The Relationship between Some of the Physicochemical...
Transcript of The Relationship between Some of the Physicochemical...
AL-Qadisyah Journal For Science VOL .14 NO.2 Year 2009
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The Relationship between Some of the
Physicochemical Factors of Water and Fungal
Occurrence in Southern Iraqi Marshes
Part 1 Ayad M. J.Al-Mamoori
Mourouge.S.Alwash
Biology Deptartment, College of Science, Babylon
University.
Abstract:
Three southern Iraqi marshes (Al-Chebiash, Al-Hawaya, and
Al-Hammaar) were monitored for (6) months (December 2005 to
May, 2006) to investigate the relationship between physicochemical
parameters and fungal community qualitatively and quantitatively.
Results showed the fluctuation of physical and chemical
factors,for air temperature reached 39°C and water temperature
ranged between (9.1-28.8°C), ph, electrical conductivity, salinity
and turbidity were (7.3-8.6), (1.1-3.8) ms/cm , (0.3-2.1) ppt and (3.6-
83.6) FTU respectively. Twenty one fungal genera were isolated from
water samples in three sites during the study period. The most
frequent species was hyphomycetes, with a high number in December
and March (120) isolated colony while the lowest number of fungal
species was recorded in January (92) isolated colony in three
sites.The effects of physico-chemical parameters and total count of
fungi were analyzed by regression analysis.
:Introduction Fungi are universally present in all types of natural waters and
form one of the most important components of an ecosystem as
decomposers Fungi, particularly the aquatic hyphomycetes are able to
exploit this energy by means of extracellular enzymatic digestion
)3,18).Marshes represent the habitats that have different fungal groups
including aquatic and terrestrial fungi. Vegetation supplies the water
with substantial amount of dead organic material mostly in the form
of leaves, branches and twigs. There is an increasing number of
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investigations concerned with the studing of the occurrence and
distribution of zoosporic fungi (13, 24) and terrestrial fungi (12, 26) in
various water areas (20) Studied five species of aquatic fungi of
saprolegnia which isolated from Shatt Al- Arab estuary from
September 1976 to August 1977, out of 81 isolates 43 reached sexual
maturity while 38 remained sterile. Maximum abundance was found
during winter months while minimum in summer months.
In India, study the effect of chemical factors on occurrence,
distribution and seasonality of aquatic fungi, the periodicity of 300
species of water mould, belonging to the orders Blastocladiales,
saprolegnials, Lagenidiales and peronsporales, inhabiting six alkaline
ponds nearly lack now what was found to be governed significantly
by factors such as water temperature , dissolved oxygen and calcium
(24) which (15) was studied the whole–stream nitrate affects litter
decomposition and associated fungi but not invertebrates and they
assessed the effect of nitrate on fungal communities, certain species
were sensitive to nitrogen concentration in water by increasing or
decreasing their sporulation rate accordingly, Also the another
anthropogenic Eutrophication may lead to significant shifts in
microbial dynamics and ecosystem functioning.
In seven streams of the English Lake District, (8) the
relationship between ph and fungi species (aquatic hyphomycetes)
was studied according to the degradation of leaf litter, ph 6.8 higher
decay rates were associated with high levels of microbial
colonization, ph 5.5 slow decay rates were associated with low levels
of microbial colonization and few fungal species, ph appear to inhibit
microbial metabolism. (31) It is mentioned that aquatic fungi grow at
a broad range of ph values and are generally inhibited as the ph
increases above neutral . However, in streams, ph has been shown to
have variable effects on decomposition. In some studies,
decomposition rates have been found to increase as the ph increase,
whereas in other studies, the decomposition rates in streams at ph
5.9 to 6.2 have been found to be greater than the decomposition rates
in streams with ph values which are greater than 7.5.(11) The
investigation showed the correlation between fungi distribution with
physical and chemical factors and the result showed that the
maximum production of fungi took place during months of August to
March, after which they decrease, Fungal production favored by a
fall in temperature, accompanied by an increase of nutrient and
dissolved oxygen content, there appears to be some correlation
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between phytoplankton and the fungi.Also of all the factors
investigated, ph , ammonia, nitrate, chloride and dissolved oxygen
were found to be most significant controlling fungal periodicity.
