-Roman ideas were revived
–These ideas were preserved through the middle ages by the Byzantine Empire.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The Renaissance I. A Cultural Explosion in Europe
• Started in the 1400s A.D.
• Europeans became wealthier, mainly through increased trade
• This gave them the ability to spend money on culture: art, architecture, books, drama, science, exploration, etc.
• Europeans increasingly felt that they might be able to rebuild advanced civilizations to match those of the ancient Greeks and Romans (re – birth)!
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
II. Age of Exploration When the world became interconnected
and interdependent
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The New Daring of European Renaissance Thinkers Led to Amazing Accomplishments
• Most notably, it led to the discovery of both a ‘New World’ and a set of scientific laws explaining the physical world
• Think about the importance of each: – Europeans discovered two whole continents not even known by
their Greek and Roman idols – the size of the world was suddenly twice as large
– The careful use of a scientific method of thinking based on reason led scientists to ‘rewrite’ the structure of the universe, solving lots of mysteries that had always puzzled humanity • Humans now had a nearly perfect understanding of all motion on earth
and in the heavens
• Clearly, humans were opening a new era of limitless possibilities
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Pre-Renaissance
Post-Renaissance
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
III. Humanism An age of reborn interest in the arts, education, and the classical culture
of ancient Greece and Rome.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
• Wealthy Patrons supported the arts and education
• Humanism spread throughout Western Europe.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
IV. Printing Press- invented in 1448 by Johann Gutenberg.
• Arguably the greatest invention of all time. • First major text reproduced was the Holy Bible
in 1456. • With more people reading the bible not
dependent on priests interpretation. • Martin Luther questioned the authority of the
Pope in 1520. • Started the Protestant Movement.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Printing Press
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
• Printing Press
–Helped develop…
• 1. Increase in literacy rates
• 2. Secular (World) ideas spread
• 3. Books are circulated to public
–Ex. Shakespeare’s sonnets
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
V. The Church Many of the new ideas and
enlightened thinkers during the Renaissance period challenged the absolute authority of the
Church.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther – A German Monk
–Challenges the practices of the Roman Catholic Church
–Wrote the 95 Theses to criticize indulgences.
–Believed the Bible should be the authority of the church.
–Believed people are right with God through faith – not works.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Protestant Ideas Spread
• Martin Luther rejects the pope’s authority
• As a result, Protestant sects spread throughout Europe
• King Henry VIII of England breaks away from the Catholic Church
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Response- The Roman Catholic Church threatened
Luther to take back his ideas and criticism of the Church.
The Church also challenged several other enlightened thinkers.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
VI. Scientific Revolution:
A period from the 1500’s and 1600’s where many scientific theories and discoveries were
made.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Johannes Kepler: (1600)
He proved mathematically that the planets rotate around the Sun and that
Copernicus was right.
Sun
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Geocentric Theory: Middle Age theory that the sun rotated around the earth and was the center of the universe.
Earth
Sun
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Copernicus:
(1530) Polish churchman and astronomer who questioned that the earth was the center of the universe and came up with the
heliocentric theory.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Heliocentric Theory:
Theory that the earth rotates around the sun.
Earth Sun
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Isaac Newton:
(1690) Discovered the laws of motion, gravity, inertia and invented calculus. He proposed that these were natural laws that existed
everywhere.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Rene Descartes:
Mathematics and logic was more important than just observation. Reason could prove scientific theories…
“I think therefore I am”.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Galileo Galilei was threatened to be killed by the Church if he did not take back his discoveries.
Age old beliefs, like the earth being the center of the universe, were proven wrong through inventions like the telescope.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Galileo Galilei:
(1630) Saw the moons around Jupiter and
supported the Heliocentric theory. He published his
findings but was persecuted by the Church and
recanted.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Roman Inquisition pressuring Galileo
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
THE PROBLEM? For Many Europeans Impressed by their
Accomplishments, European Social Systems Seemed Antiquated (old or
out-dated)
• These thinkers wanted to find ‘a Newton for the social sciences’
– In other words, a thinker who might unlock the secret natural laws of harmonious government
• This movement was known as the Enlightenment
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The age of reason, where people began to apply scientific laws and reason to human behavior, government, society,
economics, and religion.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Basic Characteristics
The power of human reason Self-confidence and Individuality
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
The cultural effect of the Enlightenment
• Spreading knowledge and free public discussion to everyone!!!
