Reformation. Causes l Church abuses –Avignon Papacy –Struggles between the pope and councils...
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Transcript of Reformation. Causes l Church abuses –Avignon Papacy –Struggles between the pope and councils...
Reformation
CausesChurch abuses
–Avignon Papacy–Struggles between the pope and councils
–Clergy's worldliness and lack of education
–Simony–Nepotism–Pluralism
CausesPower and wealth of RCC
–People/Governments hated Church’s wealth
–Local governments did not like clergy’s immunities
People concerned about salvation–Traveling preachers became popular
Christian humanism, especially in northern:–University towns–Courts
Printing press helped spread new ideas
Causes
Church BlindsidedChurch put down problems in
14th century– John Wycliffe in England–John Huss in Bohemia
16th century movements too powerful
Growth of ProtestantismReligious
–Spiritual satisfaction–Correct Church abuses
Political and economic –Leaders took control of religious institutions
–Acquired Church's wealth
Ferdinand and Isabella
Marriage unified Spain (1469) Religious unity
– Conquered Moors (1492)– Promoted Catholicism
Built a colonial empire Arranged political marriages for
their 3 daughters – One, Catherine of Aragon, to Henry VIII
of England
Charles V
Grandson of F & IBecame HR Emperor (1520)Fought:
–French–Moslem Turks
–Protestant Germans
Lutheranism
Martin LutherEducated son of German minerFrom childhood concerned
about his soulHe attempted
monastic life No answers in
physical absolution
Luther’s Answer
Found answer in Romans–"the just shall live by faith"–Taught at Un. of Wittenberg–Didn't see his ideas as threat to Catholic doctrine
95 Theses-1517 John Tetzel sold indulgences
(payment for sins)–Originally for penance–Became money-maker
Luther posted 95 theses–Proposed public debate
Luther and the princesUrged German princes to:
–Seize Church’s property –Make themselves heads of Christian Church in Germany
Pope excommunicated him–He burned papal bull
Luther and Charles V
Charles V called Luther before Diet of Worms – Refused to recant– Was outlawed
Protected by Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony– Schmalkaldic League defended Lutheranism
German Religious Turmoil
Anabaptists taught radical doctrines in Luther's name–Luther repudiated them
Erasmus –First saw Luther as kindred spirit
–Then as uncompromising as RCC
German Social Turmoil
Peasants revolted in Luther’s name –Felt he hated all oppressive authority
Luther rejected their attack on authority–Urged princes to stop revolt
RamificationsHRE divided as princes foughtCharles V too busy with French
and Turks1555—Peace of Augsburg
– Schmalkaldic War treaty – 300+ German
princes could choose Catholicism or
Lutheranism
Luther’s TeachingsBible—sole source of doctrine
– All should be able to read it
Priesthood of the believerSimplify ritual of worship2 sacraments
–Baptism–Communion
Rejected transubstantiation
Calvinism (Reformed)
John Calvin
Born in FranceTrained in theology and lawConverted to Protestantism
–Read Luther's writings–Personal religious experience
Angered French Catholics, so fled to Switzerland
Calvin in SwitzerlandWrote The Institutes of the
Christian Religion–Made Calvin famous
Made Geneva a city of God on earth
Became politically powerful– Placed town council under religious
authority– Set up strict system of blue laws
Calvin’s Teachings
1618—Synod of Dordrecht (Dordt)–5 canons of Calvinism codified–Man is sinful–Predestination
2 sacraments–Baptism –Communion
Calvinism’s AppealVigorous evangelismSystematic theologyWell-organizedDignified hard work
–“Elect” to Heaven–Protestant Work Ethic
»Coined by Max Weber
Calvinism’s Influence
PresbyterianPuritansHuguenots
Anglicanism
FoundationsLollardy
–1400-1500s
–Religious & social dissent William Tyndale
–Printed English translation of Bible
Henry VIII The King’s Great Matter
Catherine of Aragon bore no son
Henry wanted a divorcePope would not grant it
– Her nephew, Emperor Charles VNew archbishop, Cranmer,
arranged an annulmentPope excommunicated Henry
Act of Supremacy—1534
Parliament passed it– King led Church in England
Parliament passed 6 Articles – Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine
(except supremacy of Pope)
Henry VIII and
Cranmer
Henry’s ChildrenEdward VI
–Anglican Church became Protestant
–Calvinist slantMary
–Devout Roman Catholic–Not popular with British people»Married Philip II of Spain»Burned 300 Protestants at the stake
Henry’s Children (cont’d.)
Elizabeth I–Church of England definitely became Protestant
–2 groups opposed Anglican Church»Puritans»Roman Catholic minority
Anabaptism
BackgroundBegan in Switzerland, Germany
and the NetherlandsBelieved Luther, Calvin and
others had not gone far enoughLeaders
– Jan Matthys– John of Leiden– Thomas Müntzer
Beliefs True Christian
born again and baptized as adult
Priesthood of all believers
Bible—sole source of doctrine
Pacifism
Beliefs (cont’d.) Refused to:
– Recognize titles– Take oaths of allegiance– Recognize or participate in civil
government– Serve in armed forces
Strongly disagreed with:– Calvinism’s predestination– Luther’s salvation by faith alone
Sects
AmishMennonites
–Menno Simons
Counter Reformation
2 Schools of Thought
CompromiseReform
–Reform corrupt practices –No change in dogma
Reformer became Pope –Called the Council at Trent
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Dogmatic–Reaffirmed traditional doctrines
Reformatory–Ended corrupt practices–Banned heretical
literature
The Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius Loyola–Soldier –Not a scholar or theologian
Required absolute obedience
Jesuits served as teachers and diplomats
Reformation