President's Communique ...Christine Caroppo 3THE HURON MAT OF WAR ...John Steckley 5Ministry of Culture and Communications - News 12Letters To The O.A.S .....from K.C.A. Dawson 14

Malcolm Atkin 14A Word About Death: Public Attitudes Towards

Death and the Implications for theExcavation of Pioneer Cemeteries Jan L. Walli 15

The Cemeteries Act - Update John H. Peters 20BOOK REVIEWS by Dr. Peter Reid 23

William A. Fox 24Charles Garrad 28

F.Y.I. ...Thunderbird 29Native Archaeology in Ontario: A Status Report

...William A. Fox 30Ontario Avocational Archaeology in the Past

...Charles Garrad 32An Archaeological Facilities Master Plan for the

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The O.A.S. Heritage-Future Fund 35From the O.A.S. Office. ... 37O.A.S. Chapters 39O.A.S. Provincial Officers JO

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Dear Members and other readers ... herewe are again with the last of thesemissives for the year. Nineteen-eighty-nine has been an extraordinaryyear for those of us in the heritagesector. One marked by a reactiveinstead of a proactive mode, I'm afraid.I am reminded of Charles Dickens'opening lines from A Tale of Two Cities.You know the one, it was the best oflimes, it was the worst of times. Itseems to me that archaeology isenjoying a continuous increase inpopularity among the general publicleading to an increase in theirexpectations regarding services andopportunities to participate. However,at the same time our government ischanging its policy direction away fromdirect service. This leavesmunicipalities and private organizationsto pick up the slack. Whether or notthese groups are adequately preparedin terms of infra-structure, finances,and the scope of our own mandatesseems to be of less consequence thanthe push to move the business of directservice down to the "lowest appropriatelevel". At the same time heritagegroups feel compelled to respond towhat we feel are changes to legislationand policy development affectingheritage such as, Timber Managementon Crown Lands and the EnvironmentalAssessment process; POLARIS and thepossible next target for shredding, vitalstatistics documents; Cemeteries Actrevisions; and scores of other topicswhich demand our involvement or at thevery least a well thought-out letter. Allof this takes time and lots of it. I amnot saying that the OAS should cease torespond to these situations as theyarise, because frankly, there are veryfew others out there who can or will,collectively or individually, respondwith an archaeological point of view.Even for us though, it has become an

almost insuperable burden. We haveonly one paid staff member. We couldeasily use another but that is not abudget item for which we can apply forfunding. We could use a FAX machine tospeed up, streamline, and generallymake more efficient use of our time butour budget request for one was turneddown. You are practically a socialpariah without one these days. Wecould use a couple or more Executivemembers around the table to do some ofthe tasks one might assign theAdministrator or President, such asattending meetings, doing research,drafting letters, planning workshops,symposia, etc. but this requires aConstitutional change which iscumbersome and even if we started nowcould not be in place before 1991 or1992. In fact, the entire Constitutionrequires reworking just to bring it upto speed in a number of areas. Thatchore, I'm afraid I must leave to aPresident who has more energy and timethan 1.

Enough of the diatribe for now. If youattended the 1989 Annual BusinessMeeting at the recent Symposium youwill have heard about our problems andour minor successes at length. I muststop at this point to thank the recordnumber (nearly 60) of you who did turnup at the ABM. It is very gratifyingfor the Executive to see so manymembers who are interested in theoperations of the Society. We deeplyappreciate your attendance, commentsand continued support.

On the subject of the Symposium, thoseof you who had the pleasure ofattending I know will agree when I saywhat a fabulous event it was. Greatattendance, lots of new faces, wonderfuland thought-provoking papers. I wouldlike to extend a special thank you, on

behalf of >'Illthe members, to the LondonChapter Executive and volunteers fortheir hard WOI'\{ in putting on thisSymposium. T only hope that the 1990edition ~an measure up favourably~

I will just briefly note here that at theABM nominations for candidates forExecutive office were closed. Thecurrent slate of officers was returnedto office by acclamation. This is notsuch a bad thing. It means that for thefirst time in a long while there is solidcontinuity al'Ound the table and thatusually adds to efficiency. However, donot be deterred if you have a secretdesire to have a hand in running theOAS. We will probably need new bloodin 1991 and even sooner. We stillrequil'e for 1990 a volunteer to helplaunch a corporate donation program, avolunteer who would like to tackle amembership drive, someone to assist indeveloping educational packages andworkshops and lots of other activitieswhich the OAS would like to/should bedoing but simply lacks the manpower(personpower ?) to achieve. Even semi-regular office assistance would beimmensely helpful around such times asthe Herculean task of stuffing, sortingand mailing Arch Notes, for example.The task would not have to be soHerculean if we had even one personwho would come in to help once everytwo months. Any takers? Please callus if you are interested in contributingto the OAS in any way.

I would lil{e to take this opportunity tothank all of the volunteers whocurrently help the OAS achieve itsgoals. Thanks to all of my Executive,editors, special functions co-ordinatorsand all those who help out from time totime. Thank you also to all those whovolunteer at the Chapter level both inelected and appointed positions. TheOAS runs on the energy of itsvolunteers and I thank each and everyone of you for your vital contributions.One volunteer who deserves specialmention is Mil{e Kirby, Treasurer andEditor of Arch Notes. Mike has been anindefatigable editor as is evidenced by

this, his 99th issue. We salute you,Michael, for your excellent work overthe years as editor of this importantinformation link for the archaeologicalcommunity!! Arch Notes has grownunder his editorship into more than asimple newsletter. It always hasinteresting and useful information toimpart and in a timely way. It's a darngood read. f'1ike has indicated that hemight like to step down as editor afterhis 100th issue. If there is an eagervolunteer out there who would like toaccept the honour of this positionplease let us knO\v. If you do not feel100% confident I am sure that Mike maylet you apprentice for a while to ensurea smooth turnover of responsibility forthe editorship.

On a social note, please mark yourcalendars now for the Annual OAS OpenHouse! As usual, we hold this eventduring Heritage Week and this time weare inviting you all to attend the OpenHouse on Sunday, February 11, 1990,between Noon and 4 P.M. There will, ofcourse, be refreshments and as a newinitiative there will be an artifactidentification clinic. So, come out, enjoysome convivial atmosphere and bringalong your artifacts for other membersto see and to identify!

Lastly, I would like to thank CharlesGarrad, our Administrator, for histireless efforts on behalf of the Society.We certainly could not do without himand I personally would not look half asefficient without Charles workingbehind the scenes. Thanks, Charlie.

An important link between the fields ofethnolinguistics and archaeology existswhen the linguist gives 'meaning' tophysical objects in a particular culture.In this short paper I establish thatthere were connotations of warfare withrush mats in Huron culture. Moresignificantly in terms of material thatarchaeologists are more likely touncover, I will suggest that parts ofravens, especially their beaks, had thesame connotations.

Mentions is made twice(l) in the JesuitRelations of a warrior spirit or 'god ofwar' called "Ondoutaehte" or"Ondoutaete". In 1642 Jesuit FatherJerome Lalemant wrote that:

"Ondoutaehte, whom they recognize asthe God of War, often appears to them,--but never without inspiring fright, forhe is terrible. Sometimes he assumesthe countenance of a man mad withrage; again, that of a woman whosefeatures are only those of fury."(JR23:153)

In a discussion of how the Hurondemonstrated some knowledge or aperception of the Christian God in someof their traditional beliefs, we are toldby Father Paul Ragueneau in 1648 that:

"In war, and in the midst of theirbattles, they give him the name ofOndoutaete and believe that he aloneawards the victory." (JR33:225)

The name associated with this spirit wasmore often found in the Hurondictionaries as signifying one who holdsa feast or ceremony of war, and whogoes on to lead the subsequent warparty (FHO "festin" and "guerre", FH62,FH65:43, FHc1693:145 and FHcI697:75).These entries typically employ the verb

-atren-, meaning 'to hold a ceremony orfeast' (Potier 1920:203). The followingexample comes from Father PierrePotier's dictionary of the 1740s:

"ihotrens ond8ta,ecte(2) - il fait unfestin de guerre, illeve du monde pourun parti de guerre/He holds a feast ofwar; he raises people for a war party./

ondaie ihotren ond8ta,ete - c'est lui quifait Ie festin de guerre (metap) q/u/iest Ie chef./It is he who holds the warfeast (metaphorically), who is the chiefor leader./Potier 1920:203 #41)

~References also exist to the war leaderwithout specifically making theconnection with the ceremony. Theearliest occurs in Recollect BrotherGabriel Sagard' s dictionary/phrase book:

"capitaine pour la guerre. Garihoudoutagueta."(3) (Sagard 1866 "armes")

The word "Garihou" here is derivedfrom the noun root written as -rih~- bythe Jesuits, meaning 'matter;affair'(Potier 1920:453). The combination ofthis noun and 'ond8ta,ecte' was used incontrast to the name for a 'peace chief'or civil leader, "Garihou andionxra"(Sagard 1966 "armes" and Sagard1939:149). The noun "andionxra" isderived from the noun root written as -ndi,onr- by the Jesuits, meaning 'mind,thoughts' (Potier 1920:449). It could bethat the Huron were employing asimplified or 'pidgin Huron' whencommunicating with Sagard (or withwhomever first copies these wordsdown, see fn #3). For when terms forwar leader are presented in laterdictionaries, this form is not found.Instead we find a form of -rih8- (-rih-) with the verb root -ont-, meaning----rto

attach, be attached' (Potier 1920:418).Typical examples are these:

"Capi taine •.•hotrihon tack8in' ond8ta,ec te- il e/st/ ch/ef/ de guerre (FHc1697:30;cf, FHO)

"ennonchien ond8ta,ecte esk8arihontak,,andi,onra iOochien ta,8arihontak ne mefaites pas chef de guerre, maisseulement chef de conseil./Do not makeme the war leader, but only the leaderof the council./(Potier 1920:420)

There is also a reference (somewhathidden linguistically by the absence ofthe first syllable) to the ceremonywithout a connection being made to awar leader. This comes from theRelation of 1649 in the then largelyChristian village of Ossossane:

"Among others, there was a desire of aDoutetha Dance,--to which the Magician,who had come from another village,wis hed to an nex a f eas t ofEndakwandet." (JR34:217)

Two more uses of 'ond8ta,ecte' exist, forspeaking of 'ordinary' warriors, andwar itself. An example of the former isthe following:

"ond8ta,ecte soldat, guerrier/soldier,warrior/(FH59; ef, FH65)

Finally, having 'ond8ta,ecte' signify waroccurs fairly frequently in the Hurondictionaries (Sagard 1866 "armes", as"Outtaguete"; FHO, FHc1693, FHc1697:89and JR64, facing page 58).

I would argue that the main embodimentor 'personification' of 'ond8ta,ecte' wasthe leader of the feast of war andsubsequent raid, rather than to any'god of war' or warrior. This wouldmake warfare a parallel sphere to civilaffairs, in which people spoke of theleaders when they wished to refer to atribe (JR10:231 and pp257-259). Theevidence suggesting that mysupposition is correct is mainly relativeprevalence in the Huron dictionaries.Of the nine Huron dictionaries used in

my research, seven make reference tothe leader embodiment. Only two referto ordinary warriors, and just one to a'god of war' (FH62). The main term forwarrior appears to have been"oskenra,ecte" (FH59, FH62:121,FH65:177, FHc1693, FHc1697:196 andPotier 1920:251). Further, 1 suspectthat if the Huron believed in a spiritthat was primarily responsible forvictory or defeat in warfare, its namewould have been something like'Airesk8i'(4), the name of an Iroquoisspirit that had that responsibility (seeGoddard 1984).

So far we have just dealt with thecontexts in which 'ond8ta,ecte' wasused. We have not yet addressed thequestion of what the term literallymeans. This is an important question.In an earlier Arch Notes article 1demonstrated how the name for foursignificant Huron religious ceremoniesreferred to specific actions that tookplace in them. (5) To paraphrasesomewhat, 'having a meal' was the termfor the ceremony of farewell, 'applyingashes' for a curing ceremony, 'singing'for another ceremony, and the enigmatic'putting someone on his side' for theceremony of thanksgiving and gratitude(Steckley 1988a). It would beinstructive, then, to check for aphysical act to which 'ond8ta,ecte' mightrefer. This might enable us to gainsome insight into what took placeduring the feast of war.

The word 'ond8ta,ecte' has two maincomponents: a verb root and a nounroot. The former is -~te-, which theJesuits translated as "porter q/uelque/c/hose/ /to bear or carry something/"(Potier 1920: 250 #1). The Mohawkcognate -kehte- means 'to carryoverthe should---e?(Michelson 1980:37). Thiswould seem to be the translation of theHuron verb root as well. For it hadincorporated into it noun roots withsuch meanings as robe, wampumnecklace, carrying bag, shoulder strap,load of wood and cradleboard (Potier

1920:250). So, whatever was beingcarried or borne in 'ond8ta,ecte' wentover the shoulder.

