Wireless Planning Fundamentals

8/20/2019 Wireless Planning Fundamentals

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Fundamentals

Todd Hathaway

Solutions Architect, HP [email protected]

©2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice


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WLAN deployment challenge

How many APs do Ineed to meet my

Should I plan forcoverage or

capacity andcoverage needs?

capacity? Can Ido both?

ow many o

calls can Isupport?

Where do I place my

APs? Which channelsshould be used?

How many sensors do I need forintrusion prevention and

location tracking?

How many sensors do Ineed for detection?


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WLAN planning goals: coverage vs. capacity

Two incongruent, but not mutually exclusive goals

©2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice


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WLAN coverage: key factors

Device properties 2.4/5 GHz

Environment properties

Tx power

λ > dλ ~ d

Refraction Reflection Diffraction Scattering

n

RT T R

d dBiGdBiGdBm P dBm P

4+++=

π

λ log10)()()()(


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WLAN coverage goal: data rates

• Distance at which threshold signal level (threshold link speed) can be

achieved

48 “waterfall” curve36

24 a r a t e

p s )

18

126

D

a

( M

Distance

(dBm)


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Traditionally coverage has been the main goal for, …

• 802.11 has grown from an exclusive technology to a plug-and-play

• Enterprises are relying heavily on WLAN for instant and obvious

benefits

• -


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Capacity goals can be varied

#1 Maximum number of data bits the network cancarry per unit time (= maximum throughput)

0 1

00

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0

011111

1 1

100

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0

0

1 0 1

00

0 0

0

011111

1 1

100

0

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0

1

#2 Number of active users that

00110011

11

111

1 100 0

0

0

000

0

0

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#3 Number of simultaneous VoIP calls that can support1

1111

1 100 0

0

0

000

0

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#4 Threshold throughput per user



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“ ”

So you want to design a Wireless Network

Most people’s experience of wireless is consumer -based

• Go to the local “big box” store

• Buy a wireless router

• Bring it home

• Plug it in

• Voila! It just “works”

• That’s fine for your 2,000 square foot 3 BR / 2 BA home, but things are different if your “house” is75,000 square feet and routinely has 6,000 kids over every day who all need network services at thesame time (typical Midwestern High School)

• Large-scale wireless networking is unavoidably more complex than the typical consumer experience

© Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.8


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“ ”


WiFi is a largely misunderstood technology

• If you will likely need tens, if not hundreds, of APs to provide a decent signal in all the places peopleare likely to want a wireless connection and expected to support several hundred guests wanting touse it at the same time it’s a question of scale, just like it’s one thing to buy a small SOHO router witha few integrated LAN ports and another thing entirely to build out an effective Campus LAN or amultinational enterprise Wide Area Network (WAN) to connect several tens of large Campus LANs.

Shared communications channel• The first thing to understand is the key high-level differences in the media. Radio Frequency (RF) is,

by its very nature, a shared media channel (all receivers on the frequency within reception range can’ , -

duplex (I talk, you talk, I talk, etc. as there can only one transmitter on the frequency at a time). In thatway, Wireless LANs are very much like Wired LANs based on hubs .



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• A Wi-Fi connection is composed of two simplexradio links, AP->Client and Client->AP

• Each radio link is composed of:

− Transmitter

− Cable between transmitter and transmit

− Transmit antenna− Distance between transmit and receive

antennae

− Receive antenna

− Cable between receive antenna and receiver

− Receiver


• e no ec n ca y par o a n , am en no semust be taken into consideration too


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• Access Points (APs) typically have both higher maximum transmit power levels and greater receive

sensitivity than WiFi clients, particularly BYOD class devices.

• WiFi uses two different Radio Frequency spectra or “bands,” 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n) and 5 GHz(802.11a/n).

• Free Space Loss, or how much the signal strength will attenuate over a given distance, is different forthe two frequency bands



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• Radio power levels are measured in decibels (dB).

