The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning Evidence of trephining found...
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Transcript of The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning Evidence of trephining found...
The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality:
• Trephining/Trepanning
Evidence of trephining found all over the ancient world:•Ancient Egypt•Far and Middle East•India•Aztecs, Inca•Brazilian tribes•South Seas•North and Equatorial Africa
Medieval thru Renaissance
• Emergence of science
• Emergence of humanism– Thinking transitioned from god/spirit centered
to human centered
• Grünewald’s The Temptation of St. Anthony
• Human qualities of temptation and evil
John Locke 1632-1704
• Empiricism – Knowledge based on sensations and
reflection
• Tabula Rasa argues _________ over ___________
Charles Darwin
• The Origin of Species– Diversity of life thru proposed evolutionary
processes
• Natural Selection - ?
When Did Psychological Science Begin?
• 1879 – University of Leipzig, Germany
• Wilhelm Wundt –
Edward Titchener
• Student of Wundt
• Introduced structuralism
Issues with STRUCTURALISM
• Requires smart verbal people (bias?)• Unreliable because results, like
experiences, vary from person to person– No way to standardize it
• People’s recollections of actual events frequently err– Boston Massacre
William James
• Consider the functions of our feelings and thoughts
• Functionalism: • Heavily influenced by Darwin (adaptive nature of
functionalism)• Responsible for introducing psychology to the
educated public (bias?)
William James 1842-1943
Add to your notes his famous work:
Principles of Psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins
• Interesting sociological story
• Early female psychology pioneer– Refused PhD
• First APA female president - 1905
Margaret Floy Washburn
• First PhD in psychology held by a woman
• Second female to become APA president
Beverly Inez Prosser
• First African American woman PhD
• Feminist theory
How Psychological Science has Developed
• Early Days – Wundt, Titchener, James
• Transition to Freud– 1920’s psych = mental life
1920-1960’s
• Shift from mental to behavior focused
• Record rates of how people’s behavior changes as they respond to different situations
• Watson, Skinner
1880’s-1950’s
Age of the LobotomyAge of the Lobotomy
Humanistic Psychology
• Around the same time – humanistic psych will rebel against Freudian psychology and behaviorism
• Humanistic psychology: – Rogers, Maslow
1960’s – The Cognitive Revolution
• Cognitive Neuroscience – study of brain activity linked with mental activity– Perception, thinking, memory, language
• Hugely important to treatment and understanding new ways to treat things like depression, OCD, etc
What is Psychology?
• There are fads, shifts, and transitions with no clear defined sense of science as it is ever changing
• Loosely – psychology can be defined as: the science of behavior AND mental processes
Max Wertheimer 1842-1910
• Gestalt Psychology (gestalt =German for a form or a whole)
Names and Famous Milestones to Know
• Galileo – method of inquiry (transition to human-centered)
• Broca – French, discovers left area of frontal lobe in charge of language (called Broca’s area)
• G Stanley Hall – adolescence• Hermann Ebbinghaus – forgetting curve/memory• Titchener – structuralism (introspection)• Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis• Wertheimer and Koffka – Gestalists• Galen – first biochemist in the field• Ivan Pavlov – conditioning (dog drool)• Watson - behaviorist
Approaches to Psychology:The Big 5
Psych
odynamic
Hum
anis
t
Cognit
iveBiolo
gica
l
Beh
avio
ral
Two newer approaches:6. Sociocultural7. Evolutionary/sociobiological
Approaches to Psychology
• Why do people do that?
• Why do people behave that way?
These are the 2 questions we are going to be answering per approach… keep them in mind!
BIOLOGICAL/NEUROBIOLOGICAL
• Brain, body, genetics
Answer:
GENETIC-BEHAVIORAL
• Within groups, what is nature and what is nurture
Answer:
EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL
• Which behaviors evolved to get genes to the next generation
Answer:
SOCIOCULTURAL
• Which behaviors derive from group membership
Answer:
HUMANISTIC
• Free will, human growth and potential
Answer:
PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHODYNAMIC
• Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses (sex and aggression)
Answer:
COGNITIVE
• Thinking – how the brain acquires, stores, processes, and retrieves information
• Answer:
DEVELOPMENTAL
• Predictable patterns of change throughout life
• Answer:
TRAIT• Individual differences
result from differences in patterns of stable characteristics (i.e. personality traits – introverted vs. extroverted)
• Answer:
So what do we do with all this mess?
• We evaluate the three biggest issues in the field today –
• NATURE VS NURTURE
• STABILITY VS CHANGE
• RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL
Oh it gets better…• You can break down these fields into subfields depending on
where your specialty/interests lie
• 1. Clinical psych – diagnose and treat severe disorders• 2. Counseling psych – less severe disorders – anxiety, low-level depression, phobias• 3. Psychiatry – branch of medicine – works with disorders and prescribes meds• 4. School psych – test administration – severe cases – • 5. Industrial Organization psych – workplace/human – human factors • 6. Experimental psych – university – mice – details • 7. Social psych – prejudice and stereotypes – group behavior• 8. Developmental psych – geriatric• 9. Psychometric psych – test designers – statistics – • 10. Forensic psych – CSI – military operations• 11. Sports psych• 12. Psychophysics – relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences
associated