The noun root is -nd8t-/-ndot-. It hastwo kinds or levels of meaning, one asmaterial, the other as manufacturedobject. The former is presented in thefollowing entry:

",Andota. Ie gros bout du jonc, decane, de bled/the large end of a rush,reed or cornplant/ (FHO; ef, FH59, FH62,FH65, FHc1697: 103 and 129 and Potier1920:450)

The second, and possibly 'derived'meaning of manufactured product is'mat'. This can be seen in entries suchas the following:

"natte, aienda, ,and8ta ... st8tondiak tufais une natte/mat/ /you are making a mat./(FHc1697:129, cf, FHO)

The fact that the same noun rootreferred to both 'rushes' and 'mat' isdemonstrated in the following entry:

"Ondota gros bout de jonc, canne ounatte/large end of the rush, reed or amati (FH65, ef, FH59)

As can be seen from the first entry,there were two terms in Huron for mat.They are both mats made out of rushes.We know that the noun root -(h)i(h)end-realized as -iend- above was associated

with rushes from the informationpresent in entries such as the following:

"Jonc a faire v.g., des nattes,ahienda./rush for making, say,mats/(FHc1693:190, cf, FHc1697:103)

What is the difference between the twoterms? The difference essentially existsin the use and symbolic meaning of themats. The noun root -(h)i(h)end- refersto mats used for lying or sitting on.The symbolic meaning was of peace.Both of these points can be seen in thisexcerpt taken from a discussion of thenine principal gifts presented by the

family of a murderer to the family of thevictim, all of the gifts being laden withsymbolic meaning:"... the ninth/gift/is, as it were, to placeand stretch a mat for her/i.e., the

,mother of the victim/, on which she mayrest herself and sleep during the timeof her mourning, condayee on sahohiendaen." (JRI0:221; additions mine)

The phrase at the end can be translatedas 'This is the mat on which she againlies', with the noun root for mat being -hiend-. That this had the symbolicmeaning of 'being at peace' is suggestedby the meaning given to 'resting on amat' by their one-time neighbours theOttawa late in the 17th century. Thefollowing is a speech given by anOttawa war leader, followed by aninterpretation by Cadillac, who hadlived with them from 1694 to 1698:

""My brothers, it is true that I am nota man; nevertheless, you know that Ihave already faced the foe. Our menhave been killed. For a long time thebones of so-and-so, our brother, haverested in such-and-such a place. It istime that we should go and see them.Now you know that he was a brave manand worthy to be avenged. We haverested in peace on our mat. Today Iarise, for the spirit who rules me haspromised me broth and fresh meat.Take courage, young men, crop yourhair, put on your war pai.nt, fill yourquivers and let us console our dead; letour war songs re-echo through thevillage, awaken our brother who wasslain, he will be content when he hasbeen avenged."It should be observed that the Indiansalways call one another orotfiers orcompanions, and that, in this harangue,the term "broth" or "fresh meat" menskilling men and capturing prisoners;"cropping the hair" means taking offthe garb of mourning; to "put on warpaint" is to dress themselves up andadorn themselves; to "rest on the mat"is_to repose a_nd live in p~." (Kinietz1965:252, emphasis mine)

rush mat termed -nd8t-/-ndot- wasput? What wa-s--its ---SYmbolicsignificance? This is specified in animportant entry in Potier's dictionary:

"ond8ta,ecte porte la natte de guerre(avec tous les manitous enveloppesdedans)!carrying the man of war (withall the manitous enveloped inside/(Potier 1920:251, see also p450)

The literal translation of 'ond8ta,ecte' is'one who carries the mat of war'. Aswith leaders, the Huron had mats ofpeace and mats of war.

The Mat of War in Other Great LakesGroups

To the best of my knowledge, there isnothing in the ethnohistorical literatureabout the 17th century Huron thatexplains what the 'mat of war' could beand what the 'manitous' they containwere. We must search farther afield forsuch explanations. We find them withtwo Algonkian-speaking peoples, theMiami and the Illinois, who lived not farsouth of the Great Lakes. Writing aboutthe Miami of the late 17th and early 18thcenturies, and speaking about their"Manufacturers", Kinietz gave thisdescription:

"The war mats or bundles carried bythe young men and in which they placedtheir tutelary birds were made by thewomen. They took round reeds whichgrew in the swamps, dyed them black,yellow, and red and made mats threefeet long and two feet wide: theyfolded over one end for about a foot inthe form of a comb case." (Kinietz1965:177-178)

In a 1710 account Kinietz attributes toAntoine Denis Raudot we learn of theuse that the Illinois made of thecontents of their mats of war. Ofparticular significance for our purposesare the association of the mat with theleader of the war party and the role ofbird manitous or spirit empoweredcharms:

"Like other savages the Illinois alsomake war by small parties, which areusually of fifteen to twenty men. Toform these parties a war chief gives afeast in the month of February, which isordinarily the time when they getready, and tells the warriors that sincethe time approaches to go to get men,they must render their duty to theirbirds in order that they will befavorable to them, for all those who goto war among the savages have, besidestheir manito, birds in which they havegreat confidence. They keep the skinsof them in a sort of bundle made ofreeds. The feast finished they go tofetch it, draw out of it their birds,spread them on a skin in the middle ofcabin, and sing all night apostrophizingthem to the sound of thechichigoue/turtle shell rattles/. One,addressing himself to the crow, begs itto give him the same speed in pursuingthe enemy as it has in flying, anotherspeaking to the hawk asks for the sameforce against his enemies that it has inkilling other birds, in order to beadmired by his comrades and feared byother nations.

At dawn they take back all their birds,and when the chief of the enterprisewishes to leave he holds a second feastand invites all those who brought theirbirds. While it lasts this chiefharangues them and says to them: "Youknow that for a long time I havemourned for my brother, he was killedby our enemies, he was your relative aswell as mine, since we are comrades. Ifmy powers equaled by courage I wouldgo alone to avenge as brave and asgood a relative as he for whom I weep,but I am too weak alone for such anenterprise, I have recourse to you, andit is of your hands that I await thevengeance that I ask. The birds thatwe have prayed to have assured me ofour victory, and their protection joinedto your courage must make us dare all.The leader carries the mat of war ... , inwhich all those who march place theirbirds, and a good supply of herbs androots for dressing the wounded ...

When they arrive near the place wherethey expect to find their enemies, thechief draws all the birds from his matimmediately, makes them a short prayer,and sends out his scouts. They thenfall on the enemy, pursue them whileimitating the cries of their birds, andtry to take prisoners, for it is a muchgreater glory among them to take themthan to carry back scalps." (Kinietz1965:404-406, also see pp197-199)

In sum what we have here is a practicein which rush mats are used to keepbird charms in. Men invited to a feastof war bring these charms to theceremony and lay them out on theirmats. rhe spirits of these birds areaddressed at the feast in order to helpbring the war party victory. When thewar party embarks on the raid theleader carries all the bird charms withhim in his mat, to be used when theynear the enemy.

How does this relate to Huron beliefsand practices connected with war? Thepurely linguistic evidence would appearto support the notion that the feast ofwar had at least one person who had amat of war in which were kept 'charms'giving access to spirit powers. The'grammar' or rules of ceremony names,as we have seen, points to the bearingof a mat being part of the feast. Forsuch names contain reference to a keyactivity that takes place during theceremony. This supposition isreinforced by the fact that the primaryembodiment of the term 'ond8ta,ecte' isthe war leader, the one who in thequote above carried the mat filled witheveryone's bird charms during the raid.

Did the Huron mats of war contain suchcharms? It is clear that they hadcharms to assist them with spirit powerin various areas of life. The name ofthese charms was 'aaskwandik' (JR17:159"ascwandies", 17:159 and 207"Ascwandic", 17:203, 207-211 and 215"Ascwandics", 21:135 "aaskwandiks",33:211-213 "Aaskouandy", and 39:27"Aaskuandi". The term literally means'to take something living (i.e., a human,

spirit or animal, not a plant; see Potier1920:316, FH65:50 and FHc1697)(6).Father Paul Ragueneau wrote of them inthe following way in 1648:

"They believe that these Aas]wuandy~ill make them lucky in the chase, infishing, in trade, or at play; and theysay that some have a general virtue forall those things, but that the virtue ofthe others is limited to a certain thing,and does not extend to another; andthat, to know what their virtue is,-namely, in what they bring goodfortune,--one must be told of it in adream.Now it is a quite common practice forthose who have these Aaskouandy togive them a feast from time to time,--as if, by giving a feast in honor ofthat familiar Demon, they make him morepropitious to them. At other times, theywill invoke him in their songs, and willbeg friends also to join them, and tohelp them in those prayers." (JR33:213)

While warfare is not specificallymentioned, I would argue that this doesnot preclude warfare as an area inwhich the aaskwandiks were involved.It would be somewhat inconsistent forthem not to be so involved. I suspectthat the Jesuit missionaries who wroteabout aaskwandiks were not asknowledgeable in Huron warfarepractices as they were in other areas oflife. They did not travel with warparties, nor were they particularlywelcome guests for much of the missionperiod at feasts of war. Throughoutmuch of this time these ceremonies wereexpressions of independence from theJesuits, during the early years a forumfor venting anger at the association ofthe coming of the missionaries with thecoming of diseases, in later years afocus for traditionalists (see thereference to the Doutethy dance above).

Birds had spiritual significance to theHuron, both in terms of dream visionsand in providing aask",'andiks (seeJR10:193 and 26:267 for example). Of

particular significance are ravens. Wesee in the .Jesuit Relations a number ofreferences to "cor beau ", a French termthat is somc>times translated there as')'aven', sometimes as 'cro\V', as both ai'valid tl'anslations in twentieth centuryFrench. However, as the .Jesuitsdistinguished between 'corbeau' as'raven' and 'corneille' as 'crow' in theirHuron dictionaries (FHc1697:232 andFH62), I believe that they would havedone so as well in their Relations.

With this interpretation we have theraven being significant both in visions(.JR15:177, 17:153 and 33:193) and itsbeak as an aaskwandik (.JR33:211-213and 39:27). They were not alone in this.The Ottawa also placed importance onthe raven. Cadillac, writing of hisexperience with the Ottawa from 1694-1698 spoke of war chiefs having visionsof ravens to help them in the feast of'.ar, and having raven symbols on theircanoes while on a raid (in Kinietz1965:251 and 253 respectively). The['eference to the "cr0"" in the Illinoispassage above may have been aninaccurate translation of 'cor beau'

The Wyandot \Vere a group made up toa significant extent of the remnants ofthe Huron (see Steckley 1988b). At thebeginning of the 20th century MariusBar beau recorded stories of historicwarfare in which the Wyandot leader ofa raid used the skin of a raven as aspiritual helper. The following is partof a story of a Wyandot raid on theSeneca:"Then he made another small fire, andwhile throwing pinches of sacredtobacco on the red embers, he repeatedhis wishes fOl' a great revenge. He nowpulled out the dried skin of a kind oflat'ge crow, called KorE'ckomEc, shookit, and threw it to the ground. Thecrow became alive and fie,,' aroundseveral times. The chief said, "UncleKorE'ckomEc, it is now your turn tofollow the trail~" And the cro", flewahead all the night long, croaking fromtime to time, so that the warriors mightfollow t.he right t.rail. The next morningthey stopped and ate a little. All

through the day the followed the cro\Vas they could see it flying slightlyabove the ground. They soon becameaware that they were getting near theenemy, as the cro", was now often seenflying back and fmoth.At night, they stopped, and the head-chief seized the Cl'OWand shook it. Ithad now become a mere dried skin, tobe put away." (Barbeau 1915:277)

The bird in question was more likely araven than a crow. In a footnoteappended to the bird's name, Barbeauwrote that this bird was:

"A mythical bird, resembling the raven,but the nature of which is not clearlyascertained in the minds of theinformants." (Barbeau 1915:277 fn!)

In a similar story, in which the Wyandotwere pitted against the Cherokee,Barbeau terms the bird a raven(Barbeau 1915:281). The word inquestion is a Wyandot version of theHuron word "onrack8anne" signifying'raven' (FHc1697:232, ef, FH62).

In sum, I am suggesting that the Huronhad a mat of war that held physicalobjects that gave access to spiritualpower. Among the objects were thebeaks, skins and possibly other parts ofravens. These were brought out. duringthe feast of war, perhaps by a numberof individuals. On a raid a matcontaining these objects was borne bythe war leader, who would use it to gainsuch knowledge as where the enemy waslocated. The beak might be particularlysignificant in this as there wereprobably connotations of givingdirection with beaks in the Huronlanguage. The noun for beak alsoreferred to the prow of a canoe (Potier1920:451 "onnionchia").

What are the implications forarchaeologists? Huron councils of warwere held in the house of a war chip.f(.JRI3:59). It is possible t.hat such ahouse might contain a mat 01' mats of

war ,-'ith a collection of objects \>it hinthat should include parts of a raven.Likewise raven heal,s, talons and bonesaccompanying a burial could suggestthat the person was a leader in war.