The aim of present study was to determine the effects of
chemical and physical factors during the study period on the fungal
occurrence in three southern marshes in Iraq.
Materials & Methods: 1-Physical and Chemical Measurements
A-Field Measurements:
Air water temperature was measured by using thermometer
graduated from (0-100) °C. Portable pH meter (WTW. Company)
GmbH was used to calculate the hydrogen ions after calibration.
Electrical conductivity was measured by Conductivity meter (WTW.
Company)GmbH. From Electrical conductivity values salinity was
calculated by using the following equation (22):
S ppt (ppt) = 0.064 × µs/cm (E.C value) Turbidity measured in
field by Turbidity meter (WTW. Company) GmbH, Germany and
results expressed by FTU.
B-Nutrient Media
-Potato Dextrose Agra(PDA): It was Prepared according to
manufacturing company Instruction of 49g potato extract, 20g
Dextrose and 18 g Agar No.1 were dissolved in 1000 D.W.
-Czapeck dox Agar: This media composed from NaNO3 2g,
KH2 PO4 1g, MgSO4. 7H2O 0.5g, KCl, 0.5g,FeSO4. 7H2O 0.01g,
Sucrose 30g, Agar 18g (23) . The above media were sterilized by
autoclave at 121C°,1.5 bar for 15 minute .
C- General isolation
The dilution method described by (21) was used for isolation of
fungi in 1 ml of sample, which collected from study area. 0.1 ml from
water sample (three replicate for each site) was put in sterile
Petridishes then pouring plate technique was used (PDA, Czapek dox
agar were poured in plates) ,incubated in 25Cº for (5-7) day , the
number of isolated colony was calculated in 1 ml of sample.
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D-Isolation and identification of fungi.
The primary examination occurred by using dissecting
microscope (wild), classified in precise from by using compound
microscope.The isolated genera and species of terrestrial fungi were
identified according to the following references and monographs
adopted by (29,4,32,14).The identification of genera and species of
terrestrial fungi based mainly on their growth behaviors and
morphological characters.
E-Statistical Analysis
All results statistically analysed by ANOVA test and Revised
least significance differences (RLSD) test with correlation coefficient
(10).The occurrence of fungi was calculated from the following
equation:
%Occurrence= x *100
F-Study Area Description
Site (1): Al chebiash (Al Baghdadia)
Alchebiash occupied the site 31000N, 47000E which include
large area from permanent and temporary , provided by water from
Tigris and Euphrates river, samples collected from Al Baghdadia
found in starting of Al chebiash March ) .
Site (2): Al Hawayze (Am - Al wawed)
Al Hawiza marsh found on the east of Tigris river which have
length 80 km and width 30 km while the depth reach between (1-4.5)
m ,samples collected from Am-Alwarred site .
Site (3): Al Hammaar (Al Berga)
AL Hammaar marsh located in site 30035 – 30000 and 46045
south of Euphrates river, this station include many type of plant such
as cyperus, myriophyllum sp. Tamarix sp., sample collected from Al
Berga
The number of samples during the study period
Occurrence of fungi in samples during study period
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Rsults :
A-Physical and Chemical Characteristics:
1. Air and water temperature: As showed in (Table 1, 2) the air
and water temperature ranged between (9.1°C) to (39°C) in
three sites. A clear compatible is occurred between air and
water temperature in all study sites (Fig,1 and 2)
2. pH: all values of pH were alkaline during the study period
which ranged between (7.3-8.6) as showed in (Fig ,3).
3. Electrical conductivity and Salinity: Electrical conductivity
results showed low differences between the study sites. High
value (3.8) ms/cm is recorded in site (3) while low value (1.1)
ms/cm is recorded in site (2) (Fig, 4). Low differences for
three sites in conductivity are recorded in significance level
(p<0.05) .While salinity which calculated from electrical
conductivity ranged between (0.3-2.1) ppt as showed in (Fig,
5).