• dB are a relat ive measurement

+3 dB = twice the power

-3 dB = half the power

+6 dB = four times the power

- = one- our e power

+9 dB = eight times the power

-9 dB = one-eighth the power

=

-10 dB = one-tenth the power

+30 dB = 1024 times the power

-30 dB = 1/1024th the ower



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WLANs: frequency spectrum of operation

• Unlicensed bands in United States – , ,

–UNII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure

83.5 MHz

ISM UNII2.4 GHz

2.4835 GHz5.15 GHz

.

802.11b/g 802.11a

Note: Different subsets between dashed lines are allowed in different countries for unlicensed WiFi


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WLAN coverage: free space RF propagation model

P 2

PT

d

4

=d

GG P P RT T R

π PT

d

Also known as Friis free space formula

• Signal diminishes as inverse square of distance

• High frequency signal diminishes faster than low frequency signal

• Note: 5GHz is now preferred, but coverage is not as good as 2.4


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So you want to design a Wireless Networkre- a cu a e ree pace oss y requency or e ec e s ance

Distance / Free Space Loss 2.4 GHz 5 GHz

1 foot -29.8 dB-36.1dB

3 feet -39.3 dB- .

dB

5 feet -43.7 dB-50.1dB

7 feet -46.7 dB-53.0dB

10 feet -49.8 dB-56.1

dB


15 feet -53.3 dB-59.6dB


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So you want to design a Wireless Network-

Distance / Free Space Loss 2.4 GHz 5 GHz

20 feet -55.8 dB-62.1dB

25 feet -57.7 dB- .

dB

30 feet -59.3 dB-65.7dB

50 feet -63.7 dB-70.1dB

100 feet -69.8 dB-76.1

dB


300 feet -79.3 dB-85.7dB


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’


• With approximately 6 dB greater loss over the same distances, 5 GHz-based signals provide about

one-fourth the coverage area as 2.4 GHz-based signals do (in wide-open spaces with no

• 5 GHz-based signals are also often more severely impacted by the Fresnel zone encroachmentsthan 2.4 GHz-based signals.

− Fresnel Zone -The area around the visual line-of-sight between a radio transmitter and receiver.Since radio waves disperse as they move away from a transmitter, obstructions in the Fresnel

zone, such as buildings and trees, will attenuate or reflect the signal, such that the intendedreceiver may not collect an adequate radio signal for reliable communication.

• So wh would an one want to use 5 GHz-based si nals? Hold that thou ht until we et to Available Radio Channels and Co-Channel Interference.



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• There’s not much published research on the absorption of RF energy at different frequencies by

different materials, but what there is for some common materials will be presented.

• The published research doesn’t cover absorption by human bodies, but as essentially mobile bodiesof water supported by metal endo-structures (calcium bones) they do have an effect.

• There is also no measured value for reinforced concrete in the published research, but it should beconsidered to be some combination of the values for:

− Red brick, Stucco, or Cinder block, and Diamond mesh (wires in glass, like in some hospital doorwindows)

− Concrete would be similar to the first three and the reinforcement metal bars would behave

the RF energy, but without the smaller distances between the metal lines that decrease thechances of a wavelength penetrating the material without hitting the metal portion)



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http://www.ko4bb.com/Manuals/05)_GPS_Timing/E10589_Propagation_Losses_2_and_5GHz.pdf

u s e esearc oss a ues y a er a y requency

Material / Loss by

Frequency

2.4 GHz 5 GHz

7.1 mm Plexiglass ~0.4 dB ~0.9 dB

Red brick ~4.5 dB

~14.6

dB

Glass ~0.5 dB ~1.7 dB

12.8 mm Drywall ~0.5 dB ~0.5 dB

Fir lumber ~2.8 dB ~6.1 dB



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So you want to design a Wireless Networku s e esearc oss a ues y a er a y requency con nue

Material / Loss by

Frequency

2.4 GHz 5 GHz

Particle board ~1.7 dB ~2.0 dB

Plywood ~1.9 dB ~1.8 dB

Stucco ~14.8 dB~13.6dB

Cinder block ~7.0 dB~11.3dB

Diamond mesh (wires in glass,

like in some hospital door ~21.0 dB

~13.2


windows)


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Channel map 2.4 GHz band

• Total of 11 channels of which 3 are non-overlapping –

–Channel separation = 5 MHz1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


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So you want to design a Wireless Network .