1. There is also reference, without theterm, in JR10:183.2. In this word '8' represents the samesound as the 'ou' in the earlierreference, 'c' the 'h'. The ',' representsa sound like 'y'.3. This conflicts "ith his callingthem "ordinary warriors" in his LongJournp~, (Sagard 1939:149). I believethat in the latter case he has made anerror. As the words involved are not inthe Bear dialect (shown by the -goo inthe word s), and as SagaI'd lived withthe Bears, I suspect this error occurred••lith Sagard copying incorrectly whathad been written by someone morefamiliar with the Rock tribe of theHuron ..l, This name appears in tl~e Huroncontext as "Airesi{Cluy" (JR33:225).5. The ceremony termed" Endakwandet"in the quote above is another case ofthis. The term means 'to fornicate'(Potier 1920:83), referring to the mainactivity in that ceremony.6. This could mean that the aask,,,andik"'as considered to be something livingo£_ that_i.LJ@ve a person spiritualinfluence over something that '''asliving.,

Barbeau, Marius1915 Huron and WL~.!29.9..!.~:r:tholQ.!U:Otta,,,a-----r5ePt. --Of- ;\'Ii"nes-,"-Ceo]o'gicalSurvey, ~'lemoir 80

FIIOc I 6 56 F l' e n c h --H,,::.~:_C?_no;::.Or1.JL~gic~.1~~:r;:,ms----'

FH59Frenc!,l~~.ut;{)p=Ejcti?Eary ms

FH62French-Huron dictionar:r: ms~~. -;;-'-:--:-...:...--:-;----,.-

FH65French-Huron dictionau ms

FHc1693Fren,c,h::-Huron ?ict~ ms,FHc1697French-Huro~_~,!.~~~ ms

Goddard, ryes1984 "Agresln"e, A Northern lroquoianDeity" in Extending the Rafters ed. M.K.Foster, J:'-cam'pTsr'-a~ i'1ithun,c\lbany, S.U.N.Y., pp229-235.

Kinietz, W. Vernon1965 The Indians of the Western GreatLakes, 1615-17~ Ann Arbor, Univ: ofMichigan Press.

Michelson, Gunther1980 "l"lohawk Text: The Edge of th~_Forest Revisited" in Northern 11:'oquoian.Jex~ Chicago, The Univ. of ChicagoPress, pp26-40.

Potier, Pierre1920 The Fifteenth Report of the Bureauof Archives for the Province of Ontario1918-1919 Toront6''-'Clii'rkson W. James.

SagaI'd, Gabriel1866 H~_~~ Canada ... av~l}Q.k!i912i:!.&t:~~1G!!.Ml!~,.b,tir.onne ParTS;Edwin Tross. . -_.-_.1939 The LOM.."Lour~_1Q.Jh~_ .QQuntr.:t':of the'Hurons" Torc)nto,' the ch'amplamSociety. ---

Steckley, John L.1988a "Enditenh'"aen" in .l!:ch ~QtesMarch/April, ppll-13.1988b "Hm, the Huron Became Wyandot:Onomastic Evidence" OnomasticaCanadiana "01. 70 #2, pp59-7'O:-=-==

Thwaites, Reuben G.1896-1901 The Jesuit Relations...J!!lc!Allied Documents 7-3- voiS-::- Cleveland:The'Burrows Br~.

MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONSNEWS

In the last issue of Arch Notes theMinistry of Culture and Communicationsannounced the establishment of aDevelopment Plans Review Unit,supervised by Bill Fox. The role of thisunit is to provide a coordinatedMinistry re,-iew for statutory plans andfor land use management questions. Inresponse to the su bstantial workload J

two new full-time positions forDevelopment Review Officers have beenad vertised.

Thor Conway, staff archaeologist at theSault Ste. 1"larie Office, has left theMinistry to enter private business.

The creation of the Development PlansReview Unit has allowed the ArchaeologyUnit, headed by Elizabeth McLuhan forthe last two years, to focus on two keyobjectives:

(1) to support the education andtraining of municipalities, Native bands,heritage organizations, othergovernment ministries and agencies toenable them to become more self-sufficient in the conservation andmanagement of archaeological resources.

(2) to facilitate the responsible use ofarchaeological resources for tourism andeconomic development.

There have been a number of personnelchanges in the past few months. Tokeep everyone up-to-date, here is aquick rundown on the current staff.

In the Toronto Office, Roberta O'Brien isthe archaeological- advisol' forcommunity programs, including thearchaeological master plans nowundertaken by a number ofmunicipalities and Native bands as wellas other community-based archaeologicalheritage programs. Within this programfalls the archaeological sites data base(Borden files). Kathy (Dandy) Gray,who so ably served as data co-ordinatorfor three years, has left the unit and isnow enjoying a career developmentassignment as Property Assistant withthe Property Management Unit of theHeritage Branch. The new dataco-ordinator is Chris Junker-Andersen,whose expertise in both archaeology andcomputers, combined with hiscommitment to user-friendly informationsystems, promises to provide theOntario archaeological community withexcellent support. Leslie Kerwincontinues in her role as data clerk, andEvrette Moore, Senior AdministrativeClerk, keeps everything runningsmoothly.

After 12 years as a staff archaeologistin the London office, Ian Kenyonrecently assumed a new role in Torontoas an archaeological advisor onintergovernmental issues. Ian is nowliving in Hamilton, enjoying the freshair and reportedly happy to haveescaped the mall-and-donut-shopambience of London. Ian is also actingas a special liaison with the OAS. InDecember, Mike Lipowski, who has abackground-·- in both archaeology andmuseum work, will be joining theToronto staff as administrativeco-ordinator for special projects.

The province-wide marine heritageprogt'am (Ottawa) is co-ordinated byPhil Wright with Peter Englebert asmarine archaeologist and Kathy McAinshas administrative secretary. Phil alsoacts as a liaison with the SOS. This hasbeen a remarkable year for the marineprogram with requests for theirexpertise coming not only from Ontariobut also from B.C., Michigan and evenBermuda (a tangential project').

Turning to the north, Bill Ross, in theNorthcentral Office in Thunder Bay, isacting northern co-ordinator, withPaddy Reid and Grace Rajnovich as staffarChaeorc>glsts in the NorthwesternOffice in Kenora. The northernarchaeologists are ably supported byNoella Gawryluk and Marg Saunders.Dave Arthurs has resigned as staffar-Chaeologist in Thunder Bay to take upa position in Winnipeg with the HudsonBay Company archives. The northernprogram has had a busy yearcontinuing their innovative publicarchaeology (this year at Nestor Falls)and Native apprentice projects. Inaddition, the Kenora office will beworking closely with individuals seekingto form a provincial rock artassociation.

I was pleased to be able to attend theOAS Symposium in London and to seethe enthusiasm generated there.

submitted by:Carl Thorpe, Manager,Programs Section

It's hard to believe but 1989 is quicklycoming to an end and facing allarchaeologists - licence renewal time.Please help yourself by helping us planfor your 1990 licence. If you wish torenew a licence for 1990, please make anapplication before December 31, 1989. Anew licence will notbe formally issued

until your final report(s) is in, but inthe interim, we can schedule yourlicence application for review by theArchaeology Committee of the OntarioHeritage Foundation.

'The Committee meets monthly, usually onthe third Wednesday in the month.

The following is the list of licences toconduct archaeological exploration,surveyor field work, which have beengranted by the Minister during theperiod September 13, 1989 to October 23,1989:

#89-214 Arnold Tom, for consulting,Province of Ontario#89-215 Conway, Thor, HeritageDiscoveries Inc., for consulting,Province of Ontario.#89-216 Foster, Gary, survey andexcavation, Grape Island Mission (BaGh-6).#89-217 Pickering, Roy, UnderwaterSurvey of Lake Erie - off Point AuxPins.#89-221 Poulton, Dana, Excavation andanalysis of the Frandenburgh site(AfGw-28), South Cayuga Township.#89-218 Smith, David G., University ofWestern Ontario Field School, Pond MillsSite (AfHh-2), City of London.#89-219 Syme, Capt. Stuart E., Surveyand excavation at Camp Borden,Tosorontio and Essa Townships, Countyof Simcoe.

The Board of Directors ofHeritage Foundation isannounce the followinggrant:

the Ontariopleased toemergency

Poulton, Dana - $10,000 to support theexcavation and analysis of theFrandenburgh Site (AfGw-28).

The Archaeology Committee of theOntario Heritage Foundation is now

In Arch Notes 89-4 Edward J. Hedicanreports on the recovery of a beardedman's head, Kaolin effigy pipe bowl,from the shores of Lake Helen nearNipigon in Northwestern Ontario. Thearticle states that "The only otherreport in the literature of a pipe bowlof this type in Ontario context •.. " wasrecorded at Sault Ste Marie. In fact asimilar pipe bowl was recovered from asite west of Thunder Bay at Lac desMille Lacs and reported (Dawson 1983:64,Fig. 4).

The author further states that "•••itcould be suggested that Americaninfluences in the interior of Ontario'snorthland should be ..•.•• investigated."For those who may be interested theintrusion of American traders intonorthern Ontario in the 19th. century isdocumented in the Hudson's BayCompany records. Known as'interlopers' the Nipigon region isstated to be free of such traders in1875 (Dawson 1970:5).

Sincerely,K.C.A. Dawson, Prof. EmeritusLakehead University

Dawson, K.C.A. 1970"Archaeological Investigations at thesite of the Trading Post at Sand PointBlacksand Provincial Par k." ReportPrepared for the Ontario Department ofLands and Forests, Par]{s Branch,Toronto.

1983"Lac des Mille Lacs ArchaeologicalReconnaissance." ManitobaArchaeological Quarterly, Vol. 7 Nos. 2 &3: 64.

"An Effigy Pipe Discovery FromNorthwestern Ontario." Arch Notes, 89-4:4-6.

This is just to say thank you for thehospitality of yourself and the othermembers of OAS that I met in Toronto.I would be grateful if you could pass onmy appreciation to all concerned.Toronto may be 3500 miles away butmany of the concerns seemed' veryfamiliar - and the finds from Fort Yorkand Leslieville could have come from ourown sites.

I hope that any OAS member intendingto visit Gloucester will make contact andI will try to arrange a tour for them.

Malcolm Atkin, BA, FSA, MIFAAssistant Archaeology DirectorGloucester City Museums and Art GalleryCity Excavations UnitBarbican Road, Gloucester GLI 2JF.

A WORD ABOUT DEATH: PUBLIC ATTITUDESTOWARDS DEATH AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THEEXCAVATION OF PIONEER C.EMETERIES

(A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE OAS. SYMPOSIUMOctober 28-29, 1989 in London, Ontario)

The excavation of pioneer cemeterieshas been more and more frequentlyobstructed by public interference.Pioneer cemeteries contain the remainsof white European settlers, oftenidentifiable by name. The burialpractices of those European settlers areremarkably similar to current ones.With the popular trend of concern withthe sanctity and dignity of death anddying, the excavation of such recentand similar burials is bound to incitepu blic outcry. Professionalarchaeologists must address thesepublic concerns before hoping tocomplete excavations withoutobstruction.

The purpose of this paper is to describeand to perhaps explain current publicperceptions of death and dying,particularly as they are embodied in thepll blic's perception of the cemetery.Thel'e is a remarkable similarity between'the meaning of cemeteries' as held bythe public of the seventeenth andeigh teenth centuries and the 'meaningof cemeteries' held by the public in thislatter part of the twentieth century. Ipropose to explicate this perception ofthe cemetery, as well as the NorthAmerican attitude toward death thatdeveloped in the intervening years, inthe hope that this desr.ription mightpartially explain why some members ofth e pub lic 0 b jec t (someti mesvehemently, in the press) to the

archaeological excavation of earlyCanadian cemeteries. Armed with suchan understanding of public attitudes,the archaeological community may bebetter able to complete excavations witha minimum of interference and badpress.

I will begin with a selected history ofthe evolution of Death in Europe.(l)

In the Middle Ages and until the latterpart of the 17th century, Death wasperceived as an entity, punctual andpowerful. Death was extrinsic to theindivirlual, an act which wasperpetrated upon the individual bygreat forces which were at loose in theworld. Reflective of this, art,literature, and house and bodilyadornment were redolent with images ofDeath's emergence from 'a subterraneanworld of monsters, cadavers and worms'(Aries, 1981:331). For example, it wascustomary to engrave maxims recallingthe uncertainty of life on the mantels offireplaces, along the lines of "My fate isin the hands of God" (ibid.:33U. Or, in1554 an Englishwoman left her daughtera ring with "the weeping eye" - asymbol of grief - and her son anotherring "with the dead man's head"(ibid.:330). Similarly, the Elizabethanauthor Philip Massinger advised hisaudience to "sell some of your clothingand buy yourself a death's head andwear it on your finger" (ibid.).Rembrandt and Holbein portraits oftenincluded a skeleton or death's head intheir depiction libid.).

Eyen today remnants of this era remaina part of our culture; the Hallowe'en orad vertising version of Death isimmediately recognized as a shroudedskeleton bearing a sickle. Evidence ofthis era of the macabre is also seen inlatter-day North America, brought overby the Puritans and manifested in theirheadstones carved with winged Death'sheads.

Another aspect of Puritan life, however,illustrates the transition from one'death' era to another -- specifically theemergence of the cemetery as thepreferred means of burial.

In the late 17th and early 18thcenturies, a greater number of peoplewho, in the 17th and early 17thcenturies would have been buried invaults and tombs inside the church aswas the precedent, elected instead to beburied out of doors, in a graveyard(ibid.:337). In part this was due to agrowth in the concept of humility.Elaborate vaults and tombs were firstreplaced by humble flat slabs, flushwith the church floor. Similarly, burialoutside the church in a graveyard,away from the gaze of the congregation,was perceived as an act of humility.

