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![Page 1: The Prevalence and Consequences of Distributed Work in Europe IS1202 Training School on Virtual Work, 16–20 September, University of Malta Satu Ojala &](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032600/56649dbc5503460f94aaed75/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Prevalence and Consequences
of Distributed Work in Europe
IS1202 Training School on Virtual Work , 16–20 September, University of Malta
Satu Ojala & Pasi Pyöriä
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Spatial Dispersion of Work - SPACE
0 The Aim of the Project:• To analyze the prevalence and consequences of mobile
work arrangements, e.g. working at home• Funded by the Academy Finland (2010–2013)
0 The data:• Statistics (European Working Conditions Survey EWCS
and representative stats from Finland: Finnish Quality of Working Life Survey & Use of Time Survey)
• Case study material (20 interviews collected from two Finnish public sector organizations)
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Distributed Work – An Alternative to Working at the Traditional Office
• Satellite & neighborhood work centers• Flexible work arrangements (e.g. flexi-time) • Generic offices (hoteling)• Telework (usually home) and mobile work (vehicles,
customers’ premises, cafes etc.)
0 25 % of European employees and entrepreneurs are “e-nomads”, working sometimes on the road, at their homes or at customers’ premises, using information technology. In Finland, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands the proportion of e-nomads is over 40 %. (Eurofound 2012).
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The Main Dimensions of Telework
1.Time2.Space3.Technology4. Agreement
European Framework Agreement on Telework:
Telework is a form of organizing and / or performing work, using information technology, in the context of an employment contract / relationship, where work, which could also be performed at the employer’s premises, is carried out away from those premises on a regular basis.
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European Working Conditions Survey 2010
0 44 countries0 At about 1000 respondents per country0 90–95 % employees0 5–10 % self-employed / entrepreneurs per country0 Collected by the European Foundation for the Improvement of
Living and Working Conditions, www.eurofound.europa.eu
0 Our selection of respondents:0 27 countries: EU + Norway0 All employed wage-earners0 Small entrepreneurs: all self-employed without employees + self-
employed with 1–3 employees
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European Working Conditions Survey 2010
0 Measures for distributed work:1. Where is your main place of work?
1. My employers / My own business premises2. Clients’ premises3. A car or another vehicle4. An outside site5. My own home6. Other
2. Have you worked in any other location in the past 3 months1.-6. Equal alternatives respondent can choose several locations
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HIGHLY EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN EMPLOYERS’
PREMISES
SpainMalta
NetherlandsLatvia
BulgariaNorway
LithuaniaFranceEstoniaGreece
BelgiumIreland
RomaniaUnited Kingdom
GermanyAustria
DenmarkPoland
SwedenFinland
ItalyLuxembourg
CyprusCzech Republic
PortugalSloveniaHungarySlovakia
Total: EU+NO
2,00
isce
d 4-
6 H
igh
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Own home Other
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LESS EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN EMPLOYERS’
PREMISES
Greece
Romania
France
Belgium
Estonia
Slovakia
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Isce
d 0
-3 B
asic
/In
term
edia
te
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Own home Other
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HIGHLY EDUCATED
SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN OWN
BUSINESS PREMISES
United KingdomLatvia
EstoniaSlovakia
NetherlandsRomania
IrelandItaly
DenmarkFinland
MaltaPortugalSweden
Czech RepublicHungary
LithuaniaAustriaPolandFrance
NorwaySloveniaBelgium
GermanySpain
LuxembourgBulgaria
GreeceCyprus
Total: EU+NO
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Home Other
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LESS EDUCATED
SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS
MAIN PLACE OF WORK
OTHER THAN OWN
BUSINESS PREMISES
RomaniaUnited Kingdom
LatviaPoland
LithuaniaPortugal
CyprusBulgaria
EstoniaIrelandFinland
DenmarkAustria
HungarySwedenSlovakia
MaltaGreece
NorwaySpain
BelgiumCzech Republic
GermanyNetherlands
ItalySlovenia
FranceLuxembourgTotal: EU+NO
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Clients premises Vehicle Outside Home Other
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HIGHLY EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
Finland
Sweden
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Norway
Estonia
Slovakia
Greece
Latvia
Poland
Hungary
Lithuania
Italy
Ed
ucat
ion
: Isc
ed 4
-6: H
igh,
Sec
ond
aryL
ocat
ion
s in
3 m
onth
s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations
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LESS EDUCATED
EMPLOYEES
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
DenmarkFinlandSwedenAustria
GermanyPortugalSloveniaSlovakiaEstoniaFranceCyprus
Czech RepublicLatvia
NetherlandsBelgium
GreeceNorway
LuxembourgLithuania
IrelandRomania
ItalySpainMalta
United KingdomPoland
HungaryBulgaria
Total: EU+NO
Educ
atio
n: Is
ced
0-3
Bas
ic/I
nter
med
iate
: Sec
onda
ryLo
catio
ns in
3 m
onth
s
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations
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SMALL ENTRE-
PRENEURS (ALL
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS DUE TO
LOW FREQUENCIES)
AMOUNT OF SECONDARY PLACES IN WORK IN 3 MONTHS
DenmarkGermanySloveniaSweden
NetherlandsFinlandEstoniaAustria
SlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicRomania
LuxembourgIreland
BelgiumUnited Kingdom
HungaryPoland
PortugalNorway
LatviaLithuania
CyprusItaly
MaltaGreece
SpainBulgaria
Total: EU+NO
Smal
l ent
repr
eneu
r (a
ll ed
ucat
ion
leve
ls)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
0 1 2 to 6 secondary locations in 3 months
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When does this work take place?
