. :.::aI :,..

,_'i l-,

KANNUR UNIVERSITY

Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam PG Programrne and Sanskrit Elective courses offered inHindi PG Programme- under Credit Based Semester System in affiliated colleges -Revised Scheme,Syllrbi& Mrd-lqr.

ACADEMIC BRANCH

U.O. No.Acad /C3 I 4853/2D74 Dated, Civil Station.p.O.28 -10--2014Read: L. U.O No.Acad /CL13-7460/2013,dated !2.3.2074

2. . Minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Laiiguage & Literature held on 26-3-201,43. Letter dated nil from the Chairrnan, Board of studies in Sanskrit (cdl

-

ORDER1,. Revised Regulations for U.G Programmes under Credit Based Semester System were

implemented in the University with e,tect from 20L4 admissicn, as per paper read {1) above.

2 A.s per paper read{2J above,the meeting of Faculty of Language & Literature, held on263.2a14 has approved the scheme, syllabus and model question papers for Sanskrit core coursesoffered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective courses offered in Hindi pG programme,as finalized and recommended by the Board of Studies in Sanskrit(Cd) to be implemented in affiliatedcolleges, with effect from 2014 admission.

3. As per the paper read {3) above, the Chairman, Board of Studies in Sanskrit(Cd}hasforwarded the finalized copy of the Scheme , Syllabi & rnodel question papers for Sanskrit corecourses offered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective courses offered in Hindi pGProgramme for implementation with effect from 2OL4 admission in affiliated colleges.

4.The Vice-Chancellor, after considering the matter in detail, and in exercise of the powers ofthe Academic Council, as per Section 11 {1) of Kannur University Act, 1g9G and all other enablingprovisions read together with, has accorded sanction to implement the revised Scheme , Syllabi &model question Papers for Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam pG programme and SanskritElective oourses offered in Hindi PG Programme under Credit Based Semester System with effecttrorn2OL4 admission in affiliated colleges .

5' Orders are therefore issued implementing the revised Scheme, Syllabi & Model euestionPapers for Sanskrit core courses offered in Malayalam PG Programme and Sanskrit Elective coursesoffered in Hindi PG Programme under Credit Based Semester System, in affiliated colleges, witheffest from 2014 admission, subject to report to the Academic council.

5. The implemented Scheme, syllabi & Model euestion papers are appended.

Tqt

sd/DEPUTY REGTSTMR (ACADEM|C )

For REGTSTRAR

The Principals of Affiliated Colleges offering M.A.in Hindi Language and Literature programmeand Malayalam Language and Literature Prograrnme-

Copyto;1.The Examination Branch

,

2. The chairman, Board of studies in sanskrit(cui,ttindilRe l,Malayalam(pG).3. PS to VCIPA to pVC/pA to Registrar/pA to CE

4.DR/AR-I{Academic) 5.SF/DF/FC5.The Computer Programrner(for uploading in the website)

For more details log on to www kannur university.ac.in

1  

KAVYA AND KAVYMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Hindi main-1

Syllabus

Course code: HIN2E03 (SKT)

Number of credits: 4

No. of contact hrs: 5

Aim of the Course

Sanskrit poetics has greatly influenced all modern Indian vernaculars. Literary

theories of these vernaculars were formed mainly as the basis of poetics in

Sanskrit. This modules aim to give a general view of Sanskrit poetics to the post

graduate students.

Objectives:

1. The students will be highly benefitted by the basic knowledge of Sanskrit

poetics.

2. This will also be useful to them to have a thorough understanding of the

literature that they are mastering.

2  

Course out line

Module I 20 hrs

General views of Sanskrit poetics. Kavi, kavya, Kavyaprayojana, kavyahetu,

sahrudaya- definitions . Rasa theory of Sage Bharata- No of Rasas-

Different Rasas, Bhavas etc.Alamkara school- Major schools-Major works-

Bhamaha, Udbhata, Rudrata. Definition of Guna of Dandin- ten types of

Gunas (names only)- Definition of Reeti of Vamana- Types , Definition of

Dhwani of Anandavardhana- Definition of Vakrokti of Kuntaka –Anumana-

major works and authors- Definition of Auchithya of Kshemendra.

