The Melting Arctic and Implications for Transport...
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The Melting Arctic
and Implications for
Transport Infrastructure
July 2016
Marjorie McGuirk
Asheville, North Carolina USA
CASE Consultants International
Thirteenth International Seminar on Climate Systems and Climate Change (ISCS), 11-22 July 2016,
Chengdu, China, Beijing Climate Center.
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
ice caps & opening passages for shipping.
2. Transport drives the patterns of human
settlement and trade routes shape the
course of history.
3. New settlements will grow in the Arctic
along with new trade routes & transport
infrastructure.
The Melting Arctic
and Implications for
Transport Infrastructure
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Sources:
McGuirk, Marjorie. "The Melting Arctic and Implications for Transport Infrastructure." Ninth Symposium on Policy and Socio-
Economic Research. Atlanta, GA: American Meteorological Society Annual Conference, 5 February 2014. Presentation.
McGuirk, Marjorie.“The Melting Arctic and New Trade Routes.” MLA thesis. University of North Carolina Asheville, 2013.
__ “The Melting Arctic Ice Cap and Emerging New Trade Routes will Shift Population at Centers Involved in the Shipment of
Goods." University of North Carolina Asheville, 22 November 2013. Presentation.
.
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
In September 2012, the ice cap was 50% smaller than the average over the last three decades
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
In September 2012, the ice cap was 50% smaller than
the average over the last three decades
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaKqhRTqSlgStroeve, Julienne. "The Arctic's Rapidly Shrinking Sea Ice Cover: A Research Synthesis." Climatic Change 110 (2011): 1005.
Overland, James E. and Muyin Wang. “When Will the Summer Arctic be Nearly Sea Ice Free?” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (2013): 1-5
National Snow and Ice Data Center
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
National Snow and Ice Data Center
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
Monthly September ice extent for 1979 to 2015 shows a decline of 13.4% per decade relative to the
1981 to 2010 average. In September 2012, the ice cap was 50% smaller than the average over the
last three decades. Source: NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center NOAA
2009200419991994198919841979
Year
Exte
nt
Areal Extent of Arctic Ocean Ice Cover
21
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
Early/Late
Exte
nt
Boxplot of Extent
Source: Left NSIDC. Right Author. Left: minimum sea ice coverage yearly. Right: sea ice averages in early years (1979-1996)
compared to more recent years (1997-2010).
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1. Global warming
is melting the Arctic ice cap
http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/Data: NOAA, National Snow and Ice Data Center ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/Sep/N_09_area.txt
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
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Khon, V. C., and I. I. Mokhov. "Arctic Climate Changes and Possible Conditions of Arctic Navigation in the 21st
Century." Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 46.1 (2008): 14-20. Print.
Northern Sea Route Obs
North West Passage Obs
SRESA1B
SRESA1B
1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
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http://www.arctic-lio.com/nsr_transits
Northern Sea Route Administration
Ship traffic picks up
as sea ice concentration drops down
during a yearly cycle
1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA
Age of Arctic sea ice from 1990 to March 2016 –
weekly time lapse images
Sources: Data; Mark Tschudi, University of Colorado-Boulder., Video; “Old Ice in Arctic Vanishingly Rare” NOAA Climate.gov
Perovich, D., W. Meier, M. Tschudi, S. Farrell, S. Gerland, and S. Hendricks. (2015). Chapter 4: Sea Ice. In Jeffries, M.O., Richter-
Menge, J., Overland, J.E. (2015) Arctic Report Card: Update for 2015
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Summary for Policymakers.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/videos/old-ice-arctic-
vanishingly-rare
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
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1. Global warming is melting the Arctic
and passages are opening for shipping.
Why is this important?
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2. Transport drives
the patterns of human settlement
time lapse US frontier
http://www.outragegis.com/animati
ons/population-growth.htm
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time lapse US frontier
2. Transport drives
the patterns of human settlement
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2. Transport drives the pattern and
trade routes shape the course of history
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US EU CHINA
2. Transport drives the pattern and
trade routes shape the course of history
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2. Trade routes
shape the course of history
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2. Trade routes
shape the course of history
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2. Transport drives the pattern and
trade routes shape the course of history
SIX GENERATIONS
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2. Trade routes
shape the course of history
Sources: Left Suez Canal Authority shows number and type of ships sailing through the Suez Canal in September 2012. Right: graph shows
for the Northern Sea Route the mount of cargo in 1,000 dead weight tons passing through route per year in red, and the number of navigation
days in blue. Derived from Drent, Jan. Commercial Shipping on the Northern Sea Route ." The Northern Mariner 3.1 (1993): 1-17.
Suez Canal http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/TRstatHistory.aspx?reportId=4
Northern Sea Route Administration http://www.arctic-lio.com/nsr_transits
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Drent, Jan, Commercial Shipping on the
Northern Sea Route, The Northern
Mariner/Le Marin du nord, III, No. 2
(April 1993), 1-17
Change on the Horizon
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Photo credit: Port of Los Angeles
http://listosaur.com/miscellaneous/top-10-busiest-ports-in-the-united-states.html
“The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 and the invention of containers
in 1956 transformed this once sleepy port into one of the world’s busiest
ports”
Change on the Horizon
Climate plus multiple factors
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US Trade with China less than
Russia and Europe Trade with China
Reliability matters more than distance?
