The Origins of American Politics 1789-1820

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The Origins of American Politics

1789-1820

CHAPTER 6

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SECTION 1

Liberty Versus Order in the 1790s

Vocabulary Tariff, interest, strict construction, loose

construction, neutral, Whiskey Rebellion, Jay’s Treaty, political parties.

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I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts.

A. Hamilton’s Programs 1. strong supporter of strong national power 2. Hamilton’s debt plan consolidated the nation’s war

debts into one debt to be paid off by the national

government

B. Hamilton’s Strategy 1. debt was owed to European banks and American merchants 2. Congress created a tariff – tax on foreign goods 3. Congress placed a tax on whiskey 4. Interest – charge for borrowed money – extra sum that

borrowers pay creditors in return for the loan 5. Congress established the Bank of the United States 1791

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I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts.

C. Hamilton’s Opponents 1. Dislike of federal government in local and state affairs 2. Dislike of taxes 3. Jefferson was opposed – resigned as Sec. of State

a) Jefferson – Strict Construction – belief that the

Constitution should be interpreted

exactly as it is written

- should not start a national bank

- more faith in people than government

b) Hamilton – Loose Construction – belief that the

Constitution was intended as a

foundation to be freely built upon

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II. Explain how the French Revolution divided Americans.

A. American Reactions 1. Federalists – opposed it – seeing it as an example of a

democratic revolution gone wrong 2. Jefferson viewed it as an extension of the

American Revolution

B. Choosing Sides 1. Neutral – not taking sides in a dispute

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III. Describe the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion.

A. Whiskey Rebellion

1. Cause: Occurred in response to Hamilton’s debt plan 2. Closed courts and attacks on debt collectors 3. Government exerted its military force 4. Effect: Government committed to enforcing its laws

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IV. Summarize the debate over Jay’s Treaty and the resulting rise of political parties.

A. Washington and Hamilton believed long-term interest of U.S.

would be better by siding with Britain B. Chief Justice John Jay sent to negotiate – Jay’s Treaty C. Jay’s Treaty – between United States and Britain

aimed at expanding trade D. Jeffersonian Republican

1. Republicans or Democratic-Republicans –

were critics of Federalists – opposition to Jay’s Treaty 2. Not modern Republicans or Democrats 3. Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists were the first

political parties – group of people who seek office to control

government policy and programs

Persuasive Essay Taking the part of a Jeffersonian Republican,

write a campaign speech stating reasons why voters should elect Jefferson over Adams in the election of 1796.

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Bell Ringer1. What is the difference between loose

construction and strict construction?

2. Who opposed the Federalists?

3. What did the Federal gov’t demonstrate in its reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion?

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SECTION 2

The Government Takes a New Course

Vocabulary XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts,

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, nullification.

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I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President.

A. John Adams as President 1. Party differences and threat of war from France 2. XYZ Affair – French secret agents’ attempted bribery of American diplomats

Slogan – “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute [bribery].” 3. Americans refused to pay bribe – undeclared war began 4. Increase in the size of the army, higher taxes, support of the army and navy

B. Alien and Sedition Acts 1. Legislation giving the President the power to deport citizens of other countries

and giving the government the right to imprison its critics 2. Used to silence Republican opposition 3. Increased tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans

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I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President.

C. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1. Jefferson and Madison believed Alien and Sedition Acts violated

freedom of speech 2. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

a. Resolutions stating that the states had the right to judge whether a

federal law agreed with the Constitution

b. Defy the federal government’s power

c. Nullification – decision by a state that a federal law is “null and void”

D. Increasing Tensions 1. Jeffersonians – “Spirit of 1776” Declaration of Independence – idea of liberty 2. Federalists – “Spirit of 1787” Constitution – idea of order

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II. Describe the events of Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion.

A. A blacksmith named Gabriel Prosser and several other slaves planned a rebellion.

B. Intended to take over Richmond and win freedom.

C. It failed. They were caught and at least 20 of them were executed.

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III. Explain the outcome and the importance of the election of 1800.

A. Jefferson won the Popular Vote in 1800, but was

unable to get a majority in the Electoral College

B. Jefferson was chosen President in 1800 by the

House of Representatives

C. Peaceful Transfer of Power – 1. Executive and Legislative branches of federal government

controlled by Jeffersonian Republicans 2. Political power could be transferred peacefully

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SECTION 3

The Jefferson Administration

Vocabulary Agenda; bureaucracy; Marbury v. Madison;

judicial review; Louisiana Purchase; Lewis and Clark expedition; embargo

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I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government.

