The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning drilling holes into the brain...
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Transcript of The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning drilling holes into the brain...
The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning
• drilling holes into the brain to release “something” – evil spirits, etc•Used to “cure” mental illness
Evidence of trephining found all over the ancient world:•Ancient Egypt•Far and Middle East•India•Aztecs, Inca•Brazilian tribes•South Seas•North and Equatorial Africa
1880’s-1950’s
Age of the LobotomyAge of the Lobotomy
Medieval thru Renaissance
• Emergence of science
• Emergence of humanism– Thinking transitioned from god/spirit centered
to human centered
• Grünewald’s The Temptation of St. Anthony
• Human qualities of temptation and evil
John Locke 1632-1704
• Empiricism
• Knowledge based on sensations and reflection
• Tabula Rasa argues NURTURE over nature
Max Wertheimer 1842-1910
• Gestalt Psychology (gestalt =German for a form or a whole)
– Emphasizes human tendency to integrate pieces of information to meaningful wholes
William James 1842-1943
Add to your notes his famous work:
Principles of Psychology
Names and Famous Milestones to Know
• Galileo – method of inquiry (transition to human-centered)
• Broca – French, discovers left area of frontal lobe in charge of language (called Broca’s area)
• G Stanley Hall – adolescence• Hermann Ebbinghaus – forgetting curve/memory• Titchener – structuralism (introspection)• Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis• Wertheimer and Koffka – Gestalists• Galen – first biochemist in the field• Ivan Pavlov – conditioning (dog drool)• Watson - behaviorist
Approaches to Psychology:The Big 5
Psych
odynamic
Hum
anis
t
Cognit
iveBiolo
gica
l
Beh
avio
ral
Approaches to Psychology
• Why do people do that?
• Why do people behave that way?
These are the 2 questions we are going to be answering per approach… keep them in mind!
BIOLOGICAL/NEUROBIOLOGICAL
• Brain, body, genetics
Answer: People do it because their brain/body chemicals, or lack thereof, cause them to do it
GENETIC-BEHAVIORAL
• Within groups, what is nature and what is nurture
Answer: People do it because their genetic predispositions cause them to do it
EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL
• Which behaviors evolved to get genes to the next generation
Answer: People do it because their internal drive to survive/pass on their DNA makes them do it
SOCIOCULTURAL
• Which behaviors derive from group membership
Answer: People do it because their culture/ethnic group/country/religion/peer group/family/society taught them that this is the way you do it
HUMANISTIC/HUMANISM
• Free will, human growth and potential
Answer: People ALL have the ability to do it – everyone can choose to do it (agency in its pure form)
PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHODYNAMIC
• Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses (sex and aggression)
Answer: People do IT (fight, have sex) because it is all they ever unconsciously think about doing
COGNITIVE
• Thinking – how the brain acquires, stores, processes, and retrieves information
• Answer: Anyone can do it if they THINK they can do it; whether you think you can or you can’t, you’re right
DEVELOPMENTAL
• Predictable patterns of change throughout life
• Answer: People do it when their age/stage of development allows them to be able to do it
TRAIT• Individual differences
result from differences in patterns of stable characteristics (i.e. personality traits – introverted vs. extroverted)
• Answer: People do it because that is simply WHO they are
So what do we do with all this mess?
• We evaluate the three biggest issues in the field today –
• NATURE VS NURTURE
• STABILITY VS CHANGE
• RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL
Oh it gets better…
• You can break down these fields into subfields depending on where your specialty/interests lie
– Industrial– Personality– School: test admin, severe cases– Clinical: diagnose and treat severe disorders– Counseling: less sever disorders, low level depression, phobias– Research5– Sports– Psychometric: test designers, statistics– Forensic: CSI, military operations
Test Subjects