4. Turbidity: Turbidity values (table 1, 2, 3) ranged between
(3.6-83.6) FTU and high value found in site (2) which showed
in (Fig ,6).
5. Regression analysis showed that temperature appeared to be a
factor affecting the occurrence and distribution of aquatic
hyphomycetes so there is a positive correlation between
temperature and total count of fungi in three sites, the close
relationship is found between pH and total count of Fungi -
0.21492, -0.40769 in site (1),(3) respectively, a positive
correlation coefficient between the number of species and
electrical conductivity 0.215372,0.852732 in site (1),(3)
whereas there is a negative correlation coefficient with
salinity -0.30262, -0.21535 in site (1),(2) , a positive
correlation with turbidity 0.18392, 0.491719 in site (1),(3)
respectively (table,6)
B-Total Count of Fungi:
Total count of fungi ranged from high value (58) colony /ml in
site(3) and low value( 16) colony /ml in site(1) (table,4 ).Dominance
in species found in site (3) and penicillium recorded the dominant in
all months for each site ( Table, 5).
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Table (1)
Physical and Chemical Values (mean±S.D) of Water
Samples in Site (1).
Factors Months (2006)
December January February March April May
Air
temperature
(ºC)
21.3
±0.0
17
±0.0
12.1
±0.2
17
±0.0
22.1
±0.3
33.0
±0.0
Water
temperature
(ºC)
16.7
±0.2
12.9
±2.3
9.1
±5.7
15.9
±0.0
22.6
±0.1
26.8
±0.0
pH 8.2
±1.1
8.6
±0.2
8.6
±1.7
8.5
±5.7
7.6
±5.7
7.3
±2.0
Electrical
conductivity
(ms/cm)
3.4
±3.2
2.4
±0.4
2.1
±4.1
1.9
±5.7
1.8
±0.5
2.9
±5.7
Salinity
(ppt)
2.1
±9.2
1.5
±0.3
1.4
±0.0
0.8
±0.0
0.9
±5.7
1.4
±0.0
Turbidity
(FTU)
4.9
±0.3
4.2
±0.1
4.4
±0.1
5.3
±0.5
3.7
±0.4
3.6
±0.1
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Table (2)
Physical and Chemical Values (mean±S.D) of Water
Samples in Site (2).
Factors
Months (2006)
Decembe
r
Januar
y
Februar
y
Marc
h
Apri
l
Ma
y
Air
temperatur
e (ºC)
29.9
±0.0
22.1
±0.0
17.4
±5.7
23
±0.0
27.6
±1.1
39.
0
±0.
0
Water
temperatur
e (ºC)
18.1
±0.7
12.4
±0.3
14.3
±6.9
18.1
±0.0
22.2
±0.4
26.
7
±0.
6
pH
8.1
±1.1
8.4
±0.2
8.0
±1.7
8.3
±4.6
7.7
±5.7
7.6
±0.
1
Electrical
conductivit
y (ms/cm)
1.2
±5.7
1.4
±0.2
1.2
±1.5
1.9
±5.7
1.1
±2.8
1.3
±0.
0
Salinity
(ppt)
0.8
±0.0
0.7
±0.0
0.7
±1.7
0.8
±0.0
0.3
±0.0
0.4
±0.
0
Turbidity
(FTU)
29.8
±0.0
38.8
±5.7
43.5
±2.9
44.2
±5.7
35.5
±4.2
83.
6
±4.
0
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Table (3)
Physical and Chemical Values (mean±S.D) of Water
Samples in Site (3).
Factors
Months (2006)
December Januar
y
Februar
y
March Apri
l
Ma
y
Air
temperature
(ºC)
21.7
±1.0
18.2
±5.7
14
±0.0
18
±0.0
25.8
±0.7
30
±0.
0
Water
temperature
(ºC)
19.8
±0.0
13.6
±1.0
12.1
±0.1
14.9
±0.0
22.8
±1.0
24.8
±0.