In Paris, by 1763, priests wereinundated with such a huge number ofparishioners who, "in a spirit ofhumility" did not wish to be placed inthe burial vault of their church, thatthey petitioned the Parliament to movethe graveyards outside the town inorder to have sufficient room for all ofthe bodies (ibid.:337). Objections to theproposed graveyards were based on theaversion (of some parties) to theburying of citizens of the highestreputation alongside and in the samemanner of the poorest members ofFrench society. Philippe Aries notes(ibid.), however, that in France thisconversion to graveyards was slow, andis poorly documented because very fe,,'graveyard tombs of the ,,,ealthy arevisible today.

different. After the Restoration, in1682, John Evelyn notes in his Diarythat his father-in-law wanted to beburied in the churchyard, and not thechurch, because he was 'Much offendedby the (canon) of burying everyonewithin the body of the Church' (ibid.:338). This was the first indication - asfar as the disposition of bodies isconcerned - of the loosening of the holdof the Church in its position as salemitigator of the horrors of that entity,Death.

The reasons for the English shift tograveyard burial was something quitedifferent from the ostentatious humilitythat was professed in France. Forexample, the Puritans '''ere completelyindifferent to the canons of themainstream church. Similarly, theBritish class system endorsed thepractice of maintaining post-humousrank -- this status was more readilyachieved and perceived outside of thecrowded ChUrch building itself. Inshort, the practise of graveyard burialwas most conducive to reflecting therelative status that was so important tothe elite classes in post-RestorationEngland. Rather than being 'lost' in thechurch vault, or overlooked in thecrowd of edifices and plaques, thestatus of the person buried outside thechurch, with appropriate monuments tomark the spot, would be immediatelyapparent to passers by, and his or herrelative status ascertained by a quickglance around the graveyard.

In Britain, then, the change tograveyard burial reflected the emergentseparation of church and state, andsymbolically reaffirmed the correctsocial order within the emergent empire.

Concurrent with this trend was thedevelopment of the desire to leavebehind a memory of the individual.Even trade and the other lesser upperclasses could afford inscriptions onstone slabs to mark the character of thedeceased, at first both inside andoutside the church burial vault, andeventually as a predominant

These psychological tendencies were sowidespread that the English immigrantstransported them to America asfundamental traits of their culture. Toquote Aries (ibid.:339), "In the Englishcolonies of America, the customary placeof burial was the cemetery, a fact whoseoriginality, novelty and precocityAmet'ican historians do not seem torealize. "

American cemeteries also provideanother unique marker of the transitionto a new era of Death, seen in thechange in Puritan headstoneinscriptions from the winged death'sheads mentioned above to a wingedcherub -- a switch from the macabre,physical aspect of Death to the focus ofDeath on the spiritual aspect, the soul.

The final, significant change in deathculture that pertains to the NorthAmerican phenomenon is the emergenceof a new role for the cemeteriesthemselves. The new graveyards of theearly 19th centur)' in Europe as well asin North America had become essentiallyparks: They were places to visit withfriends and family; places to broodalone; places to reaffirm thefundamental unit of society thefamily.

In North America, the cemetery was notunder the exclusive control of themunicipal governments, as it was inEurope. Consequp.ntly, individuals orfamilies could join together to form non-religious, independent cemeteries asnon-profit organizations (ibid.:549). Itwas at this time that the word'cemetery' came to replace 'churchyard'and 'graveyard'. Implicitly, the'cemetery' became a natural landscape,both in the sense that they were rurallylocated, and in the sense that they werefree of church and state, part of thenatural order of things. Naturally,families were kept together in plots.Naturally, the individual's place wasperpetually maintained and neverdisturbed. ~aturally, each individual

strove for a 'good' death, not an unjustone or a confrontational struggle withentity Death.

Just as aspects of the macabre era ofdeath have been retained to the present

;day, so too have several aspects of the'new cemetery' era. In particular, fourconcepts have been maintained, thoughrepressed, in our society today: (1)Regardless of the religiousdenomination, the sanctity of one'simmortal soul has been maintained; (2)the integrity of the family unit throughtime -- ancestry and heritage -- are re-emerging as integral aspects of modernsociety; (3) the maintenance of theintegrity and status of any givenindividual, including the dead, is highlyvalued; and (4), in dealing with deaththe emphasis is on the emotionalaspects, with regard to the friends andfamily of the deceased, rather thanemphasis on the beatific and/or horrificaspects adhered to in the Middle Agesand in the early 20th century.

The repression of manifest behavioursof death and grieving in societyoccurred approximately between theyears of 1860 and 1960, coincidentallyconcurrent with the flourishing of theindustrial society. Industrialtechnology restructured the fabric ofsociety, enforcing standardization,uniformity, synchronization ofbehaviour, and an unprecedentedgeographic concentration of power,money, factories and people (Toffler,1981). These values of the industrialcivilization significantly affected theemotional behaviours of North Americansin particular, especially with regard toDeath.

When the effects of global wars areadded to the social equation, it is notsurprising to note that coping withdeath ceased to be a concern of thewhole society for better than 100 years,as a continent-wide period of cultureshock ensued. The progressivealienation of the individual has resultedin the sterile, taboo aspect of death thatwe are most familiar with in our lives.

\ries (191/1), in a st.udy of ~orth4.mel'ican funeral behaviour, has noteda seqllence in the ,,·ithdra\val of deathfrom the public venue charact.eristic ofthe past 100 years. With wars andpl'ogress in medical technology, fewerand fewer people died at home. andfewel' and fewel' people were buriedfrom their home. Independent,professional funeral "homes" and"parlours" kept the living populationfirml~- sepal'aled from the dead.Increasingly, the populace became soisolated from the dying and intermentprocesses that they no longer knew howto die or how to cope with the death ofa kno\vn individual. Death became thevenue of specialists, of medical expertsand funeral directors and psychologists.Death was no longer a naturaloccurrence, nor was the cemetery anemotional icon; in fact. death becamevirtually taboo. Death was no longerpublic, but private, and Death had beencompletely removed from life.

This was lhe temporal pel'iod when theobjective scientific perspective wasembraced and flourished, the time whenchanges were quickly wrought by thegrowth of industrial society.

HO\vever, society is changing again, andits world view is becoming more similarto that of our pioneer forbearers to thenew world than it is to the 20th centuryobj ective. isola tio nis I., scie ntificperspective still embraced by mostmembel's of the archaeologicalpl'ofession.

There has been a resurgence of popularinterest in death and dying, beginningas early at th_~_1950's, but the peak ofinterest ,,'as initiated by the publicationof liu bler-Ross's best-selling book, OnDeath And Dying (1969). Since then;asignificant market share in popularnon-fiction has dealt with 'ho,,- to die agood death', 'hm" to cope "ith grief',and, in effect, with ho,,' to incorporatedeath into your life. The key andsignificant fealure of this onslaught ofdeath awal'eness is that, in a l'caction tothe model'l1 industrial world, a

countermovement is emerging that is re-emphasizing the family, the emotionalself, and the natul'al state of dying.

This return to the values of the earl~'19th centul'y stems, of course, from adifferent set of stimuli than the originaldeath revolution, and is of coursemanifested in different ways. Forexample. the current changes in societyare prompted by an adverse reaction tothe Science of the industrial society.To paraphrase ~eedleman (Johnston,1988:4):

Science was to be mankind's servantand friend, set to work bettering thematerial conditions of life.This dream has begun to fragment withthe gradual realization that thediscoveries of modern science.technology, and even medicine have notcome without damaging effects, physical,psychological, and spiritual.Furthermore, science has lost much ofits credibility as a means of improvinglife because of the ecological crisis. thethl'eat of nuclear war, and thedisruption of our life patterns byadvanced technologies. Increasingly,science, once the foundation of awonderful dream of the human future,has become the object of mistrust anddisappointment.

In rejecting earlier 20th centuryassumptions about science, people arealso rejecting assumptions about values,and about death.

Another example of the stimulus forcurrent changes in attitude, is the newemergent high technology (from Toffler,op.cit. l. Previously, computers werecumbersome things, requiringspecialized operators and requiring thatthose who both feed the computer ordesire access to the computer must liveand work in one centralized place.Today, anyone can use a computer, andanyone can own one. Work can be donefrom the home, and that home can beanY"'here that has access to telephoneor satellite systems. Thedecentralization permitted by the new

technology illustrates most clearly theimpetus of the trend towards theindividual.

The individual identity and the sanctityof his heritage. The ,,,ork place and thehome reunited in the family dwelling.THESE are the 19th century values ofour pioneer forbearers that are beingre-expressed and l·eformatted.

With specific regard toward attitudessurrounding death, this same reversionto the 19th century is evident. Amongthe current literature on death is asubsection of research dealingspecifically with the dying process.Ernest Campbell (1969), among others,has monitored the dying process andargues that it is a social role that isdonned when the individual reaches acertain age, and when that individualbegins to retreat from social life ratherthan to embrace it. He says (1969:21):

... the death process, in a social sense,begins typically a long time before theburial cel'emony. And it begins not onlywith the person himself but with thosewho relate to him as well. His friends,his business associates, his family cometo the point where they no longerencourage him to enter into newbusiness ventures or to take up ne,,-hobbies or to develop new activities orto meet new people. That is, they beginto plan for his departure. Just as theactol' takes on what we might call deathbehaviors by which we meandi s soc ia lion a lid d i se ngagementbehaviors of various kinds - so dothose around him begin to reciprocatein kind.

In Canada in particular, almost 50% ofthe population -- the "Baby boomers"and their elders -- have reached thisstage. And, combined with anunprecedented literacy and socialawareness, this decline towards death isapproached with a conscious discussionof the values of society and of themeaning and role of death in oursociety.

The upshot of this discussion of thecurrent changes in society is that, forvarious reasons, the pubfic of today isundergoing a shift in values and in theperception of death -- and this shifthas resulted in a public attitude aboutdeath that has more in common withthose of the earlier North Americanimmigrants than with our moreimmediate predecessors. This is thepoint in time when the excavation ofpioneer cemeteries is undertaken: Thispoint in time when death is a focalconcern of much of the public's privatemind. As the cemeteries are excavated,this public is confronted with the issuesof the sanctity of the soul, with therespect for the individual rights andlegacy, and not least with the questionof the naturalness of death, the 'good'death, which is being contradicted bythe apparently callous treatment of thegraves.

In the latter part of the 20th century,we are seeing the same valuesexpressed in our view of death anddying as were expressed in thecemetery culture of the 18th and 19thcentury pioneers. With the trendtowards preservation of our heritage,which ironically is the reason you andI are excavating the graves in the firstplace, the members of the public arethrown into an awareness of thepioneers and, I have suggested, identifystrongly with them. From thisperspective, the archaeologist is notmerely disturbing the graves, thearchaeologist is more importantlydisturbing the emergent valuation ofdeath held by the living culture. THISis why there have been increasingobjections to the excavation of graves.

In ending my explanation of publicobstruction to the excavation of pioneercemeteries, I would only say that muchof this paper does not sound like asolution to public interference itnevertheless does provide an answer.That answer is merely awareness.

'Vlanyof you have heard of the revisionsproposed for the Cemeteries Act. Thoseof you who were at the recent OASSymposium were presented with more ofthe details through papers by PaulAntone, Heather McKillop and NoraBothwell. As \vas outlined theexecutives of thearchaeological/heritage groups metthrough the coordination efforts of theJoint Committee, and all groupsforwarded briefs and letters expressingour shared concerns to the appropriateauthorities. Unfortunately we had onlylimited success in changing the Act tobetter reflect heritage concerns. Thelegislation has recently received thirdreading and we are now trying toachieve our objectives by involvingourselves in the regulation stage of theprocess.

The folIt)wing excerpts are from theHansard Official Report of Debate~1~islative Assemblv of Ontario onOctober 16, 1989, the day·· the Act waspassed. Sudbury East MPP ShelleyMartel, the NDP critic for the Ministryof Culture and Communications,presented a thorough summary of thecomments of the many groups, includingthe OAS, who presented briefs to theStanding Committee reviewing thelegislation. Only portions of her speechare included here,dealing mainly withthe archaeological issues, however Iencourage you to also read theunabridged text to fully appreciate herat'guments.

Hopefully by the time yOll t'ead this,members of various heritage gt'oups willbe thm'ough Iy discussing ",ith the MCCRregu l8.tions that affect heritage

concerns associated with cemeteries andunmarked burials. Should you have anyquestions or wish to become involvedplease get in touch with a member ofthe executive of the OAS, OHS, the APAor the ABC.

L will deal with some of theamendments that we proposed, some ofthe concerns that were raised duringthe course of the public hearings, inparticular the concerns of heritageorganizations. Given that I am also thecritic for the Ministry of Culture andCommunications, I would like to put onrecord now some of the concerns thatthose groups in particular had with theprocess, firstly, and secondly, withsome of the implications in this bill forheritage concerns and heritage valuesin this province.