• Wrote for a larger audience, because of the expansion of literacy Printing Press
• Created a public debate of issues
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
• Encyclopedia published (mid 1700’s) that challenged the church, government, torture , taxes and war.
• “Enlightened Despotism” an educated Monarchy that governed by the principles of the enlightenment. (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Locke)
• Apply reason to explain Human Nature and Politics --> Philosophes (thinkers)
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Time of intellectual debate and growth
Increased study of individual rights (all should have individual rights)
These Ideas inspired the American & French Revolution
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
VII. European Governments at the Time of the Enlightenment Were Primarily Absolute Monarchies
• The power of these gov’s came from Divine Right
• This often seemed random or absurd to thinkers familiar with the accomplishments of human reason in other fields
• Examples – In England, over the space of two hundred years, kings were Catholic, then one
became a Protestant, then his heir became Catholic, then Protestant again, then Catholic, then the people killed the king because they didn’t like him and their was a period of military rule, then another king took power who was Protestant, then a Catholic took over, and then people got rid of their king again (without killing him, this time) and got a Protestant again. • So, could God not make up his mind about what religion he wanted England to be?
Doesn’t this seem like an absurd way to run society, especially a society that can cross the oceans and describe the cosmos?
• Yes.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
A Political Change in England
The Magna Carta was signed by King John
This document limited the powers of the King (Monarch)
The Magna Carta would later be used to guarantee rights to all people.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
English Parliament
The Parliament was made up government officials who represented
the people.
The Parliament would later help balance the power of the King
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Petition of Right in 1628
King had to follow same laws as citizens
Can only be taxed with representation
Can only be put in prison with a lawful reason
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
English Bill of Rights Stated the king would share
power with Parliament
Stated the rights granted to all citizens
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Revolution
A quick turn around or change in a government system or organization.
American & French Revolutions inspired others to seek independence
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Thomas Hobbes:
(English) He believed war was unnecessary if you had
a strong leader who had total power to keep law
and order or a social contract.
“People were wicked”
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
John Locke:
(English) All people have “natural rights”
of life, liberty and property. Government was to protect these, if it didn’t overthrow it.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of government
Believed governments should protect the natural
rights of life, liberty, & Property
Government based on consent of people
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Voltaire:
French writer who
used humor to target
the clergy and
government. He
supported tolerance
and free speech.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Montesquieu:
French lawyer who fought for the
separation of powers in government--
executive, legislative and judicial.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Montesquieu • Wrote the Spirit of
the Laws
• Believed government should have a separation of powers
• Government should have checks and balances
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Rousseau:
Believed man was born good and society (gov. & religion) corrupted him. The “Noble Savage” or
man in nature was perfect.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Rousseau • Wrote The Social
Contract
• Believed the government shouldn’t violate individuals’ rights by law.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Diderot:
Published volumes of writings he called
“Encyclopedia”. It was very similar to
our modern encyclopedias.
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826
• 1776 –Thomas Jefferson Drafts The Declaration of Independence
• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
• Later became the 3rd President of the United States
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
James Madison 1751-1836
• Person most accredited for the actual writing of the US Constitution The power of the government must come from the people.
• 4th President of US
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
• South America's greatest
generals.
• His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
• “The Liberator”
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014
Enlightenment Products
• Steps toward building the democracies that exist today. Basic rights for man.
• Set up the Revolutionary period:
Glorious Revolution 1688
American Revolution 1776
French Revolution 1789
Can people be trusted to govern themselves? What is the role of government?
jun dumaug | is 11 | xavier university |
07.15.2014