The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals - Qualcomm · The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals...
Transcript of The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals - Qualcomm · The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals...
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The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals
June 2014
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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world
Wireless is the foundation to mobile
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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless boundaries to enable the best mobile experiences
4 2 Mobile connectivity is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile experience
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies
Appreciating the magic of mobile requires understanding the fundamentals of wireless
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Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world
~7 Billion connections, almost as
many as people on Earth1
~8 Billion smartphones
to be shipped 2014-20182
New form factors; tablet/laptop
variants, wearables, etc. Evolving into Internet of Everything:
cars, meters, health-devices, etc.
1 GSMA Intelligence, Apr. ‘14
2 Gartner, Sep. ‘13
More prevalent than electricity
or running water in some regions
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Mobile is an amazing technical achievement
Mind-blowing Performance
with processing power greater
than the most advanced super computers
of the early 1990s1
Jaw-dropping Graphics
with capability to process several
thousand megapixels per second2
Reliable Connectivity
overcoming signal loss resulting in
receiving signal 100 trillion times weaker
than when it originated3
Broadband Speeds
with blazing fast data rates capable
of 300+ Mbps4
All in a device
that fits in
your pocket
1 Source: Charlie White, Sep. '13 & giffgaff.com, Sep’13; 2 Based on latest Qualcomm® SnapdragonTM 800 series processors; 3 Based on >140 dB path loss
typical in mobile; 4 Based on peak data rates for LTE Advanced; 5 Based on >2,000 mAh smartphone battery and >15W light-bulb
Long Battery Life
with ability to power all these amazing
experiences with less energy than it
takes to power a light bulb for 1 hour5
High Quality Multimedia2
4K UltraHD video player/recorder
HD gaming console
5.1/7.1 surround sound system
High resolution digital camera
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Connectivity is the foundation of a great mobile experience
Delivering rich mobile broadband experiences
Connect Reliably
Talk and browse without interruption
with more bars in more places Connect Real-Time
Get instant access to content with
less delay for “always-on” experience
Connect Fast
Stream, surf, upload, and download
with fast, predictable data rates
Connect On-the-Go
Talk and browse with seamless
mobility anywhere you get a signal
Connect Longer
Go longer without plugging in
with improved battery efficiency
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Coverage Spectrum
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile
Capacity
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Coverage is delivering a reliable signal to your mobile device despite harsh wireless environments, while on-the-go
Key Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Modulation
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Mobile Cell
Mobile Network
Seamless Handoff
Mobility Coverage
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Analogy
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Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)
Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)
Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)
𝐴
𝜆
Water
Surface
Radio signals are like ripples in the water Radio Signal
A form of energy that radiates into
space as radio waves.
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Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
Data
Amplitude
Modulation (AM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Alternating how big you make the ripples
Ripple Receiver
Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel
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Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments
Signal Power
Po
we
r
Distance (from ripple source)
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Range
The distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR
to be decoded by receiver
Ripple Receiver
Noise + Interference Power
Noise
Interference
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~100,000,000,000 X Amount of signal loss possible across cell
compared to original signal
Cell
Ripple Range
Operator Base Station
Ripple Source
User Equipment
Ripple Receiver
Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless environments
Ripple Source
(Transmitter)
Ripple Receiver
Internet
Other Users
Interference
Environment
Noise
Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies
Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal
Telephone PSTN
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Ripple Source
Transmitter #1
Ripple Source
Transmitter #2
Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze
Po
we
r (d
B)
Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell
Ripple Receiver
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Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility
Network
Switch/Router
Internet
Telephone
Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide
seamless handoffs across cells
<0.01% Packet loss required for high
priority apps (e.g., video)
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Spectrum
Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity
Key Fundamentals
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Radio Channel
Peak Data Rate
Licensed Spectrum
Unlicensed Spectrum
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Radio channels are like
highways built on finite land
Analogy
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Spectrum is the airwaves that all wireless communications travel
UHF
Mobile,
UHF television, GPS
VLF MF HF VHF SHF EHF
Maritime navigation signals
Space and satellite communications
Radio astronomy, radar landing
systems
VHF television, FM radio, navigational
aids
AM radio maritime radio
Shortwave radio, radiotelephone
LF
Navigational aids (e.g. loran- C)
Increasing frequency, shorter range Increasing wavelength, larger antennas
100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1 m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm
3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
Spectrum is allocated by local governments
Spectrum is divided into frequency ranges (bands) for
different types of wireless communication
e.g., 87.5 to 108.0 MHz for FM radio
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Spectrum is like land – a finite resource; Radio channels are like highways built on this land
Radio Channel (highway): Spectrum for specific communication link
105.3 FM Radio Channel
Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):
Frequency range for different types of wireless communication
100 MHz
Mobile band
850 MHz
FM Radio
1,500 MHz
GPS
1,900 MHz
Mobile band
2,350 MHz
Satellite Radio
Data (vehicles): Bits of information carried on Radio channel
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Spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile connectivity
60 MHz
6 GHz Travels short
range
Requires large antennas
More Spectrum
More Capacity
Faster Data Rates
Mobile Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive
use ensuring quality of service,
mobility, and control Operator
Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:
Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data
Mobile must overcome finite spectrum to deliver fast data rates
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Mobile uses different spectrum for different types of access
Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use
(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)
Predictable Performance,
Subscription-based
Ubiquitous
Coverage
Seamless
Mobility
Foundation of Mobile Broadband
Operator
Unlicensed Spectrum Spectrum shared by multiple technologies
(Wi-Fi, LTE, BT & others)
Short Range,
Local Coverage
Residential, Enterprise,
Connected Home
Foundation of Local Area Broadband
Simple
Deployment
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Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) radio channel
Spectrum 1
Spectrum 2
Uplink (UL)
Downlink (DL)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Paired spectrum enables better coverage
Time
Spectrum UL
Time Division Duplex (TDD) Unpaired spectrum enables asymmetrical
DL/UL for more DL capacity
Time
DL UL DL
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A radio channel has a peak data rate
≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑∗
The number of spatially
separated paths (highway
overpasses)
Number of Antennas
The width of the radio
channel (highway) built on
spectrum (land)
Spectrum Bandwidth
Peak Data Rate Theoretical max data rate in
ideal conditions measured in
bits per second (bps) Higher Order Modulation
The number of bits
(passengers) transmitted per
signal (vehicle)
Frequency
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10 01 00
Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network
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Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate
Channel Bandwidth (𝑾) 200 kHz 5 MHz 20 + 20 MHz
# of Antennas (𝒏) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 2 x 2 (n = 2)
Modulation (𝑴) 8-PSK (M = 3) 16-QAM (M = 4) 64-QAM (M = 6)
Peak Data Rate1 474 Kbps2 14.4 Mbps 300+ Mbps3
1 Download peak data rate; 2 Theoretical peak data rate for GSM/EDGE, latest Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates up to 1.2 Mbps; 3 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 2x 20 MHz carrier; 300 Mbps announced as of November 2013
Mobile 2G Voice plus Messaging
CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE
Mobile 3G Mobile Broadband
WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO
Mobile 3G+/4G Faster and Better
HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced
≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
Example: LTE Peak Data Rate3
Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz
Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2
Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6
Overhead = 37.5%
Peak Data Rate = 150 Mbps
Peak Data Rate
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Capacity
Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity
Key Fundamentals
Capacity
Multiple Access
Shannon’s Law
Spectrum Aggregation
1000x Mobile Data Challenge
Small Cells
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
Analogy
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Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water
Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users
Capacity Theoretical max amount of data traffic
that can be reliably transmitted over a
noisy radio channel at a given time
Single user
100% of capacity
Multiple users
Share the capacity
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Shannon’s Law
A radio channel has a finite capacity
Shared amongst multiple users
≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Adding antennas to create
spatially separated paths
Number of Antennas
Increasing the size of the
radio channel (bandwidth)
Mitigate Interference
Improving the quality of the
radio signal (SNR)
More Spectrum
Capacity Theoretical max amount of data traffic
that can be reliably transmitted over a
noisy radio channel at a given time
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Shared
Resources Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution
𝐶 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Mitigate interference with
advanced receivers and
antenna techniques
Interference Mitigation
More Antennas
Advanced MIMO techniques
to create spatially separated
paths for more data
Wider Channels
Carrier Aggregation
Flexible support for
channels up to 20 MHz
enabled with OFDMA Aggregate more channels up
to 100 MHz for higher data
rates
Aggregated Data Pipe
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Carrier #3
Carrier #4
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More devices everything connected
Richer content more video
~25 Billion Interconnected
devices forecast in
20203
1000x data traffic growth1
Industry preparing for
~2/3 Of mobile traffic will
be video by 20172
1 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, Qualcomm works on the solutions to enable 1000x 2 Source: Cisco, Feb. ’13; 3 Source: Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ‘12
Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough
Mobile data traffic growth – industry preparing for 1000x
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Small Cell
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Scaling Capacity with Small Cells
Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere
More Small Cells
The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!
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Qualcomm is the leader in seamless mobile connectivity
delivering superior performance and technology
leadership
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First LTE
World
Mode
First LTE Advanced
DL: 150 Mbps
20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
First HSDPA
DL: 1.8 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps
Higher Order Modulation
First HSUPA
DL: 7.2 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Enhanced Uplink Channel
First Integrated
LTE
Smartphone
First HSPA+
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Higher Order Modulation
2 x 2 MIMO
First DC-HSPA+
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
2 Carrier Aggregation
First Integrated LTE Multimode
DL: 100 Mbps
Higher efficiency (LTE)
2 x 2 MIMO
Support for 3G and 4G technologies
Time
Inc
rea
sin
g U
se
r E
xp
eri
en
ce
First World Mode LTE
Advanced Modem
with 40 MHz CA and CAT61
DL: 300 Mbps
40 MHz Carrier Aggregation
First 3C-HSPA+
DL: 63 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
3 Carrier Aggregation
Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity
Qualcomm® GobiTM is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD
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700/ 850/900
2300/ 2600
1500/ 1700/1900
LTE FDD
LTE TDD
HSPA+/
WCDMA EV-DO
CDMA 1X
TD- SCDMA
GSM/ EDGE
Position Wi-Fi BT
Wi-Fi, Positioning, BT(Bluetooth)
~40 RF Bands 17 LTE Voice Modes
All major Cellular Standards +Standards Evolution
The Unique Qualcomm Advantage
Supports all technologies, bands, modes, …
Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Hiding the complexity underneath the most seamless mobile connectivity
Qualcomm® GobiTM is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD
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Wireless is the foundation to mobile
1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world 3
Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless boundaries to enable the best mobile experiences
4 2 Mobile connectivity is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile experience
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies
to learn more, go to: www.qualcomm.com/wireless
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