The Norton Introduction to Literature - GBV · The Norton Introduction to Literature SEVENTH...
Transcript of The Norton Introduction to Literature - GBV · The Norton Introduction to Literature SEVENTH...
The Norton Introduction to
Literature
SEVENTH E D I T I O N
Instructor's Guide for the
Regular and Shorter Editions
and The Norton Introduction to Poetry
Kelly J.MaysNew Mexico State University
Gayla McGlameryBryan CrockettLoyola College in Maryland
W. W. NORTON & COMPANYNEW YORK • LONDON
Contents
Introduction xxxiAcknowledgments xxxvUsing the Instructor's Guide
Teaching Fiction i
Fiction: Reading, Responding, Writing 3
PLANNING IDEAS 3
Spencer Hoist, The Zebra Storyteller 3Audre Thomas, Kill Day on the Government Wharf 4
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 6
Guy de Maupassant, The Jewelry 7QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 8SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 8
Understanding the Text 9
1 PLOT 9
PLANNING IDEAS 9
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings 1 oQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 11
John Cheever, The Country Husband 11QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 14SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 15
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues 15QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 17
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 17
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 1 18
Essays about Plot 18Troubleshooting 18Plot-Focused Writing Exercises 19
vi CONTENTS
2 POINT OF VIEW 22PLANNING IDEAS 22
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 23
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 25
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 26
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 27SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 27
Timothy Findley, Dreams 27QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 30
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 2 31Essays about Point of View 31Troubleshooting 31Point-of-View-Focused Writing Exercises 32
3 CHARACTERIZATION 33
PLANNING IDEAS 33Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O. 34
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 35SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 35
Charles Baxter, Fenstad's Mother 35
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 37
Doris Lessing, Our Friend Judith 38
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 40SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 40
Grace Paley, A Conversation with My Father 41QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 42SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 42
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 3 43Essays about Character 43Troubleshooting 45Character-Focused Writing Exercises 45
4 SETTING 47PLANNING IDEAS 47
Richard Dokey, Sanchez 48
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 49Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets 49
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 52SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 52
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Dog 52
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 5.4READING/WRITING IDEAS FORCHAPTER4 54
Essays about Setting 54
CONTENTS
Troubleshooting 55Setting-Focused Writing Exercise 55
5 SYMBOLS 57
PLANNING IDEAS 57
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 58QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 59SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 59
Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist 59QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 61
Ann Beattie, Janus 62QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 65
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 65
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 5 65
Essays about Symbols 65Troubleshooting 65Symbol-Focused Writing Exercise 66
6 THEME 69
PLANNING IDEAS 69
Katherine Mansfield, Her First Ball 70QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 71
James Joyce, Counterparts 71QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 73
Angela Carter, A Souvenir of Japan 73QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 75
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 76
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 6 76
Essays about Theme 76Troubleshooting 76Theme-Focused Writing Exercises 77
7 THE WHOLE TEXT 79
PLANNING IDEAS 79
Joseph Conrad, The Secret Sharer 80QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 83
Louise Erdrich, Love Medicine 83QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 85SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 86
Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Watcher 86QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 87
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 88
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 7 88
Essays on the Whole Text 88
viii CONTENTS
Troubleshooting 89Whole-Text Writing Exercises 89
Exploring Contexts 94
8 THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: D. H. LAWRENCEAND FLANNERY O'CONNOR 94
PLANNING IDEAS 94
D. H. Lawrence 95Odour of Chrysanthemums 95QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 97
The Blind Man 98QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 101
The Rocking-Horse Winner 102QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 103SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 104
Flannery O'Connor 104A Good Man Is Hard to Find 104QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 106
The Lame Shall Enter First 107QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 109
Everything That Rises Must Converge 110QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 111
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 112
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 8 112
Essays about an Author's Work 112Troubleshooting 114Author's-Work-as-Context Writing Exercises 114
9 LITERARY KIND AS CONTEXT: INITIATION STORIES 117PLANNING IDEAS 117
Toni Cade Bambara, Gorilla, My Love 118QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 119SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 119
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls 119QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 121SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 121
Nicholson Baker, Pants on Fire 122QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 123
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 9 123Essays about Literary Kinds 123Troubleshooting 124Kind-Focused Writing Exercises 12 5
CONTENTS i
10 FORM AS CONTEXT: THE SHORT SHORT STORY 128
PLANNING IDEAS 128
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 129
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 130
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 131
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 131
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 132
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 132
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 134SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 134
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl 134
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 136SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 136
Yasunari Kawabata, The Grasshopper and the Bell Cricket 136
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 137
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 137