− One of the key things that gives

802.11n its greater

of 20 MHz channels “bonded”into 40 MHz channels (theother is multiple spatial

− There are 9 non-overlapping 40MHz channels approved foruse in the U.S. (pairs using

, , an notavailable)



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Channel map in 5 GHz band• Total of 23 channels

– Channel width = 20 MHz – =

Portion of Band Channel Numbers Channel Center Frequencies Output Power

UNII-1/Lower (5.150 to 36, 40, 44, 48 36: 5.180 GHz 40 mW5.250 GHz)

40: 5.200 GHz …

48: 5.240 GHz

UNII-2/Middle (5.250 to 52, 56, 60, 64 52: 5.260 GHz … 200 mW.

64: 5.320 GHz

UNII-3 (5.470 to5.725 GHz)

100, 104, …, 140 52: 5.500 GHz …

64: 5.700 GHz

200 mW

- .5.825 GHz)

, , , . …

161: 5.805 GHz


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WLAN channel allocation

n prac ce, ce s are no n ce exagons e s

They are significantly distorted due to antenna properties and

environmental factors



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− In order to avoid or minimize Co-Channel

Interference we want to ensure that no cell

. .

− A good metaphor is to imagine being requiredto completely cover a surface using threedifferent colors of circles with the rule that notwo c rc es t at are t e same co or are a owe

to touch each other − The visualization is often referred to as a

“channel map”



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− In order to avoid or minimize Co-Channel

Interference we want to ensure that no cell

.

− The illustration uses seven different 20 MHzchannels

− The 5 GHz channel map typically looks verydifferent than the 2.4 GHz channel map



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So you want to design a Wireless Network-

A 130 Mbps associated data rate (802.11n 20 MHz channel) really means, conservatively, ~60

Mbps of full-duplex throughput to be shared.• Typically, the biggest factors governing performance are:

− Co-Channel Interference

− User Density

− -

− Cell Size− Flow destinations

• Co-Channel Interference is when two or more APs are usin the same radio channel and can “hear”each other, creating a combined group of associated WiFi clients on the same channel that must allcompete for air time on the common, shared radio channel. It’s a performance killer! Think of ameeting with 10 participants all waiting for a moment of silence so they can jump in and say

somethin . Now double that to 20 artici ants and consider how much less each erson will et the


chance to say.


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• User Density is a function of the Floor Plan and simply means how many users, on average and at

peak times, associate to any given AP radio• Per-User Bandwidth/Throughput Needs vary by application mix and are ideally measured, e.g. using

TCPView and Wireshark (or something similar, more on this later)

• Cell Size is essentially how big are the different colored circles

− ’ Per-User Bandwidth/Throughput Needs.

− Example: 35 students in a ~250 sq. ft classroom that each need 2 Mbps of Per-UserBandwidth/Throughput on 802.11g (2.4 GHz radio)

• ow many . z . g ra os s ou serv ce s c assroom o e ver an accep a e en -user wireless experience?



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So you want to design a Wireless Network -

Create solution design that will meet elicited requirements given known

constraints

• Understand aggregate required applications per-user bandwidth / throughput needs and user densityin order to determine cell size (to control number of users per radio by controlling strength of signal,causing clients to associate to closest / best signal strength BSSID)

. -

Channel Interference• Assign non-overlapping 2.4 and 5 GHz channels to physically adjacent radios in the same spectra in

APs

• Turn OFF 2.4 GHz radios as needed

• Architect around non-WiFi interference sources, e.g. 2.4 GHz cordless phones, microwaves, wirelessvideo cameras, etc., that, for business reasons, could not be removed from the environment



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Wireless

©2011 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice


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HPN Wireless Leadership and Innovation

