The management of adverse drug reactions I Ralph Edwards Diagnosis Procedures Management Therapy...
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Transcript of The management of adverse drug reactions I Ralph Edwards Diagnosis Procedures Management Therapy...
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The management of adverse drug reactions
I Ralph Edwards• Diagnosis• Procedures• Management• Therapy
– Often no clear separation...
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Is the patient taking drugs?– OTC– OC– Herbal/traditional– Abused drugs– Long term prescription
• Check with medical history
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A patient
• An 81 year old man with an old valve replacement and recent heart failure.
• Digoxin 0.25 mg daily• Warfarin 4mg daily • Frusemide 80 mg daily• Potassium supplements
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The patient
• Develops a deep bleeding ulcer – Eventually looks
like this:
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Could the symptoms and signs be due to drugs?– Yes!
• When there is polypharmacy, this becomes difficult
• WHICH DRUG?!
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• How serious is the patient's clinical state?
• If very serious:– Stop all drugs which may POSSIBLY cause
condition– Treat, as necessary– Consider step-wise re-introduction, later
• If not serious:– Proceed logically
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Patient
• Diagnosis – Possible bleeding tendency: over-
anticoagulated
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Patient
• Action – Stop warfarin – Check prothrombin ratio
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Time relationships
• Do they make sense?– Drug before disease?– Timing of drug and
reaction?• Kinetics-steady state
– Withdrawal reaction?
• Allergy type– Previous exposure?
• Pregnancy stages• Neoplasia kinetics
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• YES,BUT WHICH DRUG?
• Known pharmacology – Of single drug– Of class
• Known idosyncracy– Of single drug– Of class
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Patient
Prothrombin ratio normal and patient has been stabilised for a long time
• New diagnosis – Possible coumarin necrosis
•During chronic treatment?
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Are there any special tests which may help?
• Blood levels of medicines (therapeutic monitoring)
• Other clinical tests to help establish– The disease entity eg. allergy testing, skin
biopsy– Baseline state eg. liver and kidney function– Follow up of response following
discontinuation of medicine or reduction of dose
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Patient
• Consider skin biopsy – Result likely to be available in two
weeks !
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Now decide the likelihood of patients condition being drug related– Frequency, related to drug(s) versus
background
• With sound clinical benefit/risk judgement decide to stop relevant drug(s)
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Patient
• Could these be emboli with infarction and ulcer due to failed anticoagulation ?– Septic emboli ?
• Both unlikely explanations
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• BUT THE PATIENT REALLY NEEDS SOME OF THESE DRUGS!
• Try some options:– Stop non essential drugs– Consider dose - reduce where suitable– Consider interactions– Stop those likely to be causing serious
reactions and whose benefit/risk balance in this situation is not good
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Patient
• Patient needs anti-coagulation, so start heparin until biopsy result available
• N.B. Patient stays in hospital because he cannot manage injections and no short term support can be arranged
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• NOW WHAT?• Wait (dechallenge)
– Is it plausible in onset and duration?• Patient is improving/well
– Start alternative therapy if necessary
– Report your suspected ADR, if 'interesting'
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• THE PATIENT IS NOT WELL• Sorry, wrong drug!
– Try the next most likely drug(s)
• Sorry, patient cannot manage without this drug– Try a suitable substitute
• Watch cross reaction of any sort!• Could try re-instituting same drug
– If you stopped more than one, and one seems to be essential
– At lower dose?
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Patient
• Patient is certainly NOT well. He develops several more very painful bleeding ulcers
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• THE PATIENT IS STILL NOT WELL• Well, it's possible that you will have
to treat this reaction– In fact there are some ADRs that you
should have treated ages ago• Eg. Anaphylaxis• Syncope
• There is a need to manage the patient clinically !!
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Patient
• Start paracetamol for pain
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• When treating an ADR:– Do not confuse the picture
unnecessarily!– Have a clear objective– Do not treat for longer than is necessary– Review patient
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Patient
• Pain very severe – Start morphine
Biopsy result surprisingly available and shows vasculitis with much bleeding
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The management of adverse drug reactions
• Finally:– Reconsider interactions– Consider rechallenge for drugs which
are or will be important to the patient• Ethics• Same dose? Same route?Same
preparations?• Safeguards!
• Send in report
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Patient
• Frusemide considered as cause of vasculitis with bleeding super-imposed because of anti-coagulation – But consider long ½ life of Warfarin
• Frusemide stopped
• Pain continues
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Patient
• The dose of morphine is increased and mild heart failure occurs
• This is followed by bronchopneumonia
• And the patient dies in a few days– of a morphine adverse reaction?
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The management of adverse drug reactions
THE END
A 76 year old man with an old valve replacement and heart failure.
Digoxin 0.25 mg dailyWarfarin 4mg daily
Frusemide 80 mg dailyPotassium supplements