2. However, I do want to raise theheritage concerns because thisappeared to be the only group in theprovince that was not involved in thisparticular process. They had in fact noinput into the legislation, bills 30 and31, which this government and thisHouse is dealing with at the presenttime. I think a very telling tale camefrom Mrs.Dorothy Duncan who is theexecutive director of the OntarioHistorical Society. She came before thecommittee and talked about the totallack of input by heritage and historicalorganizations. She said that theirsociety, the Ontario Historical Society,learned about this bill quite by accidentin mid-.July 1989.

3. The heritage societies say it bestwhen they say: "We, the heritagecommunity in Ontario, recognize

cemeteries as a source of historical andcultural information that cannot befound or duplicated from any othersource. For that reason, themaintenance and preservation ofexisting cemeteries and the preservationand interpretation of the many unknownburials and cemeteries that we know willbe uncovered in the future is ofprimary concern to us."

4. I would like to go through some ofthe concerns they raised in comparisonwith what is actually appearing in thebill and point out again to thegovernment why the concerns exist andwhy there is a real need to ensure, andI stress, ensure if not guarantee, thatthese particular groups be involved inthe regulation-making process.

First, there was a concern with many ofthe definitions that are arising out of aparticular bill, definitions concerningburial sites, for example. Is that asingle bone, a complete body or partsthereof? What does the ministry meanwhen it talks about discovering a burialsite and what kind of protection do weprovide to not only an entire skeleton,but pieces of bones and bones that arescattered in a particular area that maywell be a First Nations' burial site?

Second, the definition of cemetery;again, does that mean one body? Doesit mean more than one body? What arethe parameters for what a cemeteryactually is and how we are going todefine it for heritage concerns? Thequestion of human remains; again, doesthis mean a complete body or onlyvarious parts of the skeleton?

5. The concern the groups had is thatin fact people who were totallyunqualified to go in and to removeinterred human remains would in fact goin and destroy everything in thatcemetery, not only bodies and casketsthereof, but also markers andmonuments that were related to thoseparticular sites. They also questionedthe fact that even if a cemetery wereclosed, why was it necessary for the

registrar to turn around and order thatall those bodies be reinterredsomewhere else? Surely the point hadto be made that we could be declaringthat cemetery a historical site or ofheritage value, in which case it wouldremain intact and it would be maintainedby historical societies in thisprovince, if not the municipalities, aswell, in conjunction with the historicalsocieties.

6. I say again that I am extremelyconcerned that we could not hay~ putmore of these right into the bIll sothere would be no question as to whoseresponsibility was what; what peoplewere expected to do when and where;where the funding was going to comefrom in order to protect some of thesesites, and so on. I say to theparliamentary assistant that the processof regulations is an extremely importantone in the context of this bill, giventhat there are so many areas that areleft to regulations to be decided, and Itrust that the ministry will involve abroad as group as possible when itstarts to undertake this process.

7. We had similar concerns aboutheritage raised by the Association ofHeritage Consultants, by the OntarioCouncil of Professional Osteologists andby the Ontario Archaeological Society.

Finally, my last concern, which is anoverwhelming one, is the manner inwhich Bill 31, the Cemeteries Act, willimpact upon the Ontario Heritage Act.Under an amendment that was moved bythe Liberal members on the committee,this act will override section 6 of theOntario Heritage Act. The problem Ihave is that the Ontario Heritage Act isnow under review, and this Legislatureand many historical and heritage groupsin the province are awaiting the resultsof that particular review.

I am left to wonder that if section 6 ofthe Ontario Heritage Act is changed inany way, what type of implications that

in Europe is a synopsisselections from PhilippeHours of Our Death.REFERENCES

with someAries' The

Aries, Philippe1981 The Hour of Our Death. HelenWeaver (transl.). New York: Alfred A.Knopf.

1974 "The Reversal of Death in WesternSocieties." Death in America. DavidStannard (ed.). University ofPennsylvania Press. pp 134-158.

Campbell, Ernest Q.1969 "Death as Social Practice."Perspectives on Death. Liston O. Mills(ed.). Nashville: Abingdon Press.pp.209-230.

Johnston, Ralph C., dr.1988 ConfrontingPsychoreJigious Responses.UMI Research Press.

Death:Ann Arbor:

Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth1969 On Death and Dying. New York:Macmillan.

Toffler, Alvin1981 The Third Wave. Toronto: BantamBooks.

accepting applications to providefinancial assistance for projects whichfurther Ontario-related archaeology.

Eligible applicants: individuals, notnecessarily residing in Ontario.

Grant Categories:grants, Studentgrants.

Individual researchgrants, Publications

Grants available up to a maximum of$10,000, dependant upon extent ofproject and availability of funds.

The Ontario Heritage FoundationArchaeology Committee77 Bloor Street West, 2nd FloorToronto, Ontario M7A 2R9

will have in bearing upon theCemeteries Act. There was a sense thatwe should be leaving out that wholequestion of the heritage act until suchtime as that review was complete and wewould see as a House whether therewere any changes in that act whichwould impact upon cemeteries, markers,abandonments, monuments, etc.

8. I think it is incumbent upon both theMinister of Consumer and CommercialRelations 1MI'. Sorbara) and the Ministerof Culture and Communications (Ms Hart)that they ensure that those groups areinvolved in the regulation-makingprocess around this bill.

BOOK REVIEWS ...by Dr. PETER REID

WILLIAM A FOXCHARLES GARRAD

~erts of Southern OntarioBetty E. Eley and Peter H. von Bitter

Royal Ontario Museum, 1989Publications in ArchaeologyUniversity of Toronto Press

The authors of this little book havebrought together descriptive, geologicaland locational information about twelvetypes of Southern Ontario chert, whichwere used as raw materials by theregion's Indians: Kettle Point, Dundee,Onondaga, Bois Blanc, Lockport, Amabel,Fossil Hill, Manitoulin, UpperBobcaygeon, Lower and MiddleBobcaygeon, Upper Gull River, andLower Gull River. The work isintroduced by a brief discussion ofchert geology, the methods by whichdifferent varieties may be describedand classified I and the macroscopic("eyeball-visible") and microscopicattributes of the mineral. There followsdetailed descriptions of each chert type,including parent materialcharacteristics, the macroscopic traitsof the chert itself (colour, thickness,patina, lustre, etc), the microscopict.raits apparent when thin sections areexamined under a polarizing microscope,and the assemblages of microfossilsappropriate to each type. All of thesett'aits are summarized on tables andillustrated with line drawings andphotographic plates (including twocolour plates showing examples of eachof the twelve types). A usefulsynonymy is provided with eachdescription, giving the "official"geological name together with the

various terms that have appeared in thearchaeological literature. An appendixdescribes and pinpoints forty-sevenlocalities where chert samples wereobtained for this study, of whichtwenty-seven were probably used bythe Indians. The appendix, and theaccompanying map, give the reader atleast a general idea of the sourceregions of each chert type, though theauthors make no claim to have identifiedall the primary geological sources whichmay have been used by past Indiangroups. Also, no attempt is made todeal with vexatious problem ofsecondary deposits as past sources ofthese raw materials.

This book is not for the layman, but willbe welcomed by the seriousarchaeologist and geologist, professionalor avocational. In view of the interestwhich has arisen over the past twentyyears in raw materials' analysis,soureing studies, and the archaeologicalexamination of past patterns of trade,etc, such a synthesis which the authorshave put together is long overdue.

Equipped with this book, a simplecomparative collection, and a pair ofeyeballs, archaeologists should be ableto do a "quick and dirty" sorting oftheir chipped stone assemblages.However the theoretical value of this

- work is its demonstration that neithermacroscopic nor microscopicexaminations alone are adequate fordistinguishing one chert type fromanother. The authors suggest thatcomplexes of microfossil genera are morediagnostic of chert types, and that such

infot'mation should be used inconjunction with macro- and microscopictraits. Onondaga and Bois Blanc chert,for example, can be indistinguishable tothe naked e~'e and not that easy todiscriminate on the basis of theirmicroscopic structure either. Eachtype, however, shows a distinctiveassemblage of micro-fossils.

This reviewed does regret that theauthors were not able to extend theirtypology to include cherts which,though not native to Southern Ontario,do occur in chipped stone assemblagesin the region, such as Michigan'sBayport chert or the exotic varietiesfrom central Ohio. This is a minor cavil,however, which does not detract fromthe synthesis the authors haveperformed with this book. It will be thestandard reference work on the subjectfor a good many years to come.

Available from:The Royal Ontario Museum100 Queen's Park Cres.Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 2C6$19.95

Cherts of Southern OntarioBetty E. Eley and Peter H. von Bitter

Royal Ontario Museum (1989)

This recently published volume is one ofthe ROMPublications in Archaeology andmaintains the high production standardwe have come to expect from this series.Betty Eley (Department of InvertebratePalaeontology) and Dr. Peter von Bitter(Department of Geolog~') have providedreaders with a well organizedintroduction to the Palaeozoic cherts ofsouthern Ontario. Their initial sectionpeesents a cogent definition of chert,along with information on its genesisand a chart identifying chert-bearingrock units. A brief segment on chert

nomenclature admonishes readers to usegeological formation names inreferencing chert types.

The next section addresses their studymethodology and the various techniquesof chert characterization which havebeen attempted by previousresearchers. Visual (macroscopic) andthin section (microscopic) approaches tochert identification and their limitationsare described. Reference is made to x-ray fluorescence, neutron activationtrace element analysis (INAA) andpalynological analytical techniques.Eley and von Bitter then select acombination of macroscopic, microscopicand microfossil attributes in theircharacterization of southern Ontariocherts.

The authors' excellent text figures andplates, and clear writing style help tointroduce the general reader to thecomplexities of geological andpalaeontological observations relating tochert identification. They simplify asmuch as possible what could be veryheavy going for a non-geologist. Theevident expense of producing Plates 1and 2 illustrating chert hand specimenswith such outstanding colour precisionis repaid in reader comprehension andis a tribute to the authors, theUniversity of Toronto Press and TheOntario Heritage Foundation whoprovided funding.

The Southern Ontario Chert Typessection is the meat of the volume for thearchaeologist concerned with artifactchert identification. Eley and vonBitter's chert groups are interestingand Tables 3-5 present a range ofattributes by geological formation thatare reminiscent, albeit morecomprehensive than the chart providedby Wray (1948) in his seminal work onNew York cherts. The succeeding DataSheets consider cherts from eachformation, providing detailedinformation concerning subjects such asnomenclature used in archaeologicalliterature, geological age and sources,in situ occurrences, macroscopic

characteristics of the host rock andchert, and microscopic and microfossilcharacteristics of the chert.

In the Appendix: Locality Informationthe authors provide comprehensivegeographic location referencing,geological map references and a sitedescription for each of the forty-sevencollection localities illustrated in textfigure 2. These are the samplinglocalities on which their study is based.Finally, an informative glossary ofgeological and palaeontological' termsprecede their literature references.

When I agreed to review thispublication, I had not anticipated theamount of time necessary to do itjustice. The amount of technical detailin its fifty-one pages is substantial andhad me retrieving numerous notes,manuscripts and letters from my filesspanning some twenty years of research(Fox 1979).

Eley and von Bitter warn thatpetrographic identification by thinsection should only be used inconjunction with other criteria, whilethe reader is constantly reminded ofArthur Roberts' (1985) difficulties invisually identifying cherts. Contrary toLuedtke's (1978) optimistic assessmentconcerning the potential of INAA orother elemental analyses in identifyingchert provenience, a recent study byPavlish, Hancock, Julig and D'Andrea(1987) on Haldimand chert has clearlyillustrated its intra-formation variabilityand hence, the difficulty of simplyelemental characterization. The authorscredit Parkins (1977) for his pioneeringwork in the microfossil characterizationof cherts, and their volume attests tothe importance of this identificationcriterion.

Any archaeologist faced with bags ofchert debitage, cores and toolsunderstands that macro and microscopicvisual inspection is the only practicalmethod of routinely identifying cherttypes. While thin sectioning andmaceration of chert specimens for

palynological analysis may have asubstantially lower unit cost thangeophysical techniques, they areimpractical for large archaeologicalassemblages, not to mention destructive!

Comparison with hand specimens froman extensive reference collection,considering a wide spectrum ofattributes can prove an effective andefficient identification technique. Ihave suggested that anyone attemptingvisual identification should be preparedto spend at least a hundred hours witha large reference collection andmicroscope. Such a reference collectionshould include glacially transportedsamples from secondary deposits, as noavailable southern Ontario outcrop orseries of outcrops provides the entirerange of variability for any chert type.Study of the reference collection shouldbe augmented by viewing numerousartifact collections, because there willbe additional variations in chert typecolour and patina, patterning, lustreand/or macrofossil inclusionsrepresented among prehistoric toolsCherts are variable.

Diagnostic physical attributes can bealtered in some cherts by purposefulheating (thermal alteration), whichshould not be confused with fortuitousburning. The latter tends to destroychert structure through "potlidding"and crazing fractures and oftenchanges colour and obliteratespatterning to the point where chert isunidentifiable. Likewise, heavypatination and iron stainingcharac teristic of artifacts buried ingleysols can impede visualidentification.

