The Origins of American PoliticsThe Origins of American Politics1789-18201789-1820

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Washington Heads the New Washington Heads the New GovernmentGovernment

April 30, 1789: George Washington sworn in April 30, 1789: George Washington sworn in as 1as 1stst President of the United States of President of the United States of America. America.

Washington’s Washington’s AdministrationAdministration::

John AdamsJohn Adams: Vice President: Vice President Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph: Attorney General: Attorney General Henry KnoxHenry Knox: Secretary of War: Secretary of War Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson: Secretary of State: Secretary of State Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton: Secretary of the : Secretary of the

Treasury Treasury

George Washington’s George Washington’s confidence in the new confidence in the new government-government-

““That the government, though not That the government, though not absolutely perfect, is one of the best absolutely perfect, is one of the best in the world, I have little doubt…It in the world, I have little doubt…It was indeed next to a miracle that was indeed next to a miracle that there should have been so much there should have been so much unanimity (agreement), in points of unanimity (agreement), in points of Citizens, so widely scattered, and so Citizens, so widely scattered, and so different in their habits in many different in their habits in many respects as the Americans were.”respects as the Americans were.”

Lasting impact of the Lasting impact of the Revolutionary War:Revolutionary War:

Sec of Treasury: Alexander HamiltonSec of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Goal: pay off debts & make country Goal: pay off debts & make country

economically stableeconomically stable

Hamilton’s Economic Hamilton’s Economic Plan:Plan:

National gov’t assumed the debts National gov’t assumed the debts acquired by the states during the waracquired by the states during the war

Tariff would raise moneyTariff would raise money-Tax on imported goods (whiskey tax)-Tax on imported goods (whiskey tax)

-Paid creditors interest-Paid creditors interest

Est. the Bank of the United States in Est. the Bank of the United States in 17911791

First Bank of the United First Bank of the United StatesStates

The nation’s new capitol: The nation’s new capitol: Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion Western settlers’ uprising over the tax on Western settlers’ uprising over the tax on

whiskey. whiskey. Washington declares martial law…heads out Washington declares martial law…heads out

with 12,000 men to end the revoltwith 12,000 men to end the revolt

George Washington and his troops near Fort Cumberland, Maryland, before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.

A tax collector is tarred and feathered during the Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton vs. JeffersonHamilton vs. Jefferson

Loose ConstructionLoose Construction– (Federalists)(Federalists)

Strict ConstructionStrict Construction– (Jeffersonian (Jeffersonian

Republicans)Republicans)

Americans Split Over the French Revolution

Citizen Edmond Genet: French minister to the US. Mission: win Americans’ support for

French

Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (pg. 5 packet)

Jay’s Treaty

Chief Justice John JayBetween the US and Britain in which

Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the Northwest Territory

The Election of 1796

•Washington chose not to run for a 3rd term

•1st true election:

John Adams (Federalists)VS.

Thomas Jefferson (Republicans)

2nd President=Adams/VP=Jefferson

Adams as President• French angry about Jay’s Treaty

– “Quasi-War” • Seize American ships in French harbors

• Rioting in Philadelphia

• Wave of Immigrants– French: escaping “Reign of Terror”– Irish: anti-British

X,Y,Z Affair

Elbridge Gerry, Charles Pinckney, John Marshall: go to Paris to patch things up

Meet “secret agents” X,Y,Z– Demand $250,000 cash and $10 loan in

order to meet with the French foreign minister

The bribe and riot in Philadelphia convinced Adams and the Federalists that France was no longer a friend of the United States!

VS

The Age of Jefferson

March 4, 1801: Sworn in as 3rd President Thomas Jefferson is the first President

inaugurated in the new capital city of Washington D.C.

First Inaugural Address(don’t need to copy down)

Essential Principles of Government “equal and exact justice to all men” “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all

nations” “the support of state governments” “the preservation of general government” punishment for those who choose to revolt compliance with the decisions of the majority

Essential Principles of Government Cont…(don’t need to copy down)

“a well disciplined militia” honest payment of debts maintaining a sound economy proper distribution of information freedom of religion freedom of the press

Jeffersonian Philosophy

Strict interpretation of Constitution=weak central gov’t

Small gov’t and less taxes Agricultural society Sided with the French Presidency with no trappings

John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835)

Sought to increase Sought to increase Court’s and fed. Court’s and fed. gov’t power gov’t power

Federalist ideasFederalist ideas Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Judicial reviewJudicial review McCullough v. McCullough v.

MarylandMaryland Implied powersImplied powers

Supreme Court ChambersSupreme Court Chambers

Louisiana Purchase

France secretly acquired territory in 1800

Napoleon willing to sell for war $ Mission sent to buy N.O. Bought the whole territory for $15

million Purchasing land not mentioned in

Constitution

April 30, 1803 Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the

Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris The United States paid $15 million for the land,

roughly 4 cents per acre The purchase added 828,000 square miles of

land west of the Mississippi to the United States July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly

announced

Lewis and Clark lead the Corps of Discovery…

January 18, 1803 Jefferson asks Congress

for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi

His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific

May 1804 Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark depart on the expedition

Into the Unknown…

Barbary Wars

May 1801 Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the U.S. b/c

President Jefferson refused to make the immediate payment of $225,000 and the annual payment of $25,000.

On the 20th Jefferson sent the first naval fleet to the area. The ships included the President, Philadelphia, Essex

and Enterprise

Maps of Barbary Wars & Tripoli

1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war

The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive

He is forced to make several command changes.

Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship

February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed.

August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city.

September 1804 – the final battle took place in the Tripoli Harbor

September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble,

continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace

Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired

June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released.