Module II 10 hrs

An introduction to Sanskrit literature, Kavyas, Types of Kavyas, sravya

kavya Mahakavya - Historical kavyas- Keraleeya Mahakavyas- Keralodaya

– K N Ezhuthachan. A brief summary of Keralodaya.

Module III 30 hrs

Textual study of Keralodaya - Canto I- 1 to 45 slokas.

Module IV 30 hrs

Textual study of Keralodaya - Canto I - 46 to 95 slokas..

An appreciation of Canto I

Prescribed Texts

Keralodaya – K N Ezhuttachan Canto I.

3  

Additional Reading:

1. A Short history of Sanskrit literature- T. K. Ramachandra Iyer.

2. Samskritha Sahithya Charithram Edited by Dr. Kunjunni Raja and Dr.M

S Menon, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trissur.

3. A history of Sanskrit Literature - A.B. Keith.

4. Indian Kavya Literature (6 volumes) - A. K. Warder.

5. Samskritha Sahityethihasa, Acharya Sree Ramachandramisra,

Chaucamba Vidyabhavan, Varanacy (1979)

6. History of Indian Literature, Maurice Winternitz, Vol.I, Mothilal

Banarsidass, Delhi, (1981).

7. Samskritha Sahityethihasa, Acharya Lokamani Dahala, Krishnadas

Accademi.

8. Keraliye Samskrita Sahitya Charitram- Vadakkamkur

9. Kerala Samskrita Sahitya Charitram –Vol II- Ullur

4  

KAVYA AND KAVYMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Hindi main-1

Course code: HIN2E03 (SKT)

Texts: Keralodaya – K N Ezhuttachan Canto I.

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Maximum marks: 80

Question paper should be set in Sanskrit and English. Answer may be written

either in Sanskrit or in the main language.

Distribution of marks

Grammar (Split & Combine) 4out of 6 each (module III&IV) -8

Vigrahavakyas 3out of 6 (module III) -6

Short answer type question 8 out of 10 (module I, II) -16

Explain fully 3 out of 5 (module III&IV) -15

Annotation 4 out of 6 (module III&IV) -16

Essay question 1 out of 2 (module II, III&IV) -15

Translation of verses 2 out of 3 (module III&IV) -4

5  

Model of question paper

KAVYA AND KAVYAMIMAMSA

SEMESTER II

Sanskrit for Hindi main-1

Course code: HIN2E03 (SKT)

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Texts: Keralodaya – K N Ezhuttachan Canto I. Maximum marks: 80

Instructions:

Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in main language. In writing

Sanskrit Devanagiri script should be used.

I 1. Split any four: 1X 4= 4

a. i…l…… {… b. x…Ë¥… c. V……i……‰%Ω˛®…¬

d. ∫¥…∫i™…∫i…÷ e. i…iEÚl…®…¬ f. S……‰x®…‰π……

2 .Combine any four 1X 4= 4

a. i…i…& + ∂…j…÷®…¬ b. ¶……¥…x…¬+ x…i™…®…¬ c. n˘∂…«x……i…¬+<¥…

d. i…i…¬++t e. ¶…¥…‰i…¬+{…÷j…& f. i…n˘…++…i®… x…

II Write the vigrahavakya of any three of the following 2X3=6 3. ®…Ω˛“Ø˚Ω˛…Δ 4. ¥…∫…xi…∏…“ 5. M…i……™…÷ π…

6. ™…ix…∫…\S…™…Ë& 7.  ¥…xv™……‰]ıV…®…¬ 8  x… §…b˜p÷˘®…®…¬

6  

III. Answer any eight in one or two sentences 2X8=16

9. What is Dhwanikavya?

10. What is Pratibha?

11. Define Sahrudaya?

12. Define Kavya, what are the types of kavyas?

13. What is Anumana?

14. Define Guna and write the names of Dasagunas.

15. What is Vakrokti according to Kuntaka?

16. Write the names of Panchamahakavyas and It's authors.

17. Which are the important Historical Mahakavyas in Sanskrit.

18. How many Rasas are there? Write their names.

IV. Explain fully any three 5X3=15

19. +{…Æ˙…v…& |…i…“EÚ…Æ˙…-z… {…÷j… {… Æ˙®……V™…«i…‰ O……Œxl…& EÚ… `ˆx™…x…®……™…… i… {…÷x…& ∫…⁄j… x…§…xv…x……i…¬**