It should be emphasized that beyondthose burnt, patinated and/or stainedchert specimens, there are going to becherts which cannot be visuallyidentified with a reasonable degree ofcertainty. This is usually because theypresent the analyst with a hithertoundocumented constellation of physicalattributes or the specimen represents a"grey area" between chert types,

without any identifiable attribute todetermine one provenience as opposedto another. Should the enigmaticartifact be suspected of being exotic inorigin (material obtained from a distantsource), then the cultural informationpotential would warrant a battery ofgeological and palaeontological tests. Ifnot, then the "honest analyst" willassign the specimen to the residualunidentifiable category (usually 5-15%of an Ontario assemblage in thereviewer's experience).

Eley and Von Bitter note the reviewer'spreference for geographic chert names,citing the Saugeen, Haldimand andColborne types in the Bois BlancFormation and the Collingwood typefrom the Fossil Hill Formation. Whileignorance of specific geologicalprovenience initially prompted the useof the term "Collingwood", it wasretained because visually distinctivecherts have been recovered from theFossil Hill Formation on the BrucePeninsula (Bruce chert) and onManitoulin Island (Manitoulin and Wikecherts). Obviously, if physicalattributes can separate cherts derivedfrom the Fossil Hill Formation in theBeaver Valley and Manitoulin Island,this has considerable interpretive valuein prehistoric culture reconstructionrelating to trade and/or travel. Thesame is true of the Bois Blanc Formationchert types where the distinctive andgeographically limited white Haldimandchert was selected by HiLo and otherArchaic groups (Parker 1986), and theSaugeen chert type which has beenmisidentified as Ancaster chert from theHamilton vicinity on a nearby BruceCounty site.

Another culturally significant aspect ofNative chert procurement which isbeyond the scope of Eley and vonBitter's present study involvessecondary or glacially transported chertsources. Archaeological evidenceindicates that the vast majority of chertacquired by prehistoric flintknappersderived from pebbles and cobblescollected from stream and riverbeds,

beaches and even from agriculturalfields (Fox 1979a). Some of thesedeposits were adjacent to primarysources (chert-bearing bedrockoutcrops) and others were manykilometres away. Large usable cobblesof Onondaga chert and evenPrecambrian Huronian quartzite havebeen recovered from Pelee island tilldeposits.

A few specific problems were noted inthe data sheets. One has to do withnomenclature related to geologicalprovenience. Kettle Point chert iscalled Kettle Point Formation Chert andidentified as deriving from the LateDevonian Kettle Point shale formation.Presumably, this is in part due toWinder's (1967:716) assumption that the"conodont hash" layer "occurs on theunderside of the chert bed". It doesnot, in fact, but infills the irregular(eroded?) upper surface of the chertbed. The lower zone of the chertdeposit shows some inter bedding withthe host Ipperwash Formation limestone,indicating its Middle Devonian genesis,consistent with the contemporary andvisually similar Prout Formation PipeCreek chert from northern Ohio (F.Huntley pel's. comm. 1979).

A second difficulty in nomenclatureinvolves the Lower ana MiddleBobcaygeon Formation Chert versusUpper Gull River Formation Chert typeswhich span the contact between the twoformations at Brysons Bay (Loc. 35),Marmora (Loc. 36/46) and perhaps FourMile Point (Loc. 37) where "the chertscontained in the two formations appearindistinguishable". (infra.:25). Such asituation weakens the validity ofgeological formation nomenclature whichappear in this case to artificially bisectthe Trent chert type, while providingno heuristic advantage to archaeology.

A more general problem reflects theaforementioned greater variabilitywithin chert types as represented insecondary sources. This is the caseparticularly for cherts deriving fromformations with limited outcrop

exposure, such as the Huronian cherttype from the lower Gull RiverFormation. Archeological specimensfrom prehistoric and historic Huronsites and cobbles from Simcoe Countyglacial outwash deposits indicate thatthe Port 1'1cNicoll Quarry source doesnot represent adequately the size andknapping quality of Huronian chertavailable to and utilized by local Nativegroups.

Finally, Eley and von Bitter note ofAmabel Formation Chert that it "is notpresent in either member in sufficientquantity, or quality, to have been asuitable source of raw material"(Infra.:21). The same could be said forManitoulin Formation Chert. On theother hand,· additional culturallysignificant southern Ontario Palaeozoiccherts could have been included in thisstudy; such as, Saugeen chert from theDunkeld Locality outcrop (Bois BlancFm.), visually distinctive cherts fromOttawa valley Ordovician formationswhich crossed the Frontenac Axis to thewest in biface form during Late Archaictimes, and perhaps even a peloidal chertfrom the Reynales Formation in theNiagara Peninsula. Certainly, moreAncaster chert sources from furthereast in the Niagara Peninsula wouldhave illustrated a greater range inphysical variability for LockportFormation Chert.

The above difficulties do not in thereviewer's opinion compromise thesubstantial contribution of Eley and vonBitter's publication. Future chert type-specific studies such as those ofParkins (1977), Janusas (1984) andParker (1986) will clarify and enhancethe foundation which Betty Eley andPeter von Bitter have provided to ourgeological and archaeologicalunderstanding of this formerlyimportant Native economic resource.

1979 Southern Ontario Chert Sources.Paper presented to the 11th AnnualMeeting of the Canadian ArchaeologicalAssociation in Quebec.

1979a An Analysis of an HistoricAttignawantan Lithic Assemblage.Ontario Archaeology No. 32:61-88.Janusas, S. E.1984 A Petrological Analysis of kettlePoint Chert and Its Spacial andTemporal Distribution in RegionalPrehistory. National Museum of ManMercury Series No. 128.

Luedtke, B.E.1978 Chert Sources and Trace ElementAnalysis. American Antiquity Vol. 43 No.3:413-423.

Parker, L.R.1986 Haldimand Chert and Its UtilizationDuring the Early Holocene Period inSouthwestern Ontario. M.A. thesissubmitted to Trent University.

Parkins, W.1977 Onondaga Chert: Geological andPalynological Studies as Applied toArchaeology M.Sc. thesis submitted toBrock University.

Pavlish, L. and R. Hancock, P. Julig, A.D'Andrea1987 Systematic Stratified INAA of TwoChert Outcrops in Southern Ontario.Slowpoke Annual Report:51.

Roberts, A.C.B.1985 Preceramic Occupations Along theNorth Shore of Lake Ontario NationalMuseum of Man Mercury Series No. 132.

Winder, C.G.1967 Micropalaeontology of the Devonianin Ontario Alberta Society of PetroleumGeologists, International Symposium onthe Devonian System Vol. 2:711-719.

\~ray, C.F.1948 Varieties and Sources of FlintFound in New York State PennsylvaniaArchaeologist Vol. 18 No. 1,2:25-45.

TIME AMONG THE MAYA by RonaldWright 1989 Penguin Books Canada Ltd.451p. hardcover $25.95

This book is a must for anyone who hasbeen on any of our OAS trips to CentralAmerica, or who has any interest in theMaya. Subtitled "Travels in Belize,Guatemala and Mexico" the book recordsthe au thor's journey in both space andtime. He begins by following the sameroute from Belize City to Tikal andFlores as we did in 1988, passesthrough Guatemala into Mexico, and fromPalenque north and east to Cancun,visits the sites well known to us fromour 1979, 1983 and 1988 trips. Eachsite anei nearly every passing hamlet,village or town is hriefly described ,,,itha histol'Y of how the Maya have sufferedand endured there.

This is not an archaeological treatisenor a travelogue. Ronald Wright's questis to find if the ancient Maya beliefs,especially as to time and the severalandent Mayan systems for counting itand associated shamanism, yet survive.He concludes the old beliefs were neverdisplaced by viciously imposedEuropean religion but wentunderground, the nld surviving underthe cloak and appearance of the new.The causes of the oppression,repression and dispossession of theMa~'a in Guatemala continuing to thisday are examined and the futul'e of the;vIaya in a world which has bypassedand supE-rseded them reviewed \>·ith thesurprisingly optimistic conclusion that"If there is to be a twenty-firstcentury, the Maya will be part of it".

Ronald Wright's scholarship isimpressive, hO\"ever it pJ'evented hisenjoyment of the excellent Sound-and-Light at Uxm»l bf:lcause he knew the plotwaR hist.ol'ically inaccurate.

EGYPT A JOURNEY THROUGH THE LANDOF THE PHARAOHS by James HenryBreasted with the Stereographs ofUnderwood and Underwood 1979 IrwinWolf.128 p. softcover $5.99

Originally published in 1905 as "EGYPTTHROUGH THE STEREOSCOPE" toaccompany a boxed set of 100stereoscopes, this edition incorporatesboth the stereoscopic photographs andthe original 1905 texts. These areunaltered but supplemented by a newpreface and introduction.

The leading American Egyptologist ofhis day, Dr. Breasted (1865-1935)worked with Howard Carter and LordCarnarvon in translating theTutankhamun texts some twenty yearsafter the Underwood brotherspublished a hundred stereoscopic viewsof Egypt selected by Dr. Breasted andaccompanied by his text. To see thesevie,,,s he selected is to see Egyptthrough this scholar's eyes; theaccompanying texts provide informationfew on-site tour guides could match.His accompanying treatise on Egyptianhistory was unique and advanced in itsday. All this is a real treat for anyoneinterested in Egypt and especiallyinterested in going there.

This edition has been available since1979 but it is of special interest at themoment because it is currently on saleat the "World's Biggest Bookstore",Toronto, for the bargain price of $5.99.

A comp.ndium ofviews. gossip and Dews ofthe Ontario archaeologicalcommunity

This has been a confusing year forarchaeology. Is this our watershedyear? Where are we going next year?One thing of which we can be sure _the ministries most closely associatedwith us are certainly not providing anydirection whatsoever. And, let's face it,they are not seriously interested. Atpresent, politically, we are notworthwhile!

Isn't it now time for the profession tocome-of-age, to provide its ownguidance and use the ministries forwhat they can do? And what can theydo that professional or avocationalarchaeologists can't do forthemselves ....?

What, for instance, are theresponsibilities of the Archaeology Unitand the Development Review Unit of theMinistry of Culture and Communications?We have the following answer fromRobert Montgomery, Director, HeritageBranch, MCC.

"The Archaeology Program supports theefforts of municipalities, heritalleorganizations, schools, governmentagencies and the private sector inconserving and making use of thearchaeological and marine heritage ofOntario.

To achieve these aims, the Programmaintains an archaeological sites database, provides advice and-guidance onarchaeological matters to governmentand groups planninlf archaeologicalprograms; encourages archaeololfYservice partners to take a more activerole in organizational development,particularly at the local level, throughthe recruitment and training ofvolunteers; identifies areas ofarchaeological need and conservationpriorities; develops public educationprograms; promotes responsible

prchaeological site management, bothindependently and with provincialarchaeological organizations, such asthe Ontario Archaeological Society andSave Ontario's Shipwrecks; providesassistance with project planmng; andprovides information and access togovernment programs and funding.

Planning and Development Review isresponsible for supporting the effortsof municipalities, provincial agenciesand other government ministries in thepreservation of significant heritageresources threatened by developmentactivity. The Program reviews andcomments on municipal and provincialagency development project proposalscirculated by the Ministry of theEnvironment or the Niagara EscarpmentCommission. At the request of theMinistry of Municipal Affairs andselected municipalities, Planning andDevelopment Review, reviews officialplans, official plan amendments andsubdivision plans in order to ensure theprotection of heritage significantresources. Staff provide advice toprivate sector developers, municipalitiesand provincial agencies concerningheritage resource conservationrequirements. The Program works withmunicipal and provincial developmentcontrol agencies, developers, andheritalfe orlfanizations to developprovincial heritage resourceassesssment and mitigation technicalguidelines. For example, this Ministrydeveloped an alfreement with theMinistry of Transportation outliningguidelines for MTO to follow whendealinlf with archaeological resources(potentially destroyed duringconstruction of roadways). This'protocol' or agreement is regarded bythe Ministry of the Environment as amodel agreement for this kind of inter-ministry negotiation."

Let's study that answer over Christmas!

C"<c.II~DF7"?

NATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY IN ONTARIO:A STATUS REPORT

(A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE OAS. SYMPOSIUMOctober 28-29, 1989 in London, Ontario)

Native burials ,"ere the initial focus ofOntario First Nations involvement inarchaeology. In 1956, the University ofToronto salvage excavation of the TaborHill ossuary in Scarborough resulted ina request by Six Nations Longhousechiefs for reinterment of the remains.with appropriate ceremony. This wasacceded to in par-t by Walter Kenyon.

By the 1970's, the strong spiritual andcontinuing ethical concerns of the"lative community regarding burialexcavations led to the well publicizedconfrontations in Windsor, Grimsby andat the Beckst.ead site in East.ern Ontario.First Nations lobbying resulted, by theend of the decade, in a provincialgovernment operations policy that onlyunmarked graves threatened withdestruction would be archaeologicallyinvestigated, and in the event that theremains proved to be Native, ultimatedisposition was su bject to an agreementwith the closest Native band council.Consultation on this subject continuesto the present and has intensified wit.hthe impending passage of the revisedCemeteries Act and regulations.