#2 vendor Worldwide in Wireless LAN shipments

• 448,000+ units shipped globally in CY2010

• Optimized Architecture

– Maximum flexibility in supporting mobile business applications today and in the future at the lowest TCO

•

– Market leading RF performance• Wired and wireless networking in-wall device

– In room solution for delivering advanced IP services

• Multi-media application support

– Multicast patent, Application based QoS

11/21/201231


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The HP Networking Mobility Architecture

MSM Distributed Architecture

• Source-to-destination traffic forwarding w/

central mgmt:

– No single point of failure

– User Traffic dropped local to Access Point

–

– Lowers application latency – Consumes minimal core LAN switch ports

– No need to urchase additional controller capacity

– Eliminates performance bottlenecks

– Simple straight forward configuration


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Centralized WLAN Controllers – More $$$$

• ra c rave s roug

controller:

• Single point of failure• Application latency

• VoIP Performance Concerns

• Inefficient use of the infrastructure

• Controller Performance (Growth)

• 50 Access Points each 450Mbpsper radio equals 22 Gbpsthrough controller


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MSM Series Mobility Portfolio

MSM400 SeriesMSM 765zl Controller IMC 5.1 RF Manager 6.0

Infrastructure Control

Controllers Access pointsManagement,

additional devices Security

Single & Dual Radio 11n 3x3, PoE

MSM 760 Controller

40-200 AP’s and 2000 Guests Device Management Tool

RF Planner 5.0

Wireless IDS/IPS for A & series

MSM 317 MSM 415 RF Sensor

MSM300 Series

40-200 AP’s and 2000 Guests Frequency coverage planning tool

Client Bridge

Single Radio 11b/g, Wall Jack, PoE

Guest Management Software

RF Security Sensor a/b/g/n, PoE

MSM720 Controller

MSM100 Series

Single, Dual & Triple Radio 11a/b/g, PoE

MSM 710 Controller

Client Bridge a/b/g

Outdoor Bridge

Guest Access and Control

IDM Identity Driven Manager

10-40 APs and 250 Guests

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Single Radio, Indoor, PoE10 AP’s and 100 Guests Dual Radio Outdoor Bridge a/b/g/n Access Control Policy Management


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Controller PositioningMSM 800 AP Solution

• Series 5400zl Chassis

Blade: flexible capacity

MSM765 Premium Mobility Controller

• Modular format supports larger environments needing to

reduce HW footprint• Same feature set as MSM760 Premium Mobility Controller

• uppor s up o ccess o n s v a z mo u es• Teaming with N+1 redundancy (5 modules/ 2 chassis)• Redundant power supplies

a c i t y

MSM760 Premium Mobility & Access Controller • 40-200 access points• 2000 simultaneous guest access users• **Support for L3 roaming services• **Teaming and failover support (max 5 MSM760’s) and 64 VSC profiles

C a

MSM720 Premium Mobility & Access Controller • 10-40 access points and up to 40 in a Team• 250 simultaneous guest access users• **Support for L3 roaming services

** ’

Appliance: fixed capacity• 10 access points and/or access devices• 100 simultaneous guest access users

• Su ort for 16 VSC rofiles

MSM710 Mobility* & Access Controller

•

• *Support for L3 roaming services

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•= Requires Mobility Services option•** = Requires Premium Mobility option


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802.11n Access Point PositioningFeature MSM466-R MSM466 MSM460 MSM430 MSM410

Dual 802.11nradios

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

IEEE 802.3af PoE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

High-performanceDual coreprocessors

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Number oftransmitters/receivers

Number of spatialstreams

3 3 3 2 2

Max performance 450 Mbps/radio 450 Mbps/radio 450 Mbps/radio 300 Mbps/radio 300 Mbps/radio

Antenna External External Internal Internal Internal

Concurrent 5GHzsupport

Yes Yes No No No

Lifetime warranty 1 year Yes Yes Yes Yes

36

List price 1999.00 999.00 999.00 699.00 499.00


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Dual Radio Indoor 802.11n APs