20. =x®…⁄ ±…i…Δ i¥…™…… Æ˙…®… EÚ…x…x…Δ  x… §…b˜p÷˘®…®…¬ ∫…®…Δ UÙ…™…… {…  ¥…v¥…∫i…… V…M…n˘…∑……∫…n˘… ™…x…“

21. ¥…‰n˘™…Ë ¥…Ên˘∂……∫j…h……Δ {……Æ˙M…Ë μ…«i…EÚ®…«h……®…¬ x… ∫……I……ŒiGÚ™…i…‰ v…®…«& {…Æ˙∫……ËJ™…… l…‰ ±…I…h…&

22. +§…rˢ∂S… ∫…÷§…rˢ∂S… ∫…Δ§…r˘… ™…ix…∫…\S…™…Ë& S…GÚ∫…‰{……x…¥…qfi˘π]ı… ŒC±…π]ı… ®…i™…«{…÷Æ˙…‰M… i…&**

7  

23. Ω‰˛ i… Ã¥…E÷ÚØ˚i…‰ ®…i™…» ∫…… z…v™…‰x…Ë¥… i…xn˘¥…  ∫… r˘M…¥……Ê ∫…®……n˘x…k…‰ ∫……v…x……ø… n˘x…“ ®… i…&**

V. Annotate any four 4X4=16

24. ∫¥…{…n‰˘ V…“ ¥…i…Δ ¥™…l… ∫……l…«EΔÚ i…÷ {…Æ˙…l…«EΔÚ

25 ∂… Æ˙Æ˙∫™…  Ω˛i…Δ i…˱…Δ EÚ±…R¬ÛEÚ™… i… n˘{…«h…®…¬

26.  ∂…O…÷{…÷π{…∫…®…… Æ˙…®… M…÷h……& |…EfiÚ i…{…‰∂…±……&

27. x… o˘∂™…i…‰ ¥…∫…xi…∏…“- ®…«n˘“™……∏…®…∫…“®… x…*

28. n˘ Æ˙p˘§…xv…÷¥…n˘ΩΔ˛ ¥™…C™…Δ i™…C™…  {…i……®…Ω˛

VI. Translate any two in to main language 2X2=4

29 M…i……™…÷ π… ®…Ω˛…∫……Ɖ˙ ∂…i……™…÷ π… x…Ɖ˙%{…Ɖ˙ =n˘…∫…“x……‰  Ω˛ ±……‰EÚ…‰™…Δ ∫¥…“™…EÚ®…ÊEÚi…i{…Æ˙&**

30.  x…Æ˙…™…÷v…®… {… G⁄ÚÆΔ˙ V…“ ¥…x……‰%¥…V…«x…x®…÷ x…®…¬ ¶…“i…™…‰ J…±…÷ ±……‰EÚ∫™… nΔ˘π]≈ı…Ω˛“x……‰% {… {…z…M…&**

31  Ω˛i¥……  ¥…xv™……‰]ıV…Δ ¥…‰M……i…¬  {…i…fi¶…⁄ ®… ®…¥……∂…÷¶…®…¬ ®…÷ x…∫∫…¡i…]ı” |……M……- S…xn˘x…p÷˘¥…∫…R¬ÛE÷Ú±……®…¬**

VII. Write essays on two of the following : 15X1=15

32. B i…Ω˛… ∫…EÚ EÚ…¥™…‰π…÷ E‰ÚÆ˙±……‰n˘™…∫™… ¥…Ë ∂…π]ı™…®…¬  ¥…∂…n˘™…i… What is the importance of Keralodaya among historical mahakavyas?

Or =¥……S… ∫…M…«i…i¥……n¬˘™…Δ ¥……C™……®…¬ -∫…M…«i…i¥……n˘™…Δ ¥……C™…Δ ∫…ΔM…fi¡  ±…J…i…*  

8  

NATAKA COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT AND TRANSLATION

Semester III

Sanskrit for Hindi main-2

Syllabus

Course Code : HIN3E06 (SKT)

Credit : 4

No of contact hrs: 5

Aim of the Course:

The course is intended to provide a general awareness of Sanskrit dramas.

The course is also helps to improve the communicative skill among

students.

Objectives 1. To acquire ability and proficiency in literary tastes and translation.