On " more positive note, consultationand communication with the Nativecommunity has continued on a regularbasis in Nol'thwestern Ontario since theear'ly J 970'5 when the \1inistry ofNatural Resources initiated their parksarchaeology program. St.udents fromthe Manitou Rapids Reser've participatedon the archaeological survey ofprovincial lands west of the !Vlanitou!'lounds fedel'al reserve.

participat.ed in ever increasing numberson cultural resource management (CR!'l)and tourism based surveys andexcavations. This season 7 of thetwelve crew members on the Nestor Fallsexcavations were local Native students,including two - Stacey Bruyere andChris Keast - who are second yeararchaeology students at Brandon andTrent Universities, respectively. Theiractivities have included not onlyexcavation and lab work, but also publicrelations activities where theyinterpreted their heritage to tourists.

In Southern Ontario, First Nationsstudents have participated on salvageexcavation projects at Longwoods in1980 and 81, and at the Spang Villageeast of Toronto in 1978. The latterincluded a crew of 12 Huron fromLoretteville, Quebec hired throughfederal funding connected with thePickel'ing Airport project. !'lorerecently, the !'linistry of Transportationnegotiated with Six Nations regardingHighway 54 improvements crossing theMiddleport village site on their lands.The agreement included disposition ofthe recovered artifacts at the SixNations Woodland Indian Cultural Centrein Brantford, as well as employment ofNative crew members on the project.These students excavated, monitoredand interpreted the rite to visitors - animmense change from 1930, when W. J.Hintemberg simply obtained permissionto exca\'ate from the federal"superintendent of Six NationsReser,\Te" .

.\s you will soon be hearing, FirstNation band councils have begun tosponsor archaeological projects on

l'esel've lands. The l"linistry hasprovided grants in support of CR!'l andtourism l'elated surveys and excavationson the Oneida, Walpole Island andBeausoleil Island reserve lands. Theseprojects all consist of Native/non-Nativecollaboratol's to vaqring degl'ees andhave been crucial vehicles forcommunicating the value of archaeologyto the participating communities. Nativestaff heritage research skills havedeveloped to the point where Oneida'sprogram is entirely self-directed, andperhaps most importantly, theinfol'mation derived from thesearchaeological master plan projects isbeing incorporated into the curriculumof the community schools.Returning to Northern Ontario, the FirstNations there have been investigatingthe potential economic benefit ofarchaeologically derived information andthe preservation of regional prehistoryfrom a tourism perspective. While the!'lanitou !'lounds development proposalon the Rainy River is by far the mostambitious to date, training programs fOl':-lative hunting and fishing guides haveincluded archaeological information forin terpretive purposes and anarc haeologically based tourism projec thas been proposed on Lake Abitibi. Therecently initiated Heritage Canadaregional tourism project on Manitoulinmay well promote a local Nativeinterpretive pl'ogram involvingarchaeology. Certainly, tbe BeausoleilIsland band hopes to improve tourismon Christian Island through theirmaster plan project at St. !'larie II andassociated Huron sites.

Another land-based heritage resource ofmajor concern to the Native communityis the sacred site. Beyond burial sitesor cemeteries, specific geographicfeatures and landscapes have beenvenerated by many bands and tribalgroups. While we have relatively limiteddocumentation concerning formerOntal'io Iroquois religious rites(El,arenniondi near Collingwood is anexeeption), the Algonkian-speakingpeoples of the Canadian Shield have adch tl'adition of spiritual l'ites. A silica

quanying proposal near Killarneyrecently motivated the Whitefish Fallsband to approach the provincialgovernment to assist them in protectinga vision quest hill.

The continental First Nations movementtoward ownership of their heritage hasnot been lost on the archaeologicalcommunity, for, are we not highlytrained observers? Presentations byRobert McGhee and Bjorne Simonsen atthe Canadian Archaeological Associationannual meeting this year reflect agrowing awareness of the breadth anddepth of Native concerns regardingpreservation of their heritage and thepractice of archaeology. The Beringland-bridge versus spiritual creationorigin controversy has sensitized non-Native Canadians to the extent thatinterpretive displays at the HeadSmashed In bison jump in Albertapresent both traditional Native andscientific Western explanations for thepresence of glacial erratic boulders.

At tbe recent Canadian Association ofHeritage Consultants archaeologicalmitigation workshops in Toronto, JackBirk of the Archaeological Survey ofAlberta observed that both the Nativeand archaeological communities havebenefited from the new dialogue in hisprovince. Elders are routinelyconsulted regarding excavation plansand the interpretation of archaeologicaldata, leading one Blackfoot elder toobserve that archaeology nowadays"had done more for the betterment ofNative peoples than all of themissionaries and government agents hadever done".

Here in Ontario, such consultation andcommunication has been underway to alimited extent for over a decade. Theresults, as I hope you will see and heartoday, are beginning to be felt. Nativeownership of their archaeologicalpatrimony (or "matrimony" from anIroquoian perspective!) has begun to beasserted. I am honoured to have beenoffered the opportunity to speak at thishistoric session.

ONTARIO AVOCATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGYIN THE PAST

(A PAPER PRESENTED IN A PANEL SESSIONAT THE O.A.S. SYMPOSIUM

October 28·29, 1989 in London, Ontario)

I,hen I ,,'as asl,ed to make a statementabou t avocational archaeologo' in thepast in Ontario I began by looking atthe literature. In the writings of JimKeron in KEWAten years ago I found adefinition which I would like to borrowto define 'what is an AvocationalArchaeologist'.

An avocational archaeologist earns aliving outside the field, but possessesthe skills and has learned and acceptedthe tenets of the discipline ofat'chaeology, has developed apl'Ofessional and ethical a.ttitude and, Iwould add, has respect for thearchaeological resource.

The literature also suggested that manyif not most regional archaeologicalsocieties like ours were foundedprincipally by people whose interest inar'chaeology was avocational and witht.he intention of achieving betterarchaeology t.hrough self-help and self-education; t.hat journals such asONTARIOARCHAEOLOGYevolved as partof this process, and that at a point inlime the same process began to producept'ofessional archheologists, spawned as·it.wet'" from the avocational base.

In Ontario it was a self-help, se1f-educational ot'ganization, the CanadianInstitute, that was first moved to valueOntario's prehistoric heritagesuffidently to do something about it.Government fundi.1g '.as secured tosupport the Institute's archaeologist,David Boyle. He necessl'lrily remainedan avocationaJ, there being no forma]at'chaeoJogicaJ tt'ailling available at thelime, hut he br<.\ught to the position the

personal need to understand so as toexplain, to record, to teach, topromulgate, which had manifested in hisbeing at times a teacher and abookseller. He gathered the support ofavocationals of similar mature workethic and life experience and withenlightened government support createdthe independent Ontario ArchaeologicalMuseum.Years later when Norman Emerson wassimultaneously teaching both universitystudents and the general publict.hrough lectures, he found similarqualities among the more matureavocational group so advantageous,their ability to learn and consistentlypedorm so marked, that he advocatedtheir idea of forming a society to staytogether as a resource on which hecould draw in the training of universitystudents. Thus in the lat 40s and early50s some of the earliest avocationalmembers of the OAS participated in thefield training of several generations offuture professionals.

As I see it, Ontario archaeology hasalways combined three componentforces, avocationa!, professional andgovernmen t. Avocationals can achievelittle in isolation. The HeinrichSchliemann and General Pitt-Rivers viewthat archaeology is a matter of havingenough money to hire enough labourersto shift enough earth, has never appliedhere. From the beginning Ontarioat'chaeology has been a tripartitecooperative relationship. Thegovernments participated with fundingand sometimes even leadership. Theprofessional component continues toevolve into a variety of expert

specialisations. The cost of modern .support technology, from computers toatomic reactors, promises to make partsbut not all of the archaeological processt-!ver more expensive and institutionallybased. Avocationals caused andcooperated with these developments butthere has ah,;ays been room and theneed for them.

When the three components worked welltogether, as in the time of David Boyle,Ontario led the way and served as themodel which surrounding jurisdictionsenvied and copies. But in Ontario thependulum swings. Government hasproven to be the weakest of the three.With support of an enlightenedgovernment the avocational/developingprofessional segments created theindependent Ontario ArchaeologicalMuseum. A later government of lesservision destroyed it. In the dark ages ofthe thirties and on, Ontario archaeologywas kept dimly alive by one of DavidBoyle's avocationals-turned-professional, W.J. Wintemberg, employedby the federal government, and a smalldiscouraged band of avocationalresearchers. The avocational componentheld the flag, as it were, while the othertwo components were in disarray.

And now, inchairman haswitnessinggovernmentarchaeology.

our own time, as thementioned, we seem to beanother reversal ofcommitment to Ontario

MI'. Chairman, to the question "is therea future for avocational archaeology inOntario?", I respond that if history isabout to repeat itself, in what futurethere is for archaeology in Ontario theavocational component will play its part.

/A•.. how others see us! •..

THE ONTARIOARCHAEOLOGICAL

SOCIETYInvites you to join themin an organized trip to

EGYPTThe OAS is the most charming mix of pro-

fessional archaeologists and amateurs one canfit into a frame. Their members may be uni-versity professors, office employees, stu-dents, doctors, teachers ... well, you've got thepicture.

Although their goals are multifaceted, ingeneral they work hard in preserving Cana-dian heritage, and learning more about ourpast. They love to get together informally, notonly to exchange opinions, but to have a greattime. The society is a non-profit organization; :

In November 1990, the Society is organizinga trip to Egypt,which the OAS visited for thefirst time in 1981. If you are curious and in-terested in joining them for a two-weeks' visi tto the "cradle of civilization," please givethem a call in Toronto at 730-0797, or write toThe Ontario Archaeological Society, U6 Wil-lowdaleA.ve., Willowdale, Ontario,M2N4Y2.

AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL FACILITIES MASTER PLANFOR THE REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO

The management of archaeologicalheritage implies the establishment ofpriorities, a decision making process,management options based on a conciseevaluation of known archaeologicalresources, and an established licensingand review process for work conductedin the Regional Municipality of Waterloo.The archaeological heritage must beevaluated not only on an individual sitebasis but also as part of the largercultural and natural heritage thatcollee ti v el y contI' ib u te to thesignificance of any site.

Over 300 archaeological sites have beenregistered (under the Borden system ofsite designation) with the Ministry ofCulture and Communications,Archaeological Sites Data Base, for theRegion of Waterloo. There is a stronglikelihood that man;}' more archaeologicalsites will still be found.

The development of an ArchaeologicalFacilities Master Plan was proposed bythe Regional Municipality of Waterloo asa result of the Region's commitment toits cultural, natural and archaeologicalheritage and the requirement fordevelopers to undertake anarchaeological resource assessment onproperty which exhibits a moderate tohigh potential for the recovery ofarc haeological rema ins. Thisrequirement occasionally causedincreases in costs and schedulingdelays to the development industry.The production of an ArchaeologicalFacilities Master Plan was viewed as ameans to assist the developmentindustry and to protect thear'chaeological resources of the Region.

addresses immediate archaeologicalconcerns and provides a comprehensiveset of planning policies that dealspecifically with archaeologicalresources. Use of the ArchaeologicalMaster Plan allows for the modificationof development plans at an early stageof planning (that is, pre-draft planstage) by allowing developers toarrange for an archaeologicalassessment of property which exhibitsmoderate to high archaeologicalpotential, to arrange for any requiredsite specific mitigation (such as testexcavation, intensive backgroundresearch, avoidance, preservation,incorporation of parts of the site intodevelopment plans, or full-scaleexcavation), or selecting an alternativearea for development, or ofincorporating known archaeological sitesinto greenspace. The ArchaeologicalFacilities Master Plan has produced adetailed inventory of knownarchaeological sites, a synthesis of theprehistory and history of the RegionalMunicipality of Waterloo together with aseries of maps covering the entireRegion identifying areas of high,moderate and low archaeologicalpotential.

The development of the ArchaeologicalFacilities Master Plan was active (theRegion chose to hire staff as opposed toa consultant) and had the distinctadvantage of being continually testedduring its development. The programmeinvolved a number of functions such asthe review of circulated draft plans,review of archaeological resourceassessment and site specific reports,conducting archaeological assessmentand site specific work, producing aninventory of archaeological sites,

At the Annual Business ~'1eeting of theSociety on October 28 in London,Ontario, mention was made of thenecessity for the Society to consider itslong-term financing. It was suggested,moved and approved that an endowmentfund be initiated and that the interestfrom this fund be used by the Societ~-as operating income. While this interest\vouldn't amount to much until ten,maybe twenty, years had passed wewel:e at least considering our"archaeological heirs" in getting thisfund under way.

It was felt that the Society, now just onforty years old, is still in effect, livingfrom hand-to-mouth, and on charit~-.Our government grants, for instance,amount to four times as much as ourmembership income. While we kno\v weare a chal'itable, non-profit organizationrun by volunteer directors with oneemployee, should we not really beaiming at being some\",hat less of a"charity case"? The meeting agreedthat this could be achieyed ,,,,hen theSociety has a strong endm,ment basethat would guarantee our ongoingoperational income.

Into this endmvment fund ourHeritage-Future Fund - we should placeall OUt' donations (except those givenfor another, specific, purpose), our lifemembet'ship capital, any budgetsurpluses, plus an amount budgetedannually for this purpose - and ourendowments.

The dictionary describes "endm",ment"as "money or property given for thepermanent use of an institution". Theword "pel'manent" has a comfortingsound and great significance for botht.he chat'ity and t.he donor who, beingmortal, can mal,e a gift whose benefitsto the Society {'an become practicallyimmortal! The Societ.y needs yourimmortality to ensure its own.

