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The New Deal and 1930s Texas
• Essential Questions:– Describe civil rights
movements and identify its key leaders, such as LULAC
– Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of the Great Depression on Texas
– Identify ways Texans have adapted to and modified the environment
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The New Deal Begins• 1932 – Franklin D.
Roosevelt won the presidential election, with almost 90% of Texans supporting him.
• 1933 – FDR starts reform programs called the “New Deal” to get America back to work and out of the Great Depression.
• “The First 100 Days” he orders all banks to close to determine the strongest to stay in business.
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The New Deal Begins• Vice President John Nance
Garner, a former Texas congressman, helped push New Deal programs in Congress.
• Another Texas congressman, Sam Rayburn, became Speaker of the House.– He proposed the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC) to restore confidence in the stock market.
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New Deal Programs• FDR’s New Deal created agencies to deal
with many problems from the Depression.– Alphabet Agencies - government agencies
that came to be known by the first initials of their names.
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New Deal Programs
• FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) – gave funds to states and local agencies for unemployed people
• CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) – provided outdoor employment for young men and helped preserve resources
• NYA (National Youth Administration) – hired high school and college students to perform clerical and maintenance jobs.
• PWA (Public Works Administration) – built bridges dams, schools, and other structures of value to the state.
• WPA (Works Progress Administration) – hired 600,000 Texans during the Great Depression
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New Deal Programs
• New Deal programs tried to slow down soil erosion to help farmers in the Dust Bowl regions.
• New planting and contour plowing techniques helped farmers protect the topsoil from blowing away.
• The federal government also paid farmers to plant trees as windbreaks and reduce production of crops in effort to drive prices up.
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• 100th anniversary of Texas independence in 1936
• Celebration held at Fair Park in Dallas (where annual State Fair is located)
• Exhibits highlighted Texas History and proudly displayed examples of Texas products and culture
• Also, the San Jacinto Monument was erected on the battlefield to the east of Houston and various museums built
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1930s Governors: Sterling and Ferguson
• Miriam Ferguson defeated Ross Sterling in 1932 for governor
• 2nd term as governor was controversial– Fired many TX Rangers– Used pardon power to
release criminals
• Asked FDR to lend farmers money to help make up for lost income from low cotton prices
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1930s Governors: Allred and O’Daniel
• James Allred 1935– Reorganized TX Rangers– Helped found Board of
Pardons and Paroles– Created retirement systems
for state employees
• W. Lee O’Daniel 1938– Sales manager and radio
host– Wrote unofficial state song
“Beautiful Texas”– Unable to deliver on many
of his campaign promises
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African American Rights
• Dr. Lawrence Nixon– African American Texan
physician who presented his poll tax receipt and tried to vote in the Democratic primary, but was turned away
– Filed suit to win the right to vote: Nixon v. Herndon (1927):The Supreme Court justices declared his rights under the 14th and 15th amendments had been violated
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Mexican Americans Rights• League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
– Founded at Corpus Christi in 1929 with Ben Garza as the first president
– Worked for Mexican American rights in court system, hiring, and education
• The School Improvement League was founded in 1934 to improve school facilities for Hispanic children