The New Nanofrontier Kristin Leutwyler - Presented by Ananthanarayanan Venkatachalam.
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Transcript of The New Nanofrontier Kristin Leutwyler - Presented by Ananthanarayanan Venkatachalam.
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The New NanofrontierKristin Leutwyler
- Presented by
Ananthanarayanan Venkatachalam
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Overview
• Thoughts of current generation
• Nanotechnology’s threat to world
-Bill Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems.
• Foresight Institute
• Reports to show its promise
• Conclusion
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Thoughts of current generation
• “It is staggeringly a small world below” - Dr. Richard Feynman
• “In the year 2000,when they look back at this age, they will wonder why it was not until the year 1960, that any body began to move seriously in this direction.”
• Inspire greater wonder in 40 years!!
• Concern about the pace at which the Nanotechnology - plenty of reports
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world
• Nanotechnology ,the end of human species - Bill Joy, Wired
Nanotechnology - humans an endangered species
Ray Kurzweil
Rate of technological improvement
Near–term possibility that humans = robots.
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• The new Luddite challenge Intelligent machines better than human beings.
High organized machines no human effort
machines permitted own decisions
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• The new Luddite challenge (cont’d)
Impossible to guess how such machines work.
Fate of human race = mercy of the machines
Human race “drifts” dependence on machines
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• The new Luddite challenge (cont’d) Society and problems that face it
Machines more and more intelligent
Machine – made decisions will bring better results
than man made ones.
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• The new Luddite challenge (cont’d) Decisions necessary to keep the system running – complex. human beings incapable of making them intelligently. Machines will have effective control over humans. Turning off the machine = suicide.
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• ‘Nanotechnology introduces the risk that we might destroy the biosphere’
Today’s solar cells could out–compete real plants.
Omnivorous ‘bacteria’ could out-compete real bacteria - reduces biosphere to dust in days.
Dangerous replicators.
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Nanotechnology’s threat to the world (cont’d)
• ‘Nanotechnology introduces the risk that we might destroy the biosphere’
Nanotechnology threat – “gray goo” problem, Dr. Eric Drexler.
Goo - consists of legions of miniature assemblers.
The gray goo threat makes one thing perfectly clear: cannot afford replicating assemblers
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Foresight Institute’s guidelines
• Foresight institute’s goal
• Policy
• Foresight efforts
- Development of guidelines for R & D
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Foresight Institute’s guidelines
• Principles
Artificial replicators capable of replication Evolution within the context of self-replicating system
is discouraged Replicated information should be error free MNT device designs proliferation Provide traceability of any replicating systems
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Foresight Institute’s guidelines
• Principles (Cont’d)
Developers should consider systematically the environmental consequences
Industry self-regulation should be designed in whenever possible
Distribution of molecular manufacturing development capability should be restricted
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Foresight Institute’s guidelines
• Policy
Promoting understanding of nanotechnology and
its effects. Informing the public and decision makers. Organizational base for addressing nanotechnology
– related issues. actively pursuing beneficial outcomes of
nanotechnology.
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Galen Stucky – University of California, Santa Barbara.
• Glassy materials with nanoscale pores, cages and channels.
• Harry Dorn – Virginia Tech Chemist
• New breed of metal containing fullerenes
nanoscale building blocks.
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Fullerenes
Before 1985 – six pure crystalline forms of carbon
In 1985, new form of carbon – buckyballs
60 or 70 carbons could cluster together cage – like molecules
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Fullerenes
molecular structure soccer ball or the geodesic designs of Buckminster Fuller.
endohedral metallofullerenes replacement for Silicon in IC’s
Doping carbon with metal or metal oxides small quantities of buckyballs, encapsulates 1-4
metal atoms.
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Reports to show its promises!!
Fullerenes – How do we make them?
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Twirling motors
Cornell nanobiotechnology center power virus sized motors using ATP
Science – Carlo Montemagno – tested the first bimolecular motors, marrying inorganic nickel propellers to ATPase enzymes
“We have shown that hybrid nanodevices can be assembled, maintained and repaired using the physiology of life”
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Twirling motors (cont’d)– Nickel propellers measuring
750 nm long and 150 nm wide
– Propellers self assembled with molecules of ATPase
– Motor-propeller combination is mounted on 200 nm high, 80 nm wide nickel posts
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Twirling motors (cont’d)
ATPase broke atomic bonds in the ATP molecules
cranked rotor-like protein inside ATPase
CCD – propellers spun at a rate of 8 rev/sec in some cases continuing for 2.5 hours
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Twirling motors (cont’d)
400 assembled units – 5 worked
Later batches – lost propellers others their test pedestals
Friendlier to use among delicate organic molecules and living cells
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Twirling motors (cont’d)
Remove harsh chemicals from final product
+ computational and sensing functions
Replace ATP with light energy to fuel the bimolecular motors
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Microrobots Jager – robotic arm,
bilayer of gold and polypyrrole, particularly stable conjucated polymer
670 micrometers long, an elbow, wrist and hand, with 2 – 4 fingers
electrochemical oxidation and reduction pick 100 micrometer glass bead
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Dancing tin nanomotors
Tin dancing on copper
Camphor particles shimmy across the surface of water
finding ways to harness and choreograph the tin crystals’ movements nanoshapes
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Dancing tin nanomotors (cont’d)
Schmid’s team tin and copper morph into bronze
STM to obtain topographical map of the material’s surface
LEEM to watch the movements of tin on that surface
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Dancing tin nanomotors (cont’d)
Tin deposited on copper two dimensional crystalline islands
Surf over copper’s surface, tin copper
islands bronze crystals, eject the copper atoms
bronze clumps cover the surface and tin islands dissolve
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Reports to show its promises!!
• Dancing tin nanomotors (cont’d)
naturally - occuring motor is very efficient
car – 0.1 hp/kg of its weight whereas tin – 0.3 hp/kg
“the challenge is to devise nanomotors whose motion can be controlled externally and can be refueled
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Conclusion
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References
• www.sciam.com/explorations/2000
• www.foresight.org
• www.globalideasbank.org
• www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-dept/dorn/buckyballs