• Full MSM AP feature set

– Powered by 802.3af PoE

– U to 200mW EIRP out ut ower

– AP, Mesh and Monitor (packet capture) modes

– LEDs for visual indication of unit health

• Power, LAN, Radio 1, Radio 2

– 0-50°C operating temperature

– Embedded or external antenna option

– Plenum-rated

• Low profile, unobtrusive design

– Flexible ceiling and wall mounting options

– Range of physical security features

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– ‘Quiet’ LEDs


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Dual Radio 802.11n APs: Summary

• Dual radio 802.11n APs

– MSM430: 3x3:2, integrated 4/7dBi antennas

– MSM460: 3x3:3, inte rated 4/7dBi antennas

– MSM466: 3x3:3, six RP-SMA connectors

– MSM466-R: 3x3:3, six N Type connectors

• New RF optimization features

– Standards-based beam forming (Explicit)

– Band steering

– Concurrent radio operation in 5GHz band (MSM466/466-R)

• Outdoor Enclosure

– MSM466-R

– Directional and Omni-Directional Outdoor Antennas

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– Embedded heater for low temperature operation


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MSM466-R: Customer Target Markets & Solution

• Addresses multiple vertical markets, such as Healthcare, Hospitality, Education,

Benefits

• Ideally suited for

– , , ,

feasible to implement or cost prohibitive

– Point to point or point to multipoint wireless communications can be made to establish Wi-Fi connectivity

to remote buildings

• Performance to replace 100M or T3/DS3 dedicated lines at a fraction of the price

• Point to point distances of greater than a miles

39


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MSM466-RDelivering the highest performing dual radio 802.11n outdoor AP

• MSM466-R AP feature set – Powered by 802.3af or 802.3at PoE*

– AP, Mesh and Monitor (packet capture) modes

– Six N Type Connectors

– Flexible pole and wall mounting options

• – IP67 and NEMA 4X rated, providing protection against water intrusion and salt fog damage

– Waterproof• Ethernet PoE connector kit

• Reset to Factor button

• LEDs for visual indication of unit health

– Power, LAN, Radio 1, Radio 2

– - 40°C* to 55°C operating temperature

– Embedded heater

40

* Operation under -20°C requires 802.3at PoE


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Examples of Local Mesh Configuration

• Local Mesh extends wireless to areas where Ethernet is not available

– Inside hotels, factories, hospitals, outdoor campus, LAN bridge between buildings

– - -, ,

– Multiple configuration options for wireless access and backhaul

Extension of wireless coverage through local mesh

Connecting wired networks over local mesh

Wireless Links


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Outdoor 3x3 MIMO Antennas

• Support for a range of deployment scenarios

– Indoor or outdoor use

– Hi h user densities e. . lecture hall

– Point-to-point and Multipoint communication

– Installation in enclosed spaces

SKU Type Band Gain Suitable for outdoor use

J9169A Narrow Beam Sector, 3 Element 2.4GHz/5GHz 8dBi/10.7dBi

J9170A Directional, 3 Element 2.4GHz/5GHz 10.9dBi/13.5dBi

J9719A Omnidirectional, 3 Element 2.4GHz 6dBi

J9720A Omnidirectional, 3 Element 5GHz 8dBi

J9171A Omnidirectional, 3 Element* 2.4GHz/5GHz 3dBi/4dBi

*

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, . . .

Note: Antenna usage may be limited in some countries.* Indoor antennas have RP-SMA connectors, while outdoor antennas have N Type connectors


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Wireless Wall Jack

11/21/201243


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HP Networking & Mobility Summary

• Single pane-of-glass management – Centralized configuration of multiple access points across the enterprise

– Support for up to 2,500 mobility devices• re- e per ormance

– First Wi-Fi certified GbE WLAN client access (MSM46x)

– Delivers 50% increase in user density/performance via three spatial-stream dual 802.11n

– Wire-like delivery of multi-media applications, SaaS and cloud services

• n e access con ro – Consistent access control solution across wired/wireless network

