The Origins of Writing 1
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The Origins of Writing 1
Greek Cadmus Chinese 1. Cang Jie ( 倉頡 ) 2. markings on turtle shell Babylonian god Nebo
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 541.
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The Origins of Writing 2
Egyptian god Thoth Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiba Alphabet existed before humans cr
eated Hindu tradition goddess Saraswati invented it
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 430-431.
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Altamira, SpainCave Painting Site
Retrieved from the Internet.
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David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196.
The Origins of Writing
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Types of Writing Systems
Logographic
Syllabary
Alphabetic
Mixed systems
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Types and Evolution of Writing
Pictogram Picture of the original object
Ideogram Represents ideas / concepts
Logogram Represents words / morphemes
Syllabary Represents syllables
Consonantal Represents consonants Alphabet
Full Alphabet Represents phonemes
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 541-547.
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Native American Pictograms
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Syllabary—Japanese Katakana
Retrieved from the Internet.
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Greek Alphabet
Α α AlphaΒ β BetaΓ γ Gamm
aΔ δ DeltaΕ ε EpsilonΖ ζ ZetaΗ η EtaΘ θ Theta
Ρ ρ RhoΣ σ ς SigmaΤ τ TauΥ υ UpsilonΦ φ PhiΧ χ ChiΨ ψ PsiΩ ω Omega
Ι ι IotaΚ κ KappaΛ λ Lambd
aΜ μ MuΝ ν NuΞ ξ XiΟ ο Omicro
nΠ π Pi
Wikipedia. Greek Alphabet.
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Arabic Consonantal Alphabet
alif’ ا’tā ت ’bā ب ā’ ṯ ث ǧ جīm ح ā’ḥ ā’ḫ خāl ḏ ذ dāl د ’rā ر zāy ز s ش sīn سīn ص ād ṣ ād ḍ ضā’ṭ ط ā’ẓ ظ ǧ�ayn غ ayn‘ ع qāf ق ’fā ف lām ل kāf ك ’hā ه nūn ن mīm م .yā’ Wikipedia. Arabic Alphabet ى/ي wāw و
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六 書 象形形聲指事會意轉注假借
David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 200.
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Modern Logograms
1 2 3 4 5
# $ % & ¥
< > = × ÷
+ √ ∞ ∴ ≠
≦π ∘ ♀ ♂
H O Fe Au Ag
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Advantages / Disadvantages of Each Type of System
Logography Icons
Syllabary
Alphabet
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Advantages / Disadvantages of Logographs
– Lots of ROTE memorization (for pronunciation)
+ Usable across dialects
+ Can be quite stable over time
+ Quick recognition
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Advantages / Disadvantages of a Syllabary
– Not practical for language with many different kinds of syllables
+ Practical for language with limited number of syllables: Japanese, etc.
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Advantages / Disadvantages of an Alphabet
– Consonantal Alphabets lead to ambiguity in reading and writing – Could cause problems if SPELLING ceases to fit pronunciation – Different dialects of the same language might require different spellings+ Phonetic Principle easiest to learn and use
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
象形 屬於「獨體造字法」。用文字的線條或筆畫,把要表達物
體的外形特徵,具體地勾畫出來。例如「月」字像一彎明月的形狀,「龜」字像一隻龜的側面形狀,「馬」字就是一匹有馬鬣、有四腿的馬,「魚」是一尾有魚頭、魚身、魚尾的游魚,「鳥」則是一隻側有豐羽、下有肢爪的飛鳥,「艸」(草的本字)是兩束草,「門」字就是左右兩扇門的形狀。而「日」字就像一個圓形,中間有一點,很像我們在直視太陽時,所看到的形態。
象形字來自於圖畫文字,但是圖畫性質減弱,象徵性質增強,它是一種最原始的造字方法。它的侷限性較大,因為有些事物是畫不出來的。
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
形聲 屬於「合體造字法」。形聲字由兩部份組成:形旁 ( 又
稱「義符」 ) 和聲旁 ( 又稱「音符」 ) 。形旁是指示字的意思或類屬,聲旁則表示字的相同或相近發音。例如「葉」字,形旁是「艸」,表示它是植物,聲旁是「枼」,表示它的發音與「枼」字相近;「籃」字形旁是「竹」,表示它是竹製物品,聲旁是「監」,表示它的發音與「監」字相近;「齒」字的下方是形旁,畫出了上下兩排牙齒的形狀,上方的「止」是聲旁,表示這個字的相近讀音;「雞」則是右方形旁從「隹」 ( 短尾鳥 ) ,左方聲旁從「奚」來發音之鳥禽類;「麵」左方形旁是「麥」,指其原料為小麥,右方聲旁從「面」,表示發音與「面」相近;「發」左下的形旁為「弓」字,表示與弓有關,字意是指以弓將矢發出,右上的聲旁為「癹」來表示它的讀音。
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
指事 屬於「獨體造字法」。與象形的主要分別,是指事字含有
繪畫較抽像中的東西。例如「刃」字是在「刀」的鋒利處加上一點,以作標示;「凶」字則是在陷阱處加上交叉符號;「上」、「下」二字則是在主體「一」的上方或下方畫上標示符號;「三」則由三橫來表示。這些字的勾畫,都有較抽象的部份。
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
會意 屬於「合體造字法」。會意字由兩個或多個獨體字組成,
以所組成的字形或字義,合併起來,表達此字的意思。例如「酒」字,以釀酒的瓦瓶「酉」和液體「水」合起來,表達字義;「解」字的剖拆字義,是以用「刀」把「牛」和「角」分開來字達;「鳴」指鳥的叫聲,於是用「口」和「鳥」組成而成。
有部分漢字,會同時兼有會意和形聲的特點。例如「功」字,既可視為以「力」和「工」會意,而「工」亦有聲旁的特點;「返」字,既可視為以「反」和「辵」(解作行走,變形作「辶」)會意,而「反」亦有聲旁的特點。這類字稱為會意兼形聲字。
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
轉注 屬於「用字法」。各說文家解釋不同。大致有「形轉」
「音轉」「義轉」三說。江聲認爲所謂「建類一首」是指部首,「考」和「老」同屬老部。戴震認爲轉注就是互訓,《說文解字》「考」字下說「老也」,「老」字下說「考也」,「轉相為注,互相為訓」的例子。
不同地區因為發音有不同,以及地域上的隔閡,以至對同樣的事物會有不同的稱呼。當這兩個字是用來表達相同的東西,詞義一樣時,它們會有相同的部首或部件。例如「考」、「老」二字,本義都是長者;「顛」、「頂」二字,本義都是頭頂;「竅」、「空」二字,本義都是孔。這些字有著相同的部首 ( 或部件 )及解析,讀音上也是有音轉的關係。
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六種構造條例解說Wikipedia
假借 假借就是同音替代。口語裏有的詞語,沒有相應的文字對應。於是就找一個和它發音相同的同音字來表示他的含義。例如「自」本來是「鼻」的象形字,後來借作「自己」的「自」。
有人會把通假字與六書中的假借字相混,詳見通假字條目之解說。