The Protestant Reformation. Key Questions What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400’s? How did...
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The Protestant Reformation
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Key Questions
• What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400’s?
• How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
• How did Protestantism spread?• What were the effects of The Reformation in
England?
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Key Terms and People• Indulgences• Purgatory• Martin Luther• Theocracy• John Calvin• Predestination• Henry VIII• Annulled• Elizabeth I
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Causes of the Protestant Reformation
Cause• ______• ______
Cause• ______• ______
Cause• ______• ______
ProtestantReformation
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Main Idea
• Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
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Catholicism in the 1400s
• The Roman Catholic Church was wealthy and powerful.
• As the influence and extravagance of the church grew, some people thought it had lost sight of spiritual goals.
• By the 1500s, these concerns crystallized into a reform movement.
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Dissatisfaction with the Church
• Financial corruption• Abuses of power• Immorality• Heavy taxation
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Example
• The Church financed Renaissance artists in extremely elaborate projects, but it taxed the middle class and peasants in an attempt to fund such projects.
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Indulgences
• Pope Leo X• Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome• He approved the sale of indulgences
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Saint Peter’s Tomb
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Indulgences• Pardons issued by the pope that
people could buy in exchange for reducing a soul’s time in purgatory.• Purgatory = a place for souls who
have to work off their sins before being admitted to heaven
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Nationalism is Growing
• Devotion to a particular state of nation• First loyalty is to the nation, not
the church• People saw themselves as citizens
of a nation rather than members of a church.
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Early Reformers
• Jean Wycliffe – church should give up it’s worldly possessions• Jan Hus – priest – preached
against the immorality and worldliness of the church
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Jan Hus
• Excommunicated• Arrested• Tried for heresy• Burned at the
stake
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Martin Luther
• 1517 – Martin Luther made his complaints public
• This is the official beginning of the Protestant Reformation
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Ninety Five Theses
• Written in academic Latin• Intended for church leaders• Commonly the church door was like a bulletin
board• Factor in the printing press• He condemned the sale of indulgences and
criticized the power and wealth of the church and her papacy.
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• Faith alone is needed• Head of the church is
Jesus• Translated the Bible
into German
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Edict of Worms
• The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and the German Diet summoned Luther to a trial.• Luther was steadfast in his beliefs• Edict declared Luther an outlaw• His writings were condemned
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Lutheranism• 1530 – becomes a formally recognized branch
of Christianity• Charles V moves to suppress Lutherans in
German assembly• Protestatio – issued by the German assembly
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Other Reformers
• Zwingli – priest from Switzerland• Calvin – preacher inspired by Luther
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Ulrich Zwingli
• Zwingli was viewed as a radical.• He wanted a theocracy• A government in which church and state are
joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
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John Calvin• Influenced by Erasmus• Preached the doctrine of predestination• God knows who will be saved even before
people are born.• Humans have no control over their final fate.• Calvinists have strict laws• Amusements such as feasting, dancing,
singing, and wearing jewelry are forbidden
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Romans 9: 14-16
• 14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? Certainly not! 15 For He says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion.”[a] 16 So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy.
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Predestination vs Free Will
•Do these ideas work in tandem with each other, or are they inherently opposite?• (omniscience)
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Religious Europe - 1600
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King Henry VIII• Becomes king of England at age 17• He thought Luther’s ideas were “venomous.”• Henry VIII = “Defender of the Faith”• Wife = Catherine of Aragon• Daughter = Mary• Problem: Henry wants a male heir to the throne
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Henry, Henry, Henry…
• Had so many wives, that had to die.
• To the tune of Money, Money, Money, by ABBA
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Annullment• Henry declared the marriage to
be invalid, based upon church laws, so that he could be married to someone else who would bear a child.• The Pope would not agree to the
annullment.
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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• The nephew of Catharine of Aragon• Catharine
wanted to stay married.
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Anne Boleyn• Henry VIII falls in love with her while he is
arguing with the pope over the annullment.
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Reformation Parliament
• Henry summons parliament and declared that England is no longer under the authority of the pope.• Henry names himself the head of
the Church of England.
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Back to Henry VIII• He closed Catholic monasteries and convents
and redistributed their land to nobles.
• Do you think this would build public support for Henry VIII?
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Henry and Anne• 1533 – secretly married• Parliament declares Henry’s
marriage to Catherine null and void.• Anne gives birth to a baby girl.
Guess who?
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Elizabeth
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Act of Supremacy
• Subjects had to declare that Henry VIII was the, “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”
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Henry’s Heirs
• He ended up with six wives.• His third wife, Jane Seymour finally produced
a male heir in Edward VI• None of Henry’s later three marriages
produced any children.• Six wives of Henry VIII
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Edward VI
• He takes the throne at age 9.
• He dies at age 15.• Henry’s daughter,
Mary becomes the Queen of England anyway.
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Mary• She returns England to
the authority of the pope.
• Hundreds were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs.
• Bloody Mary• Cue Bloody Mary
Tudor
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Mary Dies
• Protestants were not exactly full of sorrow.
• Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, becomes Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• Elizabeth was a strong queen who firmly established the Church of England.
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Who would you choose?Jennifer Lopez or Mary Queen of Scots
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Elizabeth I
• Draft a new Act of Supremacy, splitting England once again from Rome.
• She was a Protestant at heart.• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics because they
tried to overthrow her.• Catholics wished to appoint Mary, Queen of
Scots (see handout)
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Elizabeth I
• She’s Not There• by, The Zombies