The National PolicyThe National Policy

Chapter 9Chapter 9

After Confederation (after After Confederation (after 1867)1867)

Canada’s Canada’s 11stst Prime Minister was Prime Minister was Conservative party leader, John Conservative party leader, John A. MacDonaldA. MacDonald

His first term as PM lasted till His first term as PM lasted till 1873, when he resigned due to 1873, when he resigned due to a political scandal (yes, they had a political scandal (yes, they had them then, too), and the Liberals them then, too), and the Liberals won the next election. won the next election.

Worldwide DepressionWorldwide Depression

But for the next four years, the But for the next four years, the Canadian economy really suffered Canadian economy really suffered because there was a depression all because there was a depression all over the worldover the world

This meant high unemployment, This meant high unemployment, many businesses failing, and many businesses failing, and financial institutions losing the financial institutions losing the confidence of the peopleconfidence of the people

In the election in 1878,In the election in 1878,MacDonald attacked the Liberals MacDonald attacked the Liberals policy of low import tariffs policy of low import tariffs

Election platform Election platform

He felt that if there were high import He felt that if there were high import tariffs, people would buy Canadian tariffs, people would buy Canadian products, which would help our products, which would help our businesses and economy.businesses and economy.

Business leaders really liked thisBusiness leaders really liked this Also, the Liberals hadn’t built the Also, the Liberals hadn’t built the

railway that had been promised to railway that had been promised to BC if they joined Confederation. This BC if they joined Confederation. This kept them in fear of American kept them in fear of American expansionism (remember Manifest expansionism (remember Manifest Destiny?)Destiny?)

National Policy-first initiativeNational Policy-first initiative

ProtectiveProtective tariffs against foreign tariffs against foreign goodsgoods Highest tariffs were to be on Highest tariffs were to be on

manufactured goods, such as carriages, manufactured goods, such as carriages, agricultural machinery, railway cars, and agricultural machinery, railway cars, and woolen clothingwoolen clothing

They were intended to They were intended to protectprotect the the industries that were producing them in industries that were producing them in CanadaCanada

Lesser revenue tariffs were on other Lesser revenue tariffs were on other items not produced in Canadaitems not produced in Canada

National Policy-second National Policy-second initiativeinitiative

Building the Canadian Pacific Building the Canadian Pacific RailwayRailway World markets for wheat, timber, World markets for wheat, timber,

and fish (staples) were and fish (staples) were disappearingdisappearing

Exports fell by 20% in six yearsExports fell by 20% in six years So many believed that the So many believed that the

economy needed to diversify economy needed to diversify (include lots of other types of (include lots of other types of businesses) to survivebusinesses) to survive

So…So…

Lands of the Canadian West Lands of the Canadian West were vulnerable to the were vulnerable to the AmericansAmericans

Settlers didn’t want to go thereSettlers didn’t want to go there Investors in the railway wanted Investors in the railway wanted

to think that the railway would to think that the railway would eventually pay for itself (needed eventually pay for itself (needed to think businesses would use it to think businesses would use it to ship products and goods)to ship products and goods)

National Policy-third initiativeNational Policy-third initiative

Greater immigration and Greater immigration and settlement in the Westsettlement in the West To occupy lands so Americans To occupy lands so Americans

wouldn’t focus on themwouldn’t focus on them

Summary of PurposeSummary of Purpose

The National Policy was a The National Policy was a means to produce growthmeans to produce growth in in the Canadian economy using the Canadian economy using the 3 initiativesthe 3 initiatives

The National Policy - EffectsThe National Policy - Effects

The National policy’s most The National policy’s most immediate result was the immediate result was the creation creation of the Canadian Pacific Railwayof the Canadian Pacific Railway

Creation of an Creation of an industrial Heartlandindustrial Heartland in Central Canada (Ontario and in Central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) that has existed for over Quebec) that has existed for over 100 years100 years