3
pH 8.2
±5.7
8.1
±4.6
8.7
±0.0
7.3
±0.0
7.6
±0.2
7.7
±4.
9
Electrical
conductivity
(ms/cm)
3.4
±1.0
2.7
±1.0
2.2
±0.3
3.0
±5.7
3.8
±0.0
3.04
±5.
7
Salinity (ppt) 2.1
±0.1
1.9
±5.7
1.3
±2.1
1.4
±0.0
1.9
±0.0
1.5
±0.
0
Turbidity(FTU) 13.7
±1.0
19.1
±1.3
13.8
±1.0
13.9
±1.0
24.8
±0.5
14.8
±0.
9
Table (4)
No. of Fungal Colonies per ml Isolated form Three Sites
of Marshes (mean±S.D)
Months Mean±S.D of fungal colonies
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Decembe
r 28±1.0a* 37±2.0 56±3.0
January 22±1.0a 30±2.0 40±2.0
February 16±2.0 27±1.0 29±2.0
March 29±1.0 33±4.0 58±1.0
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April 33±1.0 33±2.0 50±1.0
May 20±1.0 29±1.0 35±1.0
*the similar letter point to non-significance differences under
0.05 level.
Table( 5)
The Occurrence Percentage of Genera During the
Study Period (December 2006-may 2007) in Three Sites
of Marshes.
Occurrence
%
OR
Remark
May April March February January December Genera
33.33 R * * Acremonium sp.
66.67 M * * * * Alternaria sp.
100 H * * * * * * Aspergillus sp.
16.67 R * Chaetomium sp.
50 M * * * Cladosporium sp.
50 M * * * Curvularia sp.
66.67 M * * * * Fusarium sp.
50 M * * * Humicola sp.
50 M * * * Mucor sp.
50 M * * * Mycelia sterrilia
100 H * * * * * * Penicillium sp.
33.33 R * * Phoma sp.
66.67 M * * * * Pythium sp.
100 H * * * * * * Rhizoctinia
16.67 R * * Rhizopus sp.
33.33 R * * Stachybotrys sp.
33.33 R * * Stemphyllium sp.
50 M * * * Sordaria sp.
100 H * * * * * * Trichoderma sp.
33.33 R * * Ulocladium sp.
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100 H * * * * * * White mycelia
H: High M: Moderate R: Rare
* Occurrence of fungal genera every month and the percentage
was calculated from the following equation
100 periodstudy theduring samples ofnumber The
periodstudy during samplesin fungi of Occurrence% Occurrence
Table(6)
The Correlation Coefficient Values( r)between Some
Physicochemical Factors of Water Samples and The
Total Count of Fungi in Three Sites of Marshes
Correlation coefficient values(r)
Site(3) Site(2) Site(1) Factors
0.093427 0.178977 0.106879 Air temperature (ºC)
0.359768 0.236863 0.359768 Water temperature
(ºC)
-0.40769 0.067559 -0.21492 pH
0.852732 0.215372 -0.03859 Electrical
conductivity (ms/cm)
0.495463 -0.21535 -0.30262 Salinity (ppt)
0.491719 -0.41697 0.18392 Turbidity (FTU)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Air
tem
per
atu
resite 1
site 2
site 3
December January March May February
Months
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re
site 1
site 2
site 3
December April January March May February
Months
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
pH
site 1
site 2
site 3
December April January March May February
Months
Figure (1): Seasonal Variation for Air Temperature for Three Sites.
Figure (2): Seasonal Variation for Water Temperature for Three Sites.
Figure (3): Seasonal Variation for ph for Three Sites.
AL-Qadisyah Journal For Science VOL .14 NO.2 Year 2009
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
E.C
(ms/
cm)
site 1
site 2
site 3
December April January March May February
Months
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Salin
ity (p
pt)
site 1
site 2
site 3
December April January March May February
Months
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Turb
idity
(FTU
)
site 1
site 2
site 3
December April January March May February
Months
Figure (4): Seasonal Variation for Electrical Conductivity (ms/cm) for three
sites.
Figure (5): Seasonal Variation for salinity (ppt) for three sites.