0 Finnish Use of Time Survey 2010 by Statistics Finland0 Time diaries:
0 10 minute-episodes throughout 24 hours0 2 days / each respondent0 Contains details on:
0 What is the respondent doing 0 Both mainly & secondarily
0 With whom0 Where is she/he
0 Next: when and where do employees and small entrepreneurs work in a work day?0 Work days with a minimum of 10 minutes work per that day
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All employees, a regular weekday(% of employees working at a certain 10-minute
episode)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at employers premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
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White-collars, a weekday
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Work at home
Work at other locations
Work at private ve-hicleWork at a vehicle (pub-lic transport)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Work at employers premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tions
Work at private vehicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
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Nature of work at home(Quality of Work Life Survey 2003 & 2008, Finland)
“Do you sometimes do work connected with your main job at home?”
All “Is this work mainly:” Home-working
employees
Works occasionally or partially at home
32 “Overtime work without compensation” (informal overtime)
56
Works at home only 2 “It is agreed that some of the normal working hours are done at home (telework)
33
Does not work at home at all
66 “Both” / does not know 11
Total 100 % Total 100 %
N 8496 N 2748
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Entrepreneurs are the most distributed(all work days)
4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 00- 01- 02- 03-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at busi-ness premises
Work at home
Work at other locations
Work at private ve-hicle
Work at a vehicle (pub-lic transport)
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Agricultural entrepreneurs work the most
4- 6- 8- 10- 12- 14- 16- 18- 20- 22- 00- 02-0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Work at business premises
Work at home
Work at other loca-tionsWork at private vehicle
Work at a vehicle (public transport)
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How work at multiple locations (1 or 2–6 secondary locations) is related with certain
consequences? (EWCS 2010)0 Speed of work:
0 Work at very high speed AND to tight deadlines0 1 Never …. 7 All of the time
0 Work in free time to meet work demands:0 1 Never … 5 Nearly every day
0 Work fit with family:0 Working hours fit family and/or social commitments 0 1 Very well ... 4 Not at all well
0 Multivariate GLM-model that controls for gender, age, country, education, being an employee & being a small entrepreneur0 Interaction terms between working at secondary locations & gender; education;
small entrepreneurs (; country)0 N=36.457 (28 countries)
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Work fit with family1 Very well ... 4 Not at all well
0 Means:0 0 secondary
locations: 1.85
0 1: 1.850 2+: 1.93
0 Means for highly educated:0 0: 1.810 1: 1.810 2+: 1.94
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Work in free time to meet work demands:
0 1 Never … 5 Nearly every day
0 0: 2.20 1: 2.60 2+:2.9
0 For highly educated with 2+: 3.1
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Work at very high speed and to tight deadlines0 1 Never …. 7 All of the time
0 Work at several locations strongly increases sense of haste
0 Means:0 0: 3.20 1 : 3.30 2+: 3.6
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Take Home Lessons• Although distributed work is on the increase, the majority of employees
still carry out most of their work at their employers’ premises during “normal” working hours
• Homeworking is often informal overtime without extra compensation: • There is no consensus on how to measure distributed work arrangements
BUT the aspect of agreement should be taken into account (telework vs. overtime at home)
• An agreement would benefit both employer and employee• Work combining main work place + 1 additional location may increase
sense of control / balance for work and family (e.g.)• More distribution of work increases negative outcomes for employee & family
• In virtual environments, work process may become fragmented and information overload may increase – increased work in free time
• Distributed work only at reasonable levels!• E.g. 1–3 days per week outside of an office appears to be optimal for most
teleworkers
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References0 Eurofound (2012) Fifth European Working Conditions Survey.
0 Nätti, Jouko & Tammelin, Mia & Anttila, Timo & Ojala, Satu (2011) Work at Home and Time Use in Finland. New Technology, Work and Employment 26(1): 68–77.
0 Ojala, Satu (2011) Supplemental Work at Home among Finnish Wage Earners: Involuntary Overtime or Taking the Advantage of Flexibility? Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 1(2): 77–97.
0 Ojala, Satu & Nätti, Jouko & Anttila, Timo (2014) Informal Overtime at Home instead of Telework: Increase in Negative Work-Family Interface, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, (3) 2014.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2003) Knowledge Work in Distributed Environments: Issues and Illusions. New Technology, Work and Employment 18(3): 166–180.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2009) Virtual Collaboration in Knowledge Work: From Vision to Reality. Team Performance Management: An International Journal 15(7–8): 366–381.
0 Pyöriä, Pasi (2011) Managing Telework: Risks, Fears and Rules. Management Research Review 34(4): 386–399.
0 Vartiainen, M. & Hakonen, M., Koivisto, S. & Mannonen, P. & Nieminen, M.P. & Ruohomäki, V. & Vartola, A. (2007) Distributed and Mobile Work. Places, People and Technology. Helsinki: Otatieto.