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 10 137
Essays about Form 137
Troubleshooting 139
11 CULTURE AS CONTEXT 140
PLANNING IDEAS 140
Katherine Anne Porter, Holiday 142
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 145
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 146
Margaret Laurence, The Rain Child 146
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 149
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 150
Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote 150
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 152
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 1 1 152
Essays about Cultural Context 152Troubleshooting 153Cultural Context-Focused Writing Exercises 153
12 CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A FICTION CASEBOOK 156
PLANNING IDEAS 156
Will iam Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 157
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 160
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 160
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 12 160
Essays about Critical Context 160
Troubleshooting 163
Critical Contexts-Focused Writing Exercises 163
CONTENTS
Evaluating Fiction i&7
PLANNING IDEAS 167Richard Connell, The Most Dangerous Game 168
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 169
William Faulkner, Barn Burning 170QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 172
Bharati Mukherjee, The Management of Grief 172QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 174SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 174
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING FICTION 175Evaluative Essays 175Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 176
Reading More Fiction 177
Louisa May Alcott, My Contraband 177QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 179
Henry James, The Real Thing 180Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 182
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 185
Edith Wharton, Souls Belated 185QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 186
Rudyard Kipling, Without Benefit of Clergy 187QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 190
Raymond Carver, Cathedral 190QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 192
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh 193QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 194
Paul Ruffin, Lamar Loper's First Case 195QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 196
Teaching Poetry m
Poetry: Reading, Responding, Writing 201
PLANNING IDEAS 201
Rita Dove, Fifth Grade Autobiography 203QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 203
Anne Sexton, The Fury of Overshoes 203
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 204SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 205
PRACTICING READING: SOME POEMS ON LOVE 205Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband 205
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 205
William Shakespeare, [Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?] 206QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 206
Leigh Hunt, Rondeau 207QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 207SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 208
Denise Levertov, Love Poem 2 08QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 209
W. H. Auden, [Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone] 210QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210
Audre Lorde, Recreation 210QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210
Marge Piercy, To Have without Holding 210QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 210
Liz Rosenberg, Married Love 211QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 211
John Dryden, [Why should a foolish marriage vow] 211QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 211
Mary, Lady Chudleigh, To the Ladies 212QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 212SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 212
Richard Lovelace, To Althea, from Prison inQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 213
Edna St. Vincent Millay, [What lips my lips have kissed, and where, andwhy] 213QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 213
Theodore Roethke, She 214QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 214
Karen Chase, Venison 214QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 214
Aphra Behn, On Her Loving Two Equally 215QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 215
William Shakespeare, [Let me not to the marriage of true minds] 215QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 215SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 215
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR POETRY: READING, RESPONDING,WRITING 216
xii CONTENTS
Understanding the Text 21 s
13 TONE 218
PLANNING IDEAS 218
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 219
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 219
MANY TONES: POEMS ABOUT FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 220
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 220
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 220
Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break 220
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 221
Pat Mora, Elena 221
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 222SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 223
Sharon Olds, / Go Back to May 1937 223
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 224SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 224
Li-Young Lee, Persimmons 224
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 224SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 225
Elizabeth Alexander, West Indian Primer 225
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 225
Eamon Grennan, Pause 225
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 226
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 226
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile 226
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 227
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 228
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 228
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 228
James Masao Mitsui, Because of My Father's Job 229
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 229
Simon J. Ortiz, My Father's Song 229
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 230SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 230
Susan Musgrave, You Didn't Fit 231
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 231
Erin Moure, Thirteen Years 231
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 231
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 13 232
Essays about Tone and Theme 232
Troubleshooting 233
CONTENTS
14 SPEAKER 235
PLANNING IDEAS 235
Sharon Olds, The Lifting 236QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 237
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 237
Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire 237QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 238
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 238
John Betjeman, In Westminster Abbey 239QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 239
Henry Reed, Lessons of the War: Judging Distances 239QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 240
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 240QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 240
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They Flee from Me 241QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 241