• Wireless IDS/IPS – Provides continuous vulnerability protection

– Ensures compliance with industry regulations (SOX, HIPAA, PCI) through comprehensive reporting

• Lower TCO – Uses existing HP MSM mounting hardware , controller and IDS/IPS

– HP’s industry-leading lifetime warranty with next-day replacement

– Training and support for only one management application

11/21/201244


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HP RF Planner: HP Wireless Site Planning• Unique, patent-pending RF propagation model

• Imports TIF, JPEG or BMP floor plans AP

Coverage • Graphical display of wireless LAN spillage

• Security coverage modeling

- -

• Outdoor modeling capability

• Generates e ui ment lists that s eed de lo ments

Coverage

• Eliminates over provisioning

• Planning and device placement information can be

Spil lage

View

imported into HP RF Manager simplifying deployment

HP Networking Confidential


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RF Planner


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RF Planner system requirements

Hardware Requirements

Processor

(or equivalent)

Processor Speed 1.4 GHz (minimum)

Hard Disk 100 MBScreen Resolution 1024 x 768 (recommended)

Software Requirements

Operating SystemWindows 7 (32/64-bit), Windows2000, XP, Vista



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Workflow

SiteLayout

FormattedSite Layout

equ remen sCapture

Site ModelPreparation

PlanningService

Input form

Site Model

Site ModelPreparation

S te ImageConversion

Re-Plan (Optional)

RF MapsPlanning RF Maps

RF PlanningPackaging

DeliverablesSite calibrationCustomer



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WLAN planning steps

Requirements capture•Site information

•Planning requirements

Site image conversion•Image file format

•Dimension units

Site model preparation•Modeling checklist

•Model layout•Device details•Output mode

File format Site information

• La out

•Site image size•Site geometry

•Building material•Assumptions

Modeling checklist

•

• Image: .jpg or . gif

Verify dimension• Objects of known size

• Consistent units

• Building material

Planning requirements• Security and/or Network

• Indoor and/or Outdoor

. .

• Dimensions are available

Model layout• Floor by floor

• Draw all objects for image file

Image Size

• Max 1500x1000 pixels

Site geometry

• Perimeter

Security planning goals

• Detection, Prevention, Locationtracking

Network planning goals

• Coverage and capacity

• Remove stray objects

• Define object building material

Building materials

• Cover every high loss material

•


• u p e oors• Correct layers in AutoCAD

Device details

• AP model and antennas

State any assumptions


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WLAN planning steps (contd.)

RF planning•RF parameter selection

•Security planning

Packaging deliverables•Bill of material

•Consolidated report

Site calibration•Measurement

•Regenerate RF Views•Network planning•Device selection

Bill of material

•Speci ic RF maps•SGP/SGE files

RF parameter selection Measurement

• Number of devices needed

Consolidated report

• Specific RF maps

Other files

• SGP files .s m

ecur y p ann ng

• Sensor Placement

(Detection/Prevention/Location tracking)

Network planning

• enera e ca ra on po n s

• Measure actual signal

Regenerate RF Views

• SGE import files• Maximum coverage

• Minimum interference

• Meet capacity goals

Ensure enough redundancy



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Key features

• Flexibility to use images or AutoCAD files

• Ease of modeling

– Ability to scale the entire floor plan by defining distance between any two points

– - - -

models

• Regional RF regulatory compliance

• Full 802.11n support

• WLAN planning wizard

–Capacity and coverage planning


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Key features (contd.)

• Auto AP placement and channel allocation

• Live RF calibration

• Cross-floor spillage

• c v ews

• -


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Benefits

MinimizePlan 802.11n

Unlimited What-if

Provide Visibility

Analysis

Maximize ROIReduce OPEX



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Finding the Manual…

RF Planner User Guide:

• http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/CoreRedirect.jsp?redirec

tReason=DocIndexPDF&prodSeriesId=3836482&targetPage=http%3A%2F%

. . .

%2Fc03357360%2Fc03357360.pdf

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Wireless Planning Fundamentals

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