A. Agenda – list of things to accomplish 1. reduced the influence of the national government 2. limit national governments presence in people’s lives

B. Reducing Government 1. cut taxes and reduced size of federal bureaucracy 2. bureaucracy – departments and workers that make up the federal government

C. Jefferson allowed the Bank of the United States to operate

D. Re-elected in 1804 – very popular

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E. Hamilton and Burr 1. Jefferson’s rivals 2. Burr – Vice-President 3. Burr shot and killed Hamilton in a duel

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F. Judiciary Acts 1. Judiciary Acts of 1789 and 1801 were

passed by Congress to expand the judicial

branch’s court system

2. Created a national court system with circuit

and district courts, all headed by the

Supreme Court

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II. Understand the Supreme Court’s power to review laws.

A. John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1. Appointed by John Adams 2. Marbury v. Madison 1803 – President Adams appoints,

Marbury as Justice of the Peace. But under orders from, President Jefferson, Sec. of State Madison never delivers the official papers to Marbury.

Marbury sues Madison for the position of Justice of the Peace. Chief Justice Marshall states the Supreme Court cannot give this

order to the Executive Branch.

Resulta. Marshall increased the power of the executive

and judicial branches

b. Judicial Review – enables federal courts to

review state laws and state court decisions to

determine if they are in keeping with the

federal Constitution

c. Allows federal courts to decide whether laws

passed by Congress are constitutional

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III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration.

A. The Louisiana Purchase

1. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – process territories

could become states

2. Land Act of 1800 – Americans were able to buy

land in small parcels on credit in the West near the

Mississippi River

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3. Napoleon and the French a. French leader, Napoleon, controlled the Mississippi River

and New Orleans area b. Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy city of New

Orleans for an offer of $10 Million c. Napoleon refused to sell just New Orleans but offered

Louisiana

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3. Napoleon and the French

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3. Napoleon and the French d. Louisiana Purchase – from France in 1803 of New

Orleans and a huge area of land west of the

Mississippi River e. Significant because it greatly increased the size of the

United States

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B. Lewis and Clark Expedition

1. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark 2. Expedition to explore land included in the

Louisiana Purchase in the Spring of 1804 3. Search river routes to the western ocean 4. Made contact with Native Americas 5. Gather information about natural resources 6. Two-years four-months 7. Later voyages by Zebulon Pike

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8. Hired French-Canadian fur trader and his wife as

interpreters

– wife was Shoshone Indian Sacajawea

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C. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

1. Harassment of American ships by British and

French

2. Embargo of 1807 a. Embargo – restriction on trade b. Unpopular and unsuccessful

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SECTION 4

Native American Resistance

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I. Describe the condition of Native Americans in the Old Northwest around 1790.

A. After the War for Independence, the Miamis, Delawares,

and Shawnees were able to fight successfully against

American expansion

B. Treaty of Greenville – agreement Native Americans were

forced to accept after the Battle of Fallen Timbers

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II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States.

A. Accepting White Culture 1. After his defeat by the Americans, Little Turtle

adopted parts of American culture

B. Blending Indian and American Cultures 1. reservation – area set aside for Native Americans

who lost their homelands 2. Handsome Lake stabilized Seneca society by

urging his people to blend Seneca and European

cultures

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II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States.

C. Returning to Indian Traditions 1. assimilation – process by which people of one culture become

part of another culture 2. Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” – called for the Miamis,

Delawares, and Shawnees to completely reject European

culture

D. Taking Military Action 1. Tecumseh led the protest to the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which

Native Americans were tricked into giving up their land 2. Battle of Tippecanoe – military encounter between Governor

William Henry Harrison and Tenskwatawa 3. The Battle of Tippecanoe resulted in a loss of Native American

culture

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SECTION 5

The War of 1812

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I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. A. War Breaks Out

1. Anger Toward Britain a. Impressment – forcing people into military service b. War of 1812 – the United States declared war on

Great Britain because of continued

British harassment

2. The Land War a. William Henry Harrison – defeated British and

Native Americans in British-held Canada b. Andrew Jackson – defeated Creek Indians at

Horseshoe Bend in Alabama

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3. The Naval War a. U.S.S. Constitution “Old Ironsides” b. “Don’t give up the ship”

4. The burning of Washington, D.C. a. James and Dolly Madison – warned and fled b. British burned the United States Capital and

White House c. All night British bombarded Fort McHenry,

Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner”

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5. The War Ends a. Mr. Madison’s War had left

1. national treasury empty

2. Capital in ruins

3. British blockade had brought trade to a standstill b. Treaty of Ghent – treaty ending the War of 1812 c. Battle of New Orleans

1. event that took place after the War of 1812 had

officially ended

2. victory for the United States

3. unified the country, restored patriotism, and

made Andrew Jackson a national hero

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III. Understand the issues that led to the Missouri Compromise.

A. Northern states objected to admitting Missouri as a slave

state because it would increase the power of the southern

states in the Senate

B. Missouri Compromise 1. established 36^ 30’ N latitude as dividing line

between free and slave states 2. slavery would be allowed in Missouri,

but Maine would be admitted as a free state

The Origins of American Politics 1789-1820

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