2. To introduce Indian tradition of Dramatic arts.

3. To know about the Sanskrit dramatic literature with special reference to

‘Malavikagnimitra’

Course outline

Module I 5 hr

Introduction to Sanskrit Dramas– Bharata & Natayasastra – Origin and

Development- Characteristics and types of Sanskrit Dramas (Dasaroopakas),

Special features of Sanskrit Dramas -Sanskrit dramatic techniques. Major

Dramatists- Sudraka, Bhavabhuti, Visakhadatta and Bhasa. Kalidasa and his

dramas.

Module II 25 hr

Textual study of the drama- Malavikagnimitra Act-I, II

9  

Module III 25 hr

Textual study of the drama-Malavikagnimitra Act-III & IV

Module IV 15 hr

Textual study of the drama- Malavikagnimitra Act- V

Critical evaluation of the drama –Title of the play – character sketches – An

appreciation of the plot, sentiments & style etc.

Module V 10 hr

Translation and communicative Sanskrit

• Translate verses from the drama – Malavikagnimitra. • Translate simple sentence in to Sanskrit. • Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

(simple sentences: eg:- ---------vidyalayam gachami., Twam kutra-----------?) • Answer the questions based on a simple passage.

Prescribed texts: Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa. Reference texts:

1. Kalidasa sarvaswam- Dr. Sudhamsu Chaturvedi 2. .A short history of Sanskrit Literature- T.K.Ramachandra Iyer. 3. A history of Sanskrit literature- A B Keith. 4. History of Sanskrit literature- Krishna Chaitanya. 5. Historyof Sanskrit literature- Acharya Lokamani Dahala. 6. Essays on Sanskrit Literature- Sadhuram, R. S. Vadhyar & Sons, Palghat 7. Vivartanavicharam- Dr. N.E. Visvanath Iyer, Kerala Bhasha Institute,

Trivandrum. 8. Vivarthanathinte Bhashasastra Bhumika- Prabhodhachandraan. A . N

10  

NATAKA AND COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT

SEMESTER III

Sanskrit for Hindi main-2 Course code: HIN3E06 (SKT)

Texts: Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa.

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Maximum marks: 80

Question paper should be set in Sanskrit and English. Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in the main language.

Distribution of marks

Short answer type question 5 out of 8 (module – I, II&III) -10

Annotation 3 out of 5 (module –II, III&IV) -12

Explain fully 2 out of 4 (module –II, III&IV) -10

Paragraph question 3 out of 5 (module –II, III&IV) -15

Essay question 1 out of 2 (module – I, II, III &IV)` -15

Fill in the blanks with suitable words 5 out of 7 (module V) -5

Translate two verses out of three (module II, III &IV) -4

Translate simple sentences in to Sanskrit 4 0ut of 6 (module V) -4

Answer the questions based on a simple passage (module V) -5

11  

NATAKA AND COMMUNICATIVE SANSKRIT

SEMESTER III

Sanskrit for Hindi main

Course code: HIN3E06 (SKT)

Time: 3 hours Credit : 4

Texts: Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa. Maximum marks: 80

Instructions:

Answer may be written either in Sanskrit or in main language. In writing Sanskrit Devanagiri script should be used.

I Answer any seven in one or two sentences 2X5=10 1. what is Bharatavakyam? 2. S…xn˘x…Δ J…±…÷®…™…… {……n˘EÚ{… Æ˙ ¶……‰M…‰h… u˘ π…i…®…¬- Whose words are these?

3. Who is <Æ˙…¥…i…“? 4. What is Rupakam? 5.  x…∫…M…« x…{…÷h……& Œ∫j…™…&-Who said this? When?

6. +Ω˛…‰ + ¥…x…“i…øn˘™…& J…±¥……™…«{…÷j…- Whose words are these? 7. What are the dramas of Kalidasa?

