The Opportunities

and Challenges of Fly

Ash in Turkey

September 1st, 2014

by

Dr. Sırrı Uyanık Mehmet Topeli

Welcome

Outline

Power Generation Figures of Turkey

The Importance of Coal in the Turkish Energy Mix

The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey

A Success Story: İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant

Conclusion

Geographical Surrounding of Turkey

EU CE & SEE

NA

ME

Sugözü PP

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea Caspian Sea

Economical Overview – TURKEY

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country

Turkey's area occupies 783,562 km2 which is world's 37th largest country and

more than 2 times of Germany

The population is around 74 Million with an annual growth rate more than 1%

Average age of the population is 29,2 and almost half of the population has

age lower than 25 years old

Turkey is the World's 16th largest economy with a GDP of 772 Billion USD

(10.444 USD per capita)

The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2011 averaged 5,2% (8,5% in 2011), which

made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that

period.

Power Generation Figures of Turkey

14

0.5

80

15

0.6

98

16

1.9

56

17

6.3

00

19

1.5

58

19

8.4

18

19

4.8

13

21

0.1

82

22

9.4

00

23

9.4

97

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

7,4%

8,9% 8,7%

3,6% -2,2%

7,9%

GWh

7,2%

9,1% 4,4%

The Importance of Coal in the Turkish Energy Mix

Power Generation by Sources in Turkey

Hydraulic 24,1%

Wind 2,4%

Fuel Oil, Asphaltite 0,8%

Geothermal 0,4%

Others 0,9%

Natural Gas 43,5%

Hard Coal 1,4%

Lignite 14,4%

Imported Coal 12,2%

Coal 28,0%

Hydraulic Wind Fuel Oil, Asphaltite Geothermal Others Natural Gas Hard Coal Lignite Imported Coal

Total Electricity Generation in 2012 239.497 GWh

Coal Production and Imports in Turkey K

ton

Lignite production

The Imported Coal amount over the years

The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey

The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey

19M tons of fly ash production which was 3% of

the world total, was realized in Turkey in 2012.

Only 10% of the total amount could have been

used by the cement/construction industry so far.

The rest was landfilled.

It is expected that the amount of fly ash will

increase by 30% and proportionally, approximately

25M tons of fly ash that has to be handled by

2020

There is an increasing demand for the certified ash

according to EN 450.

* Yearly fly ash production in Turkey.

Cement Industry in Turkey

World Cement Production

Country Mtons %

1 China 2.220 60,00%

2 India 247 6,68%

3 USA 74 2,00%

4 Iran 73 1,98%

5 Turkey 69 1,86%

6 Brasil 68 1,84%

7 Russia 60 1,62%

... ... ... ...

TOTAL 3.700

Export Markets of Turkish Cement Industry

Environmental Classification of Fly Ash

Environmental Classification of Fly Ash

A Success Story In Environmental Management and

Utilization of Fly Ash

İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant

İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant

First imported coal-fired power plant in Turkey.

“Built-Operate-Own” model power plant.

9 Billion kWh electrical energy per year (%4).

High concern over environmental protection.

o Low NOx Burner

o Electrostatic Precipitators

o Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems

ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 quality management certificates since

September 26, 2009.

Contribution of İSKEN to the Market

İSKEN has a leading role in marketing of by products.

First Power Plant in Turkey producing certified fly ash. Ash production is around 350K tons per year.

Starting from commerical operation date up to the end of

2013, 3,5M tons of ash were produced and 3,2M tons were sent to the cement/concrete industry.

* Utilization rate of ash produced by İSKEN

* Utilization rate of gypsum produced by İSKEN

“Making environmentally friendly production in world standarts while taking care of all natural sources by using modern technology and treatment systems shows the importance that İSKEN give to the quality rather than quantity.”

To realize that vision,

Fly Ash Certification of İSKEN acc. to EN 450-1

Property Actual Limit Sample

Loss of Ignition - Category A % 1,84 < 5 A - B

Fineness - Category N % 15,02 16 ± 10 A - B

Weekly Free CaO % 0,113 < 2,5 B

Reactive CaO % 3,62 < 10 B

Chloride % 0,01 < 0,1 B

SO3 % 0,29 < 3 B

Alkalis % 2,08 < 5 B

Total SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 % 87,28 > 70 B

Activity Index (28days) % 75,75 > 75 C

Activity Index (90days) % 89,05 > 85 C

Particle Density kg/m3 2325 2350 ± 200 C

Daily

Monthly

Conclusion

Conclusion

The coal consumption in Turkey is incresaing. Moreover, all local coal

will be exploited by 2023. (STRATEGY DOCUMENT – 2009).

Accordingly there will be more fly ash produced that has to be

recycled or properly landfilled.

There is always an increasing demand for the certified fly ash.

However the most of the fly ash produced is calcareous type and upto

now there is limited usage or uncontrolled landfilling.

Therefore new areas should be found, in order increase the utilization

rate of the calcerous fly ash as well.

The beneficial usage of CCPs can be an opportunity for the Turkish

economy, otherwise it will be an environmental challange.