Tr'aditionally endowment is by estateplanning and inclusion in i"ills.However, while the Society is not averseto this, it has its disadvantages. Inmany cases the gift by Will nevermaterializes. At best it is only apromise and promises are often broken.The wishes and the Will of the testatormay change. Or pet'haps insufficientfunds remain in the estate to allow thebequest after other legacies have beensettled. Canadian Family Law freelyallows for Wills to be challenged,particularly whet'e the charitable gift issubstantial or represents, in the heir'sview, too big a percentage of the netestate.

A more favourable method of endowmentis by life insurance. The Canada IncomeTax Act allows a taxpayer to purchase alife insurance policy (both "whole life"and "term life") with, in this instance,the Ontario Archaeological Societynamed as the beneficiary. The premiumpayments are considered to becharitable donations and thereforedeductible in computing taxable income.

The cost, especially after reduction bythe tax savings, can be so modest thatpractically everyone, not just theprosperous few, can provide asubstantial and guaranteed gift. Allthat's required are comparatively smallannual deposits from current income, asagainst a large sum from the estate onehopes to accumulate. The payout isnever reduced by legal or probate costsand is made in full and directly by theinsurance company to the Society. Bycomparison ,,'ith other forms ofinvestment, life insurance is unique inthat it attracts no administrative orsupervisory expenses during' the build-up period or at settlement.

"'hat are the benefits to the donor ofgiving through life insurance?

*The donor may choose where the moneyis spent.*The donor supports the organization ofhis or hel' choice.*Contributions are tax deductible.*There is a sense of belonging.Commitment, security and immortalityare established.*People can give out of income inst~adof wealth at a minimal cost, I.e.discounted dollars.*It gives the life insurance benefits tothe Society without depriving thedonor's family of other estate assets.One can guarantee future funding to acause which one truly believes in.*A life insurance bequest cannot becontested.*The proceeds are paid directly to theSociety upon the donor's death withoutdelay of probate and without deductionof an amount due to taxes oradministrative charges.*Unlike a donation made through a Will,there is no public record - which maybe what the donor wants.

If all this still sounds too expensive foryou, there are alternatives - you don'thave to take out a new whole life policy,or even a term life policy. You cantransfer an existing policy to a newbeneficiary, or you can name !wobeneficiaries - one, your spouse orfamily and, two, the Society. You couldapportion the size of each share as youlike - 90% to your spouse, 10% to theSociety, or 50/50 - whatever you lil,e.

(When beneficiaries on whole life, termlife, even accidental death policies, aremore than one, it may not be possible torecover any tax savings on the Societ~·portions of the premiums).

It is possible, I,ith very smallcontributions, to leave relatively largeendowments to the Society's Heritage-F'l1.ure Fund.

Please give some consideration to these,cays of ensuring the long and healthy]jf~ of the Society - it's immortality andyours - talk to your insurance agent ortalk to ours as soon as possible.

Our agent is:Diane Young, London LifeSuite 302, 1210 Sheppard Ave. E.Willmvdale, Ontario !"12K 1E3(416) 492-7600

l'like KirbyTreasurer, OAS

* * * *continued from page 34

identifying the archaeology of theRegion vis-a-vis major temporal andcultural designations, running anarchaeological field school, hosting anarchaeological workshop for planners,establishing an archaeologicalcoJlections policy, producing guidelinesfor developers, conducting publicprograms, running a vol~nteerprogramme, creating and organIzIng anArchaeological Resources Centre,pl'eparation of the archaeologicalbackground reports on historicvegetation, drainage, physiography,past research and historic overview, thedevelopment of archaeological potentialmaps, project grant applications, andthe inception of an urban archaeologIcalinventory.

Recommendations for the effectivemanagement of the Regional Municipalityof Waterloo's archaeological resourceshave been divided into three categories:1) recommendations for inclusion in, oramendment to, the Regional OfficialPolicies Plan 2) recommendations foramendments to provincial legislation and3) general recommendations. Thefulfillment of the generalrecommendations will be sought througheducation, good will and dailyadministrative functions.

Archaeology DivisionSca delt E. J an u sas, RegionalArchaeologistPlanning and Development DepartmentMarsland Centre20 Erb Street West, 9th FloorWaterloo, Ontario N2J 4G7(519)888-6734.

From the a.A.S. office--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=-==-I~This month's list of missing membersconsists of:Rob PRIOR, was at Prince of Wales Drive,Ottawa, andElisabeth SMITH, was at Crescent Road,Toronto.

If you know the current location ofthese people please help by passing thisinformation to the office.

The following are the notices on the OASnotice-board at the time of writing:-

[regular notices]Order Information for back issues ofOAS publications; MembershipApplication Form (1989); Passport-to-the-Past Information; Meetings Open tothe Public in 1989; Egypt Trip Bulletin#1.

[new notices]OAS POSTER OFFER to Ontario Museumsreprinted from CURRENTLY, ne,.sletterof Ontario Museum Association; UNCOVERTHE PAST ! Archaeological courses andprograms offered by the ArchaeologicalResource Centre of the Toronto Board ofEducation; CAMP NIAGARA,an appeal forcontact with anyone who soldiered atCamp Niagara; EGYPT clipping about OAStrip to Egypt from a travel newspaper;ARCH NOTES Advel'tising Rates.

At the time of writing our membershiphas achieved the all-time-high total of823. 573 of these memberships lapseDecember 31, 1989, including ten whichhave already renewed for 1990. The

Institutional class members were sentinvoices in November. The other 499will find a coloured Renewal Noticetucked into this issue of ARCH NOTES.Please attend to this right away. 1990is going to be a tremendous year as wecelebrate the Society's fortiethanniversary.

ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY 50 is nearingthe typesetting stage and should arriveas a late Christmas present. ARCHNOTES is always on time but it shouldbe noted that this issue is the Editor's99th and he has long said he wouldresign after editing 100. MONOGRAPHINONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY 3 continues tobe delayed to the degree that it hasbecome a major concern which will beaddressed by the Executive Committeeat its next meeting. It is hoped topu blish another MONOGRAPHduring thewinter but it will probably not be thems. anticipated for the past two years.

Come to the Toronto Chapter's Christmasbash (with a southwestern flavour) atRoberta O'Brien's and Jane Sacchetti'spad at 723 Manning Avenue, Toronto,four blocks west of Bathurst Street, 11/2 blocks north of Bloor Street West,Saturday December 9, 1989, sixish towhenever. Bring cactus, tacos, tequilaor reasonable substitutes. Prizes givenfor best southwestern garb. Hitchingrail provided for horse-borne arrivals.All OAS members welcome.

CHRIS ANDERSENREPLACES KATHYGRAYAT MCC

The position of Ontario ArchaeologicalSites Data Co-ordinator at the Ministryof Culture & Communications, Toronto,is now filled by Chris. Andersen. Thetelephone number remains unchanged,965-4490.

The newest Institutional Member of ourSociety is Cornell University's OlinLibrary of Ithaca, New York. Cornelljoins the many prestigious US libraries,museums and universities from NewYork to California (including theCarnegie Library, Library of Congressand Harvard University, and don'tforget the British Library of Englandand the many Canadian institutions)which find OAS publications desirableand in particular regard ONTARIOARCHAEOLOGYas the leading journal ofits kind in the north-east. The Societyfinds itself representing the province ofOntario and the nation of Canada to theworld outside our borders, but duringthis year the Federal Social Sciencesand Humanities Research Council ofCanada tried to halt funding supportentirely and the Ontario Ministry ofCulture and Communications rejectedthe OAS application for an endowment toensure continued publication ofONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY. Counterpartjournals published by our sisterheritage societies are receiving muchbetter appreciation and governmentfunding. Both agencies somewhatmodified their stands but ONTARIOARCHAEOLOGYobviously does not enjoythe appreciation at home that it receivesin, for example, Ithaca, New York.

The minutes of the Annual BusinessMeeting held October 28, 1989, atLondon, Ontario are in preparation.

Meanwhile the highlights include:- The 1989 Executive Committee Officerswere all returned for 1990 byacclamation

Fees for 1990 are moderatelyi ncr eas ed effec tiv e J an uar y 1:Individual from $20 to $25, Familyfrom $25 to $30, Life from $320 to $400,Institutional from $39 to $50- The Society seeks nominations for theJ. Norman Emerson Silver Medal and theRidley Speaker for 1990

No news is good news as regards theNovember 1990 trip to Egypt. Allcontinues to go well in the planning.Dr. Ted Banning of the University ofToronto has benefitted us from hisexperience excavating in Jordan.Registrations of interest continue toarrive at the office and a newsletter isin preparation to be returned to thosewho have registered. This is withoutobligation. Confirmation of intention toparticipate will be called for nextFebruary.

ARCH NOTES.The views. expressed in this

publication do not necessarilyrepJ:'esent the views of the. . Editor or ai The

OntariO Archaeological Society

ARCH NOTESis published with the

. assistance at theOntario Government

through .theMj~i8trYot ....Culture andCommUllications

GRAND RIVERIWATERLOO President: Ken Oldridge (519) 821-3112Vice-President: Marcia Redmond Treasurer: Marilyn Comies-MilneSecretary: Nan McKay, 106-689 Woolwich St., Guelph, Ontario, N1H 3Y8Newsletter: THE BIRDSTONE - Editor: John D. A. MacDonaldFees: Individual $7 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm <In the 3rd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at the Adult Recreation Centre, 185King Street W., Waterloo.

LONDON President: Neal Ferris (519) 432-2165Vice-President: Paul Antone Treasurer: George ConnoySecretary: Megan Cook, 55 Centre Street, London, Ontario, N6J 1T4Newsletter: KEWA - Editor: (Editorial Committee)Fees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Thursdayof the month, except June - August, at the Museum of Indian Archaeology.

NIAGARA President: Margaret Kalogeropoulos (416) 934-8560Vice Presidents: Ian Brindle, William Parkins Treasurer/Secretary: Bernice Cardy, 16 Woodington Cres. St. Catharines, Ont. L2T 3T7Newsletter: THE THUNDERER - Editor: Jon JouppienFees: Individual $10 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Friday ofthe month at Room H313, Science Complex, Brock University, St. Catharines.

OTTA WA President: Helen Armstrong (613) 592-5534Vice-President: Ian Dyck Treasurer: Jim MontgomerySecretary: Karen Murchison, 10 Pinetrail Cres., Nepean, Onto K2G 4P6Newsletter: THE OTTAWA ARCHAEOLOGIST - Editor: Peggy A. SmythFees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at the Victoria Memorial Building,Metcalfe & McLeod Streets, Ottawa.

THUNDER BAY President: Frances Duke (807) 683-5375Vice-President: Treasurer:Secretary: 331 Hallam St., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A IL9Newsletter: WANIKAN - Editor: A. HinshelwoodFees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the lastWednesday of the month, except June - August, in the Board Room, M.C.C.,1825 East Arthur Street, Thunder Bay.

TORONTO President: Tony Stapells (416) 962-1136Vice-President: Duncan Scherberger Treasurer: Greg PurmalSecretary: Annie Gould, 74 Cars brooke Rd., Etobicoke, Ontario, M9C 3C6Newsletter: PROFILE - Editor: Jane SacchettiFees: Individual $8 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at Room 561A, Sidney Smith Hall,St. George Street, Toronto.

WINDSOR President: Rosemary Denunzio (519) 253-1977Vice-President: Marty Schawntz Treasurer: Norman VincentSecretary: Garth Rumble, 454 Tecumseh Rd., R.R.l, Tecumseh, Ont., N8N 2L9Newsletter: SQUIRREL COUNTY GAZETTE - Editor: Peter ReidFees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 7.30pm on the 2nd Tuesday ofthe month, except June - August, at Windsor Public Library, 850 Ouellette Ave.,

The OntarIo ArchaeologIcalSocIety

126 Willowdale Ave., Willowdale, Ontario M2N 4Y2(416) 730-0797

Mr. Michael W. Kirby1225 Avenue RoadToronto, Onlario

M5N 2G5(416) 484-9358

Ms Christine Caroppo142 Glebeholme Blvd.

Toronto, OnlarioM4J IS6

(416) 466-0460

Ms Ellen Blaubergs77 Quebec Ave. #1233

Toronto, OnwioM6P 2T4

(416) 767-2393

Mr. Robert G. MayerRural Route #4

Komoka, OnlarioNOL lRO

(519) 668-2400

Dr. Heather McKillopP.O. BOll 493

Port Hope, OnlarioLlA 3Z4

(416) 342-3250

Mr. Michael W. Kirby1225 Avenue RoadToronto, Onlario

MSN 2G5(416) 484-9358

Dr. Peter ReidUniversity of Windsor

Windsor, OnlarioN9B 3P4

(519) 253-4232

Mr. Charles Garrad103 Anndale DriveWillowdale, Onlario

M2N 2X3(416) 223-2752

Scientific Journal: ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGYNewsletter: ARCH NOTES

Monographs: MONOGRAPHS IN ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGYSpecial Publications: (As advertised)

Individual: $20Family: $25

Institutional: $39Life: 5320

Chapter Fees EXira