Canada was no longer Europe’s Canada was no longer Europe’s HinterlandHinterland

Canadian Heartland and Canadian Heartland and HinterlandHinterland

The National policy The National policy created a created a CanadianCanadian HeartlandHeartland, but also a , but also a Canadian HinterlandCanadian Hinterland

The The MaritimesMaritimes and the and the WestWest became that became that HinterlandHinterland

The MaritimesThe Maritimes

At the time (1878), At the time (1878), Nova ScotiaNova Scotia was expecting a great was expecting a great economic economic boomboom as the result of the National as the result of the National policy and it’s ice free harbourpolicy and it’s ice free harbour

The Maritimes experienced The Maritimes experienced prosperity, but it did not lastprosperity, but it did not last

Many companies based in the Many companies based in the HeartlandHeartland cared only for profit - cared only for profit - not the economic well being of the not the economic well being of the MaritimesMaritimes

The WestThe West

ImmigrationImmigration in the West did not in the West did not increase as expected, but increase as expected, but eventually picked upeventually picked up

The The WestWest took took advantageadvantage of both of both the railway and federal subsidies the railway and federal subsidies for the wheat industryfor the wheat industry

ConflictsConflicts with the with the AboriginalAboriginal and and MMéétis tis communities over communities over Treaty Treaty rightsrights caused great difficulty for caused great difficulty for all involvedall involved

Effects of Industrialization:Effects of Industrialization: Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Work conditionsWork conditions were harsh with were harsh with long dayslong days

Failure to meet demands resulted in Failure to meet demands resulted in lost wageslost wages and even corporal and even corporal punishmentpunishment

Lack of Lack of health and safety standardshealth and safety standards resulted in many injuries and spread resulted in many injuries and spread of diseaseof disease

Many workers were often exposed to Many workers were often exposed to harmful chemicals and harmful chemicals and dangerous dangerous working conditionsworking conditions

Effects of Industrialization:Effects of Industrialization: Standard Of Living Standard Of Living

The standard of living at this time The standard of living at this time would cross between second and would cross between second and first worldfirst world

Many Many poorpoor families families High High infant mortality rates (IMRs)infant mortality rates (IMRs) Poor accessPoor access to healthcare for to healthcare for

mostmost Lack of Lack of electricityelectricity, , refrigeration refrigeration

and and cleanclean waterwater

Effects of Industrialization:Effects of Industrialization: Social ResponseSocial Response

Many of those in the middle-Many of those in the middle-class took initiatives to help class took initiatives to help the poorthe poor

This resulted in new This resulted in new hospitals, better health care, hospitals, better health care, public sanitation, and useful public sanitation, and useful legislation to promote the legislation to promote the rights of workersrights of workers

Effects of Industrialization:Effects of Industrialization: Response of Workers Response of Workers

Workers in new industrial Workers in new industrial factories generally responded in factories generally responded in one of two ways:one of two ways:

1.1. Development of trade unions to Development of trade unions to fight for profit sharing, benefits, fight for profit sharing, benefits, and better wages through strike and better wages through strike action.action.

2.2. More radical approach was to More radical approach was to join together to restructure join together to restructure capitalism.capitalism.

Case StudyCase Study

1.1. What is the National Policy? Why was What is the National Policy? Why was it created? (fully explain)it created? (fully explain)

2.2. How did the National Policy create a How did the National Policy create a Canadian Heartland and Hinterland Canadian Heartland and Hinterland effect? Explain.effect? Explain.

3.3. Please read chapter 9 on Canada’s Please read chapter 9 on Canada’s National Policy of 1878 and record National Policy of 1878 and record vocabulary words.vocabulary words.

4.4. In an organizational chart (or In an organizational chart (or Inspiration) show the effects of Inspiration) show the effects of industrialization in Canadian society industrialization in Canadian society (see sample).(see sample).

Sample chart for question 4

Working Working conditionsconditions

Standard of Standard of LivingLiving

Middle Middle class class ResponseResponse

Response Response of working of working ClassClass