The Quality of the Fossil Record -...
Transcript of The Quality of the Fossil Record -...
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Paleobiology!March 07, 2016
The Quality of the Fossil Record
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A brief detour
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Why does this gradient exist?
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The core question in paleobiology n What is the history of biodiversity throughout the Phanerozoic?
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The core question in paleobiology n What is the history of biodiversity throughout the Phanerozoic?
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Population growth
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Geometric growth
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Logistic growth n Virtually all fossil data-sets
show a dramatic post-Paleozoic rise in biodiversity.
n Time-series of fossil biodiversity are strikingly similar to time-series of sedimentary rock volume.
n As the quantity of rock increases the quality of sampling likely increases leading to higher biodiversity.
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Species area effect
Region 2 Region 1
Total Richness = 6 Total Richness = 4
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Species area effect
Time 2 Time 1
Total Richness = 6 Total Richness = 4
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The consensus that was not n David Raup and Jack Sepkoski (the
Chicago School) believed that there was no rise in biodiversity.
n James Valentine and Dick Bambach believed that there was a 10-fold rise.
n They put out a consensus paper in the mid-80s where they compromised and said that there was a 3-fold rise.
n Neither side really believed in the consensus and their intellectual descendants debate the issue to this day!
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The consensus that was not n David Raup and Jack Sepkoski (the
Chicago School) believed that there was no rise in biodiversity.
n James Valentine and Dick Bambach believed that there was a 10-fold rise.
n They put out a consensus paper in the mid-80s where they compromised and said that there was a 3-fold rise.
n Neither side really believed in the consensus and their intellectual descendants debate the issue to this day!
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The Paleobiology Database n Clear extinctions and
radiations
n A stable Paleozoic plateau and a rise starting in the Cenozoic
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The Macrostrat Database n A map of stratigraphic units in
time and space.
n Allows us to distinguish between gaps in the fossil record that arise because of un-sampled marine sediments versus missing (eroded) marine sediments. Ti
me!
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Sample standardization Region 2 Region 1
Total Richness = 4 Total Richness = 4
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Sample standardization (resampling) Region 2 Region 1
Total Richness = 5 Total Richness = 4
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Sample standardization (resampling) Region 2
Total Richness = 4
Total Richness = 5
Total Richness = 5
Total Richness = 4
Average Richness = 4.66
Region 1
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The Paleobiology Database n Standardize diversity with
resampling methods.
n Essentially, we hold the amount of sedimentary rock roughly constant through time.
n We still see a dramatic post-Paleozoic rise in biodiveristy, but not as dramatic as Valentine predicted.
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The Paleobiology Database n Randomly reassign PBDB
collections to Macrostrat Units
n Randomizes the spatiotemporal distribution of collections
n Diversity will thus be an expression of the preserved # of units over time
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Null model based on Macrostrat n The randomized curve
is a biologically meaningless curve
n Many major extinctions and radiations are still visible
n The Cenozoic rise disappears
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Null model based on Macrostrat
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Quality not quantity n Because predictions of biodiversity based exclusively on
changes in the rock record do not predict a post-Paleozoic rise in the first place, Raup’s fears seem unfounded.!
n But never forget that just because the Valentinian rise cannot be attributed to changes in the quantity of rock, doesn’t mean that it is real!!
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Lithification and Unlithification
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Bed thickness
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Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie Taxon
Unit A
Unit C
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Pull of the recent
Unit A
Unit C
Unit E
Unit B
Unit D