Walt Whitman, [/ celebrate myself, and sing myself] 242QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 242SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 242
Pat Mora, La Migra 243QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 243SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 244
Sylvia Plath, Mirror 244QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 244SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 244
Seamus Heaney, The Outlaw 245QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 245
Margaret Atwood, Death of a Young Son by Drowning 245QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 246
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 14 246Essay about Speakers 246Troubleshooting 247Speaker-Focused Writing Exercises 248
15 SITUATION AND SETTING 249PLANNING IDEAS 249
SITUATIONS 250
Margaret Atwood, Siren Song 250QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 251
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 251Mary Oliver, Singapore 252
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 252
Louise Gliick, Labor Day 252
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 252
John Donne, The Sun Rising 253QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 253
Hart Crane, Episode of Hands 253QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 253
Emily Bronte, The Night-Wind 254QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 254SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 254
TIMES 255
William Shakespeare, [Full many a glorious morning have I seen] 255QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 255
John Donne, The Good-Morrow 255QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 255
Sylvia Plath, Morning Song 255Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning 256Amy Clampitt, Meridian 256
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 256
W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening 256QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 257
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 258
William Shakespeare, Spring 258SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 259
Archibald Lampman, In November 259QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 259
PLACES 259
April Bernard, Praise Psalm of the City-Dweller 259QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 259
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 260
Anthony Hecht, A Hill 260QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 260
S u s a n M u s g r a v e , I Am Not a Conspiracy... 261
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 261
Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 262QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 262
COMPARING PLACES AND TIMES: THE SENSE OF CULTURAL
OTHERNESS 262
Agha Shahid Ali, Postcard from Kashmir 262QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 263
Cathy Song, Heaven 263QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 264
Marilyn Chin, We Are Americans Now, We Live in the Tundra 265
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 265
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey 265QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 266
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 266READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 1 5 266
Essays about Situation and Setting 266Troubleshooting 267Situation- and Setting-Focused Writing Exercises 267
16 LANGUAGE 269PLANNING IDEAS 269
PRECISION AND AMBIGUITY 270
Sharon Olds, Sex without Love 270QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 271
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty 271QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 271
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 272QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 272
E. E. Cummings, [in Just-] 272QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 272
Rita Dove, Parsley 273QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 273SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 274
Susan Musgrave, Hidden Meaning 27AQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 275
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 275
Emily Dickinson, [/ dwell in Possibility—] 275QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 276
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 277
John Milton, FROM Paradise Lost 277QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 277
METAPHOR AND SIMILE 277
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 278Dorothy Livesay, Other 27&
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 279
Hart Crane, Forgetfulness 279QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 280
Carolyn Forche, Taking Off My Clothes 280QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 281
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 281
Emily Dickinson, [Wild Nights—Wild Nights!] 281QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 282
xvi CONTENTS
Agha Shahid Ali, The Dacca Gauzes 282QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 283SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 283
John Donne, [Batter my heart, three-personed God. ..] 283QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 283
Anonymous, The Twenty-third Psalm 284QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 284SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 284
SYMBOL 284Edmund Waller, Song 285John Gay, [Virgins are like the fair flower in its luster] 285Emily Dickinson, [Go not too near a House of Rose—] 286
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 286
William Carlos Williams, Poem [The rose fades] 286Mary Oliver, Roses, Late Summer 286Dorothy Parker, One Perfect Rose 287
QUESTIONS ON THE ROSE POEMS 287
Katha Pollitt, Two Fish 287QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 287
Roo Borson, After a Death 288QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 288
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 16 288
Essays about Language 288Language-Focused Writing Exercises 290
17 THE SOUNDS OF POETRY 291
PLANNING IDEAS 291
John Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. Oldham 292QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 292
William Shakespeare, [Like as the waves make towards the pebbledshore] 293
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break 293QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 293
Thomas Nashe, A Litany in Time of Plague 293QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 294
Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven 294Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall 295
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 295
Emily Dickinson, [A narrow Fellow in the Grass] 295QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 295
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 296QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 296
CONTENTS
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 1 7 296
Essays on Sound (and Sense); Troubleshooting 296Sound-Focused Writing Exercise 298
18 INTERNAL STRUCTURE 299
PLANNING IDEAS 300
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens 300QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 301SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 301
T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi 301QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 301
Karl Shapiro, Auto Wreck 302QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 302
