The Reformation (Review)

VOCABULARY• PAPAL STATES• INDULGENCES• MILLENARIANISM• SIMONY• NEPOTISM• 95 THESES• PEACE OF AUGSBURG• HUGUENOTS

VOCABULARY• EDICT OF NANTES• ANGLICAN CHURCH• ACT OF SUPREMACY• LUTHERANISM• CALVINISM• PREDESTINATION• ANABAPTISTS • SOCIETY OF JESUS• COUNCIL OF TRENT

Causes of the Reformation1. Roman Catholic Church weaknesses

a. decline of Church prestige (Black Death (1300s), Babylonian Captivity (1300s) & Great Western Schism (1300-1400s) AVIGNON vs. ROME

b. pope too worldlyc. indulgences (Pope Leo X/Tetzel)d. simony/nepotism

2. Message of Christian humanists

a. Rabelais, Thomas More, Erasmus (calls for reform within the Catholic Church/individual Bible interpretation)

b. Vernacular, Greek translations of Bible vs. Latin , Latin Mass, Vulgate (5th century)

Causes of the Reformation3. Martin Luther’s influence:

a. humanistic education , millenarianismb. his forerunners: John Wycliffe (England 1300s), Jan Hus (Bohemia 1300-1400s)c. series of works On Christian Liberty, Babylonian Captivity of

the Church, Freedom of Christian Man. He stated his beliefs:1-salvation through faith alone2- Bible vs. power of pope3- Sacraments (3 vs. 7)4-Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation5-Against celibacy, worship of saints

d. Appealed to nobles, princes of German states 1.Church ruled by state 2.Address to Christian Nobility of German Nations3. The Freedom of the Christian Man4. Peasants Revolt/ rejection of other sects

(Anabaptists and Anti-Trinitarians) e. Expansion of Luther’s ideas: Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland) ;

John Calvin (Switzerland)Calvinists, Presbyterians, Huguenots, Puritans) ; Anglicanism (England)

Success of Reformation

1-Resentment2-Slow response from Catholic Church

a. Papal Bull (1520)b. 1521 Diet of Worms (Charles V,

Frederick of Saxony)3-Printing press (95 theses)4-Appealing5-Successful in Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland,

England (less successful in South and East)

Roman Catholic response to Reformation

1- Counter reformation and Catholic Reformation2-Council of Trent 1545-1563

a. Firmly established beliefsb. passed reforms to end abuses such as nepotism and simonyc. mandatory seminary education of clergyd. call for more religious art, development of Baroque art

3-Society of Jesus (Jesuits)a. Ignatius of Loyolab. missionaries/educatorsc. reformed church, ended abuses

4-Mysticism movement: spiritual revival, leaders St. Theresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross

5-Inquisition/Index of Banned (Forbidden) books

FRQ prompts

• 1. Compare and contrast the Lutheran Refomration and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices.

• 2. Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the 16th century.

• 3. To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation during the 16th century?

War in Germany1-1531 League of

Schamalkaden (Charles V and the Sack of Rome 1527)

2-Peace of Augsburg (1555) “he who rules his religion” (Lutherans and Catholics)

Dutch Revolt against Spain1) Philip II2) Calvinism vs. Catholicism

(Duke of Alba/Council of Troubles (Blood) )

3) Calvinist Union of Utrecht (present day Netherlands)

4) Southern provinces (Belgium) 1648

Civil War in France1-Concordat of Bologna (1516)

and Francis I2-1562-89 (9 civil wars)3-St. Bartholomew’s Day

Massacre4-Henry IV of Navarre 1589

(Edict of Nantes)

Thirty Years War

1-Peace of Augsburg not enough2-Protestant Union ( German states, English,

French, Dutch) vs. Catholic League (Spain, Habsburg Empire)

3- Who fought each other?2-First Continental war involving all major

powers