II. Annotate any four 3X4=12

8. ®…⁄f¯& {…Æ˙|…i™…™…x…‰™…§…÷ r˘&*

9. {…k…x…‰  ¥…t®……x…‰ O……®…‰ Æ˙ix…{…Æ˙“I……*

10. ∫…o˘∂…Δ J…±…÷ §……±…¶……¥…∫™…*

11. ∫l……x…‰ |……h……& EÚ… ®…x……Δ u˘i™…v…“x……&*

12. +x™…∫… Æ˙i……Δ ∂…i…… x…  Ω˛ ∫…®…÷p˘M……& |……{…™…xi™…ŒMx…®…¬*

12  

III. Explain fully any three 5X2=10

13. øn˘™…! ¶…¥… ∫…EÚ…x…Δ ™…iEfiÚi…‰ ∂…R¬ÛEÚ∫…‰ i¥…Δ ∏…fih…÷  ¥…i…fi x…v…x…Δ i…n¬˘ M…SUÙ v…Ë™…» S… i……¥…i…¬* ∫{…fi∂… i… i…÷ ™… n˘ x…“S……‰ ®……®…™…Δ ∂…÷C±…∂…§n˘- ∫i¥…l… S… ¶…¥… i… ∫…i™…Δ i…j… n˘…‰π……‰  ¥…∂……‰v™…&** 14 i™…Ci¥…… ∫x…‰ΩΔ˛ ∂…“±…∫…R¬ÛGÚ…xi…n˘…‰{…Ë& {…÷j……∫i……¥…z…x¥…{…÷j……&  GÚ™…xi…‰ ±……‰E‰%{…÷¥…» ∫l……{…™……®™…‰π… v…®…» ¶…i…fi«p˘…‰Ω˛…n˘∫i…÷ ®……i……{™…®……i……** 15. M…SUÙŒxi… i…÷œπ]ı J…±…÷ ™…‰x… E‰Úx… x… B¥… V……x…Œxi…  Ω˛ i……Δ n˘∂……Δ ®…‰ <SUÙ… ®… {…⁄V……Δ S… i…l…… {… EÚi…÷» i……i…∫™… Æ˙…®…∫™… S… ∫……x…÷∞¸{…®…¬** 16. +x…÷S…Æ˙ i… ∂…∂……R¬ÛEÚ Æ˙…Ω÷˛n˘…‰π…‰% {… i……Æ˙… {…i… i… S… ¥…x…¥…fiI…‰ ™…… i… ¶…⁄À®… ±…i…… S…* i™…V… i… x… S… EÚƉ˙h…÷& {…R¬ÛEÚ±…Mx…Δ M…V…‰xpΔ˘ μ…V…i…÷ S…Æ˙i…÷ v…®…» ¶…i…fi«x……l……  Ω˛ x……™…«&**

IV. Write a paragraph on any three of the following : 5X3=15

17.  ¥…πEÚ…®¶…EÚ& 18. x……]ıEÚ…xi…Δ EÚ ¥…i¥…®…¬ 19 x…fii™…{…Æ˙“I…… 20 ∂…⁄p˘EÚ& 21 ®……±… ¥…EÚ…

13  

V. Write an essay on any of the following : 15X1=15

22 ®……±… ¥…EÚ…ŒMx… ®…j…∫™… ¥…Ë ∂…π]ı™…®…÷{…{……n˘™…i…*

Or {…\S…®……R¬ÛEÚ EÚl……Δ ∫…Δ I…{™… i…∫™… x……]ıEÚ“™…Δ |……v……x™…Δ  ¥…∂…n˘™…i…*

VI. Translate any two of the following 2X2=4 23.  u˘v……  ¥…¶…HÚ…Δ  ∏…™…®…÷u˘ºxi……Ë v…÷ÆΔ˙ Æ˙l……∑…… ¥…¥… ∫…ΔO…Ω˛“i…÷&*

i……Ë ∫l……∫™…i…∫i…‰ x…fi{…i…“  x…n‰˘∂……‰ {…Æ˙∫{…Æ˙…¥…O…Ω˛ x…Ã¥…EÚ…Æ˙…Ë**

24. i¥…n÷˘{…±…¶™… ∫…®…“{…M…i……Δ  |…™……Δ

øn˘™…®…÷SUÙ ∫… i…Δ ®…®…  ¥…C±…¥…®…¬* i…Ø˚¥…fii……Δ {… l…EÚ∫™… V…±…Ãl…x…& ∫… Æ˙i…®……Æ˙ ∫…i…… n˘¥… ∫……Æ˙∫……i…¬**

25. {…÷Æ˙…h… ®…i™…‰¥… x… ∫……v…÷ ∫…¥…»

x… S…… {… EÚ…¥™…Δ x…¥… ®…i™…¥…t®…¬* ∫…xi…& {… Æ˙I™……x™…i…Æ˙n¬˘¶…V…xi…‰ ®…⁄f¯& {…Æ˙|…i™…™… x…‰™… §…÷ r˘&**

VII. Translate in to Sanskrit 1X4=4

26. The birds flew from the branches of the tree 27. Girls are dancing. 28. Shall I go to school? 29. She sings well. 25. The boys are playing 30. When will she come? 31. Where are you coming from?