Richard Wilbur, The Pardon 302QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 303
Roo Borson, Save Us From 303William Carlos Williams, The Dance 304
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 304SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 304
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind 304SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 305
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 18 305
Essays about Internal Structure 305Troubleshooting 306Structure-Focused Writing Exercise 306
19 EXTERNAL FORM 308
PLANNING IDEAS 308
THE SONNET 309
John Keats, On the Sonnet 309QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 310
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, A Sonnet Is a Moment's Monument 310QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 311
Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel 311QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 312
Gwen Harwood, In the Park 313QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 313
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus 313Edwin Morgan, Opening the Cage 314John Milton, [When I consider how my light is spent] 315
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 315
Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer 315QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 316
CONTENTS
Helene Johnson, Sonnet to a Negro in Harlem 316QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 317
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us 317QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 318QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318
Sir Charles G. D. Roberts, The Potato Harvest 318QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 318
Robert Frost, Once by the Pacific 319William Wordsworth, London, 1802 319
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 319
Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle 320Claude McKay, The White House 320
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 320
William Shakespeare, [My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun] 321QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 321
Diane Ackerman, Sweep Me through Your Many-Chambered Heart 321QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 321
M O R E S O N N E T S : A LIST 322
STANZA FORMS 322Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 322
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 323
Marianne Moore, Poetry 323Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina 323Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica 324
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 324
THE WAY A POEM LOOKS 324
E. E. Cummings, [Buffalo Bill's] 324QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 324
George Herbert, Easter Wings 325QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 325
Robert Herrick, The Pillar of Fame 325QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 325
E. E. Cummings, [l(a] 325Earle Birney, Anglosaxon Street 326
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 327
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 19 327
Essays about External Form 327
CONTENTS
20 THE WHOLE TEXT 330
PLANNING IDEAS 330
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts 331
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 331
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 331
George Herbert, The Collar 331
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 332
Emily Dickinson, [My Life had stood—a Loaded Gun—] 332
Robert Frost, Design 332
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 333SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 333
Anne Sexton, With Mercy for the Greedy 333
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 334
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 334
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 20 334
Essays on the Whole Text 334Troubleshooting 334Whole Text-Focused Writing Exercises 335
Exploring Contexts 340
21 THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: JOHN KEATS 341
PLANNING IDEAS 341
On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 342
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 343
On the Grasshopper and the Cricket 343
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 344
On Seeing the Elgin Marbles 344
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 345
When I Have Fears 345
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 345
Ode to a Nightingale 345
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 346
Ode on a Grecian Urn 346
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 347
Ode on Melancholy 348
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 348
To Autumn 349
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 349
Passages from Letters 350
QUESTIONS ON THE POETRY AND PROSE OF KEATS 351
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 21 352
xx CONTENTS
Essays on the Author's Work as Context 352Troubleshooting 356Author's Work as Context-Writing Exercises 356
22 THE AUTHOR'S WORK IN CONTEXT: ADRIENNE RICH 358
PLANNING IDEAS 358
At a Bach Concert 359QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 360
Storm Warnings 360QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 360
Living in Sin 361QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 362
Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law 362QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 364
Planetarium 366QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 367
Dialogue 367
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 368
Diving into the Wreck 369QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 369
Power 370
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 370
For the Record 371
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 371
[My mouth hovers across your breasts] 371
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 371
Walking down the Road 372QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 372
Delta 372
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 373
History 373
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 374
QUESTIONS ON THE POETRY AND PROSE OF RICH 375
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 22 376Essays on the Author's Work in Context 376Troubleshooting 377Author's Work in Context-Focused Writing Exercises 379
23 LITERARY TRADITION AS CONTEXT 381PLANNING IDEAS 382
ECHO AND ALLUSION 383
William Blake, The Lamb 383QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 383
CONTENTS xxi
Howard Nemerov, Boom! 384QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 384
Marianne Moore, Love in America? 385QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 386
Robert Hollander, You Too? Me Too—Why Not? Soda Pop 386QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 386
POETIC "KINDS" 386
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? 388Ben Jonson, Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H. 389
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389
Martial, [You've told me, Man, whilst you live] 389QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389
Richard Crashaw, An Epitaph upon a Young Married Couple, Dead andBuried Together 389QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 389
X. J. Kennedy, Epitaph for a Postal Clerk 390QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 390
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know 390QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 390