Figure (6): Seasonal Variation for Turbidity (FTU) for Three Sites.
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Discussion:
Marshes ecosystems depend upon allocthonous organic matter as
a source of energy and nutrients (1). Such material consists mainly of
structural compounds, rich in energy but difficult for animals to break
down. Fungi particularly play a major role in biodegradation by
means of extracellular enzymes. Here we examined the correlation
between aquatic fungi and different environmental conditions.
Temperature appeared to be a factor affecting the occurrences and
distribution of aquatic hyphomycetes, so there was a positive
correlation between temperature and total count of fungi in site
(3)and (2) (Table,6).(Table 3,4) showed that the highest number of
fungi was during March ,April and December with total count of
fungi (58,56,50) colony /ml in the site (3) ,The result was compatible
with the study of (7). (16) found that seasonal periodicity was
governed by temperature.The peak of fungi activity was found in
spring during March, April and May (Figure, 1) as a result for
favorable circumstances from temperature, humidity and nutrient.
The fluctuation No. of colony was compatible with the study of (17)
Through study Quebec wood in Canada pH ,Temperature correlation
with fungi distribution were recorded by the study of ( 6 ) on some
alpine Canadian wood.The pH or alkalinity of the water also
appeared to affect fungal activity so the close negative relationship
between pH, and number of species return to the pH or alkalinity of
the water (Table, 4) in site (3), also (31) observed that aquatic
hyphomycetes grow at a broad range of pH values and were generally
inhibited as the pH increases above neutral, so pH affect fungal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60C
olo
ny/m
l
December January February March April May
Months
Figure(7)Total count of fungi in three sites during Months (c/ml)
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
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activity. A negative correlation has frequently been observed between
Ca++ content of the water, high pH values and number of species by
many studies (2,34 ,9).The fluctuation of values in electrical
conductivity and salinity (Table 1, 2 and 3), including expansion or
contraction of salt and fresh water marshes, due to altered river out
flow may influence a variety of ecosystem processes. In our study
analysis of correlation coefficient revealed that the electrical
conductivity was the most important factor affecting the total count
of fungi so the number of species collected generally increased with
increasing in electrical conductivity in site (3) ( Table ,6) . There was
a negative relationship between the number of species collected and
salinity during the study period (most of isolated species were
halotolerant fungi) in site (3) (Table, 6) and these results are
compatible with many studies of (30, 28).Fungal analysis showed the
presence of twenty one genera isolated on czapeck dox agar and
potato dextrose agar from water samples in three sites during the
study period .most of the isolated colony belong to terrestrial fungi in
three sites (Table, 5).The occurrence of Penicillium sp., Trichoderma
sp, Aspergillus and white mycelia which were represented in 100 %,
100%, 83%, 83% of total water samples respectively. This means that
Penicillium showed dominance over all spices return to this species
produce many reproduce structure which have resistant to
unfavorable condition and (33) pointed to Penicillium appearance
related with mild months for year. And in accordance with statement
of (5) that Aspergillus was biologically one of the most successful of
all fungi and is expected to occur on all sorts of organic debris. (27)
Reported that the fungal population in freshwater pond of Bhagalpur
(India), is mainly composed of the Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,
Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp.,and Mucor sp. Most
of isolated species were previously isolated from Egyptian water
areas ( 25 ,12 ) .And from other water areas in the world ( 19 )
mentioned that the more obvious types of origin of these terrestrial
fungi in fresh water would be animal or plant, the whole or part,
living or dead and soil letter having been in contact with soil.
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AL-Qadisyah Journal For Science VOL .14 NO.2 Year 2009
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العالقة بين بعض الصفات الفيزياوية و الكيمياوية للمياه وتواجد
الفطريات في أهوار العراق الجنوبية
مروج سعدي عباس أياد محمد جبر
جامعة بابل -كلية العلوم -قسم علوم الحياة
: الخالصة
( 6الحةو,ة الحاةشر( لاة) اتم دراسة ثالث من أهوار العراق الجنوبيةة االجاةش,
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