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Shipping Lines
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Shipping Lines
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• «Shipping rates are low, the bunker fuel is cheap and there is a general decline in world economy and a
shrinking demand in China», Sergey Balmasov from the Northern Sea Route Information Office.
• “The Chinese general cargo carrier «Yong Sheng . . . accounted for more than 75 percent of the 2015
NSR cargo.” Source: Atle Staalesen, Independent Barents Observer 15 February 2016.
Data Source: Northern Sea Route Information Office
http://www.arctic-lio.com/nsr_transits
• In 2015 no ice breaker assistance for 14 of 18 voyages
• The Yong Sheng transited between Shainghai and Varberg, Sweden carrying a windmill tower and blades
� NSR Administration - Ship traffic picks up as sea ice concentration drops down during a yearly cycle
Change on the Horizon
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Change on the Horizon
Comparing NWP Suez costArctic Shipping Routes - Cost Comparisons with Suez
ARCTIS Database (Arctic Resources and Transportation Information System)
http://www.arctis-search.com/Arctic+Shipping+Routes+-
+Cost+Comparisons+with+Suez&structure=Arctic+Sea+Routes#The_Passages_in_Comparison
Arctic Shipping Routes - Cost
Comparisons with Suez
(by Tor Wergeland)
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
Drent, Jan. Commercial Shipping on the Northern Sea Route ." The Northern Mariner 3.1 (1993): 1-17.
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
Drent, Jan. Commercial Shipping on the Northern Sea Route ." The Northern Mariner 3.1 (1993): 1-17.
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
Dudinka, navigable year round, excluding Spring ice breaks,
stevedoring companies, nickel, metal, oil
Source: http://www.arctic-lio.com/dudinka c
Tiksi, navigable July-October, serves Arctic communities, containers, timber,
construction. Source: http://www.arctic-lio.com/tiksi
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3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
Murmansk, ice free year round, 200 stevedoring companies , Arctic destination
containers, metals, fertilizers, oil , passengers, gantry cranes
Source: http://www.arctic-lio.com/murmansk
Pevek is located on the shore of the East Siberian Sea in Chaunskaya Bay.
The port works only during the period of summer navigation (July-October).
Handles coal, container freights, industrial equipment, ferrous metals, and
timber freights. Main port of NSR.
Source: http://www.arctic-lio.com/pevek
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Source: Nordregio www.nordregio.se
Designer/Cartographer Johanna Roto
Data source National Statistics Institutions
Published 28 July 2011
High tech sites envisioned
But population
has declined in
Russia
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Source: The Arctic Human Development Report II: Regional Processes and Global Linkages Fact Sheet, Arctic Council, Sustainable
Development Working Group (SDWG), Lead Authors:Lee Huskey(US),IlmoMaaenpaa(FI),Alexander Pelyasov (RU), 8th Ministerial
Meeting, Kiruna, Sweden, 15 May 2013.
• “… the Arctic economy grew over 31% 2000- 2009, faster than
the rate of growth for the Arctic nations (2.1%)”
• development projects proposed for Greenland, Nunavut, Finland,
Russian and Alaskan arctic seas • http://thebarentsobserver.com/2016/04/eu-opens-new-arctic-infrastructure
• Warming gives access by sea - lowers cost delivery of supplies
and of shipment of the resources to markets
3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
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Source: The Arctic Human Development Report II: Regional Processes and Global Linkages Fact Sheet, Arctic Council, Sustainable
Development Working Group (SDWG), Lead Authors:Lee Huskey(US),IlmoMaaenpaa(FI),Alexander Pelyasov (RU), 8th Ministerial
Meeting, Kiruna, Sweden, 15 May 2013.
• But Not Yet• “High-cost harsh environment –
• resources far from markets in sparsely settled land
• harsh winters requires special designs
• poor soil condition requires additional site preparations
• long supply lines requiring large inventories of parts
• limited transport access
• higher wages and salaries to recruit personnel”
• Multiple ship rotations necessary to realize benefits
3. New settlements
will grow in the Arctic
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Thank you
1. Global warming is melting the Arctic ice cap
and passages are opening for shipping transport trade routes
2. Transport drives the patterns of human settlement
and trade routes shape the course of history
3 New settlements will grow in the Arctic along with new
trade routes & transport infrastructure.
CASEConsultantsInternational.com
Asheville, North Carolina
Questions?
The Melting Arctic and New Trade Routes
Citation:
McGuirk, Marjorie. "The Melting Arctic and Implications for Transport Infrastructure." Thirteenth International Seminar on Climate Systems
and Climate Change (ISCS), 11-22 July 2016, Chengdu, China, Beijing Climate Center.
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