Mary Barber, To Novella, on her saying deridingly, that a Lady of greatMerit, and fine Address, was bred in the Old Way 391QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 391
Peter Pindar, Epigram 391QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 391QUESTIONS ON THE EPIGRAMS 391QUESTIONS ON HAIKU 392
IMITATING AND ANSWERING 393
Sir Walter Ralegh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 393William Carlos Williams, Raleigh Was Right 393
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 393
E. E. Cummings, [(ponder,darling,these busted statues] 394QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 394
Peter De Vries, To His Importunate Mistress 394QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 394
Kenneth Koch, Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams 395Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch 395
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 395
Wendy Cope, [Not only marble, but the plastic toys] 395QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 395SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 395
CULTURAL BELIEF AND TRADITION 396
John Hollander, Adam's Task 396
CONTENTS
Susan Donnelly, Eve Names the Animals 396
Christina Rossetti, Eve 396
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 396QUESTIONS ON THE ADAM AND EVE POEMS 397SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 397
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 398
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 399
Miriam Waddington, Ulysses Embroidered 400
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 401
Edna St. Vincent Millay, An Ancient Gesture 401
QUESTIONS ON THE ULYSSES POEMS 402
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers 402
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 402
June Jordan, Something Like a Sonnet for Phillis Miracle Wheatley 403
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 403
Maya Angelou, Africa 404
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 404
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa 404
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 405
Ishmael Reed, / Am a Cowboy in the Boat ofRa 405
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 405QUESTIONS ON THE POEMS ABOUT AFRICA 406
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 406
Judith Ortiz Cofer, How to Get a Baby 407
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 408
Alberto Alvaro Rios, Advice to a First Cousin 408
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 408SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 408
Louise Erdrich, Jacklight 409
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 409
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 23 410
Literary-Tradition-as-Context Essays 410
Troubleshooting 412
Literary Tradition-Focused Writing Exercises 413
24 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS 414
PLANNING IDEAS 414
TIMES, PLACES, AND EVENTS 415
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS 415
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 415
Irving Layton, From Colony to Nation 416
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 416
CONTENTS xxiii
Mary Jo Salter, Welcome to Hiroshima 416QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 416
Dwight Okita, Notes for a Poem on Being Asian American 417QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417
Donald Justice, Children Walking Home from School through GoodNeighborhood 417QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417
Claude McKay, America 417QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 417SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 418
Langston Hughes, Harlem (A Dream Deferred) 418Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass 418
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 418SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 419
Mbuyiseni Oswald Mtshali, Boy on a Swing 419Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain 419
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 420
Wilfred Owen, Duke et Decorum Est 421QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 421
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham 421QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 421
Ai, Riot Act, April 29, 1992 422QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 422SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 422
CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY, EXPLORING GENDER 423
V Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 423QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424
Richard Lovelace, Song: To Lucasta, Going to the Wars 424QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424
Isaac Rosenberg, Break of Day in the Trenches 424QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 424
Edgar A. Guest, The Things That Make a Soldier Great 425QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 425
Wilfred Owen, Disabled 425QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 425
Paulette Jiles, Paper Matches 426QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 426
Marge Piercy, What's That Smell in the Kitchen? 426QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 426
Elizabeth, When I Was Fair and Young 427QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 427
Kay Smith, Annunciation 427
xxiv CONTENTS
Edna St. Vincent Millay, [Women have loved before as I love now] 428QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 428
Aphra Behn, To the Fair Clarinda, Who Made Love to Me, Imagined MoreThan Woman 429
Liz Rosenberg, The Silence of Women 429QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 429
Sharon Olds, The Elder Sister 430Elizabeth Bishop, Exchanging Hats 430
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 430
Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Changeling 430QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 430
Amy Lowell, The Lonely Wife 431QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 431
Elizabeth Spires, The Bodies 431QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 431
Marilyn Hacker, [Who would divorce her lover...] 432QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 432
Ha Jin, The Past 432QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 432
Diane Wakoski, The Ring of Irony 433QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 433
Edna St. Vincent Millay, [I, being born a woman and distressed] 433QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 434
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 24 434
Essays about Cultural Context 434
25 CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A POETRY CASEBOOK 437
PLANNING IDEAS 437
Sylvia Plath, Daddy 438QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 439
George Steiner, Dying Is an Art 439QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 440
Irving Howe, The Plath Celebration: A Partial Dissent 440QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 441
A. Alvarez, Sylvia Plath 441QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 442
Judith Kroll, Rituals of Exorcism: "Daddy" 443QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 443
Mary Lynn Broe, FROM Protean Poetic 443QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 444
Margaret Homans, FROM A Feminine Tradition 444QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 444
Pamela J. Annas, FROM A Disturbance in Mirrors 445
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 445
Steven Gould Axelrod, Jealous Gods 446QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 446
GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE LITERARY CRITICISM 447
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 2 5 448
Essays about Critical Context 448Troubleshooting 450Critical Context-Focused Writing Exercises 451
26 THE PROCESS OF CREATION 454
PLANNING IDEAS 455
John Keats[Bright Star! would I were steadfast as thou art!] 455QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 456
To Autumn 456Alexander Pope, Ode on Solitude 457Emily Dickinson, [Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—] 458
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 458
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 26 459
Essays about the Process of Creation 459Troubleshooting 460
Evaluating Poetry 461
PLANNING IDEAS 461
Irving Layton, Street Funeral 462QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 463
SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 463
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 463QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 464
Emily Dickinson, [The Brain—is wider than the Sky—] 464QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 464
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING POETRY 464
Evaluative Essays 464Troubleshooting 466Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 467A Sample Analysis 468
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 468
Reading More Poetry 474
W. H. Auden, In Memory ofW. B. Yeats 474QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 474
Hart Crane, To Emily Dickinson 474
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 474
H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), Helen 475John Donne
The Canonization 475QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 476
[Death be not proud, though some have called thee] 477QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 477
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 478QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 478
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy 479Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken 479Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush 480
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 480
Gerard Manley HopkinsGod's Grandeur 480QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 480
The Windhover 481QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 481
Andrew Marvell, On a Drop of Dew 482John Milton, Lycidas 482Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus 483Ezra Pound, The Garden 484Wallace Stevens
The Emperor of Ice-Cream 484Sunday Morning 485
Walt Whitman, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed 486William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintem
Abbey... 487
W. B. Yeats, Easter 1916 488
Teaching Drama 490
Drama: Reading, Responding, Writing 492
Susan Glaspell, Trifles 492PLANNING IDEAS 492COMMENTARY 493QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 493SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 494
David Ives, Sure Thing 495PLANNING IDEAS 495COMMENTARY 495
CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 496SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 497
Understanding the Text 498
Lillian Hellman, The Little Foxes 498PLANNING IDEAS 498COMMENTARY 498QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 501SUGGESTION FOR WRITING 502
Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion 502PLANNING IDEAS 502COMMENTARY 504QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 508SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 509
Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler 509PLANNING IDEAS 509COMMENTARY 510QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 512SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 513
William Shakespeare, Hamlet 514
PLANNING IDEAS 514COMMENTARY 515QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 518SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 520
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT 520
Essays 520
Exploring Contexts 524
27 THE AUTHOR'S WORK AS CONTEXT: ANTON CHEKHOV 524The Bear 525
PLANNING IDEAS 525COMMENTARY 525
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 527
On the Injurious Effects of Tobacco 527PLANNING IDEAS 527COMMENTARY 527QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 529
The Cherry Orchard 530PLANNING IDEAS 530COMMENTARY 530QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 534SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 535
Passages from Letters 536
xxviii CONTENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 536
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 27 536
Essays on the Author's Work as Context 536Troubleshooting 537Author's Work as Context-Focused Writing Exercises 537
28 LITERARY CONTEXT: TRAGEDY AND COMEDY 540
Sophocles, Oedipus the King 540PLANNING IDEAS 540COMMENTARY 541QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 543SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 544
Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest 545PLANNING IDEAS 545COMMENTARY 546QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 549SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 550
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 28 551Essays about Literary Context 551
29 CULTURE AS CONTEXT: SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING 553Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun 554
PLANNING IDEAS 554COMMENTARY 555QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 559
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 561
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 561PLANNING IDEAS 561COMMENTARY 562QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 565SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 566COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS ON A RAISIN IN THE SUN ANDDEATH OF A SALESMAN 567
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 29 567Essays about Cultural Context 567Troubleshooting 568Cultural Context-Focused Writing Exercises 568
30 CRITICAL CONTEXTS: A DRAMA CASEBOOK 571PLANNING IDEAS 571
Sophocles, Antigone 573QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 574Richard C. Jebb, FROM The Antigone of Sophocles 576Maurice Bowra, FROM Sophoclean Tragedy 576Bernard Knox, Introduction to Sophocles: The Three
Theban Plays 576QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 576
CONTENTS
George Steiner, FROM Antigones 577QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 578
Martha C. Nussbaum, FROM The Fragility of Goodness 579QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 579
Rebecca W. Bushnell, FROM Prophesying Tragedy 580QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 580
Mary Whitlock Blundell, FROM Helping Friends and HarmingEnemies 580QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 581
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR CHAPTER 30 581Essays about Critical Context 581Troubleshooting 582Critical Context-Focused Writing Exercises 583
Evaluating Drama 587
Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire 587PLANNING IDEAS 587COMMENTARY 589QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 591
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream 593PLANNING IDEAS 593COMMENTARY 593QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 594SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING 594
READING/WRITING IDEAS FOR EVALUATING DRAMA 595Evaluative Essays 595Troubleshooting; Evaluation-Focused Writing Exercises 596