The Magic of Lymphocytes
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Transcript of The Magic of Lymphocytes
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The Magic of
Lymphocytes
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Cells that take the form of lymphocytes
T cells cytotoxic helper cells suppressor cellsB cellsNK (natural killer) cellsStem cellsPossible others pro-mast cells ?? pro-dendritic cells ??
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Maturation of B and T Cells
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small lymphoblast lymphocyte
(prolymphocyte)
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Small Lymphocytes can Switch back and forth into Lymphoblasts
SL = small lymphocyteBlast = lymphoblast
T.
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An Antibody Molecule
An antibody binds to an antigen
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Antibody Genes are Cut and Spliced
mRNA transcriptRemove introns
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The exact position of gene splicing is variable.
|G.G.A|C.A.T. ……… T.C.G|T.C.C|G.G.G variable splicing |G.G.A|C.A.G ----------- |T.C.C|G.G.G|G.G.A|C.A. ----------- G|T.C.C|G.G.G|G.G.A|C. ----------- C.G|T.C.C|G.G.G|G.G.A|C.A.G------- T.C.G|T.C.C|G.G.G|G.G.A|------------------ T.C.C|G.G.G
End of a v segment Beginning of a d segment
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Lymphocytes insert extra nucleotides into their DNA at junction sites in a
non-templated manner.
|G.G.A|C.A.T. …………… T.C.G|T.C.C|G.G.G
|G.G.A|C.A.T|N.N.N|N.N.N|T.C.G|T.C.C|G.G.G
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The Clonal Selection Theory
Proposes a two stage processfor antibody formation.
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B stem cell
Proliferation Pre B cells
Diversification B cells
Antigen stimulation
B cell Lymphoblast
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Activated B lymphoblast
Proliferation
Differentiation
Antibodies
Plasma cells
B memory cells
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B stem cell
Proliferation Pre B cells
Diversification B cells
Antigen stimulation
B cell Lymphoblast
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Plasma Cells
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T cells
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The T cell Receptor
- is homologous to antibody.- forms by gene rearrangement.- varies from one T cell to another.
but it- is always membrane-bound.- binds to peptides fragments of antigens- These must be held on a cell surface by an MHC protein.
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Cells that take the form of lymphocytes
T cells cytotoxic helper cells suppressor cellsB cellsNK (natural killer) cellsStem cellsPossible others pro-mast cells ?? pro-dendritic cells ??
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Activation of a T cell by an Antigen Presenting Cell
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Some Inerleukins
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Enuff