14  

VIII. Fill in the blanks with suitable words any two of the following 1X5=5

32. +ΩΔ˛  ¥…t…±…™…Δ ........*

33.i¥…Δ E÷Új… .........?

34. J…M…& ............. ¥…∫…Œxi…*

35. ±…i…… M…“i…Δ .........*

36. ............ x…fik…Δ E÷Ú¥…«Œxi…*

37. ...........{…÷j…∫™… x……®… ±…¥…&*

38. ................ ®…I……Δ n˘n˘… i…*

IX Read the passage and answer the following questions 1X5=5

39. ¥…π……«∫…÷ ∂……EÚ ]ıEÚ& EÚŒ∂S…i…¬ ∫¥…∂……EÚ]‰ı ¶……hb˜…x™……Æ˙…‰{™… i…Δ x…M…Æ˙…xi…Æ˙®…x…™…i…¬* u˘…Ë ¥…fiπ……Ë i…Δ ∂…EÚ]ı®…¬ +¥…Ω˛i……®…¬* Æ˙l™……™……Δ {…R¬ÛE‰Ú ∂…EÚ]ı∫™… S…GΔÚ Ø˚r˘®…¶…⁄i…¬* ¥…fi¥…¶……Ë §…±…¥…i…¬ |…Ω˛Æ˙z… {… ∫… ∂…EÚ]Δı S…±… ™…i…÷Δ x……I…®…i…*

i…i…& ∫…& ¶…M…¥…xi…Δ x……Æ˙…™…h…Δ |… i… S…÷GÚ…‰∂…* i…∫™……GÚ…‰∂…Δ ∏…÷i¥…… n˘™……±…÷¶…«M…¥……Δ∫i…∫™… {…÷Æ˙∫i……n˘… ¥…Ƭ˙¶…÷i…¬* +¶……π…i… S… ∂……EÚ ]ıEÚ®…¬ - "¶……‰ ®…⁄f¯!  EÚ ®… i… V……‰π…®……∫i…? ®…®… ∫……Ω˛…™™…Δ ¥……\UÙ ∫… S…‰i…¬ = k…π`ˆ* v…÷™……Ê S……‰n˘™…, S…GΔÚ ∫EÚxv…‰x…, |…S……±…™…* B¥…Δ E÷Úi……‰%ΩΔ˛ i…‰ ∫……Ω˛…™™…Δ EÚ Æ˙π™…… ®… - < i…* B¥…®…÷Ci¥…… ¶…M…¥……x…¬ +xi…v……«x…®…EÚÆ˙i…¬*

i…i…& ∂……EÚ ]ıE‰Úx… i…l…… EfiÚi…‰ ¶…M…¥…i…& ∫……Ω˛…™™…‰x… ∂…EÚ]Δı {…R¬ÛEÚ… z…Æ˙M…SUÙi…¬* ™…j…… S… ∂……EÚ ]ıEÚ∫™…  x…Ã¥…Px……%¶…⁄i…*

1. ∂……EÚ ]ıEÚ& EÚn˘… E÷Új… ∂…EÚ]ı®…x…™…i…¬

2. E÷Úi…& ∂……EÚ ]ıEÚ& ∂…EÚ]Δı S…±… ™…i…÷Δ x……I…®…i…?

3. ∂…EÚ]Δı S…… ±…i…÷Δ x… I…®…& ∫…&  EÚ®…EÚÆ˙…‰i…¬?

4. ¶…M…¥……x…¬ ∂……EÚ ]ıEΔÚ  EÚ®…¬ +¶……π…i…?

5. E‰Úx… EÚ…Æ˙h…‰x… ∂…EÚ]Δı {…R¬ÛEÚ…i…¬  x…Æ˙M……i…¬? 

15