THE LOCAL MESSIAH WILLIAM DORRELL

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March 15, Sunday (Old Style): William Dorrell (Dorril) was born in Yorkshire, England. He would be illiterate all his life.

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

1752

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William Dorrell was sent to America as a redcoat in the army of General Burgoyne.

NO-ONE’S LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE

1776

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October 17, Friday: Moses Greenleaf Junior was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts to Lydia Parsons Greenleaf in the absence of Captain Moses Greenleaf, who was then in the Revolutionary army.1

In the Convention of Saratoga, New York, General Burgoyne handed over his sword to the American revolutionary forces under General Gates on the Hudson River, formally surrendering his forces to Gates.

1777

1. Per Vital Records of Newburyport, Massachusetts to the end of the year 1849, in the list of births, on page 168 under family name Greenleaf: “Moses, s. Moses and Lydia, Oct. 17, 1777.”

The Reverend Jonathan Greenleaf (a younger brother of Moses Greenleaf) would be born on September 4, 1785 in Newburyport and would die in Brooklyn, New York on April 24, 1865. He would be licensed to preach in 1814, and would be pastor at Wells, Maine, in 1815-1828. He would then take charge of the Mariner’s Church, Boston, remove to New York in 1833, and edit the Sailor’s Magazine. He would also be secretary of the Seamen’s Friend Society, initially in Boston and then in New York, until 1841. He would in 1843 organize the Wallabout Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, and would be its pastor until his death. Bowdoin College would in 1824 award him the degree of MA, and Princeton College would in 1863 award him the degree of DD. The reverend would publish SKETCHES OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF MAINE (Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1821); HISTORY OF NEW YORK CHURCHES (New York, 1846); and GENEALOGY OF THE GREENLEAF FAMILY (1854).Professor Simon Greenleaf (another younger brother of Moses Greenleaf): would be born on December 5, 1783 in Newburyport and would die in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 6, 1853. He would remove with his father to Maine when a child, and in 1801 begin the study of law in New Gloucester, Maine, with Ezekiel Whitman, afterward chief justice of the state. In 1806 he would begin to practice in Standish, but in the same year would remove to Gray. He would go to Portland in 1818, and in 1820, after the admission of Maine to the Union, and the establishment of a Supreme Court, would become its reporter, holding the office till 1832. He would be appointed Royal Professor of Law in the Harvard Law School in 1833, and in 1846, on the death of Judge Story, would be transferred to the Dane professorship. He would resign in 1848. The professor would be for many years president of the Massachusetts Bible society. Harvard would in 1834 award him the degree of LLD. His works would be ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLES OF FREEMASONRY (Portland, 1820); FULL COLLECTION OF CASES, OVERRULED, DENIED, DOUBTED, OR LIMITED IN THEIR APPLICATION (1821; 3d ed., by E. Hammond, New York, 1840, afterward expanded to 3 vols.); REPORTS OF CASES IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MAINE, 1820-’31 (9 vols., Hallowell and Portland, 1822-1835; digest, Portland, 1835; revised ed., 8 vols., Boston, 1852); TREATISE ON THE LAW OF EVIDENCE (3 vols., 1842-1853; 14th ed., with large additions by Simon Greenleaf Croswell, 1883); EXAMINATION OF THE TESTIMONY OF THE FOUR EVANGELISTS, BY THE RULES OF EVIDENCE ADMINISTERED IN COURTS OF JUSTICE, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE TRIAL OF JESUS (1846; London, 1847); and an enlarged edition of William Cruise’s DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF ENGLAND RESPECTING REAL PROPERTY, adapted to American practice (3 vols., 1849-1850). He would also publish his inaugural discourse on entering upon his professorship (Boston, 1834), and one on the life and character of Joseph Story (1845).

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William Dorrell was one of the 3,500 redcoats present at the surrender, a 6-footer at about the age of 25.

Quaker conscripts, a total of 14, were taken to Colonel George Washington’s winter encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and there muskets were tied onto their backs because they declined to hold them in their hands. They did not deviate from the peace testimony, but insisted and continued to insist that this whole thing about warfare, and about the spirit of war that inspired it, was a whole lot of foolishness, and eventually their tormenters gave up and these cowardly resistors were sent back home to resume their lives as productive citizens.

“Even of those great conflicts, in which hundreds ofthousands have been engaged and tens of thousands havefallen, none has been more fruitful of results than thissurrender of thirty-five hundred fighting-men atSaratoga. It not merely changed the relations of Englandand the feelings of Europe towards these insurgent

THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY

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colonies, but it has modified, for all times to come,the connection between every colony and every parentstate.”

—Lord Mahon.

TH

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E LOCAL MESSIAH WILLIAM DORRELL“Brilliant generalship in itself is a frightening thing— the very idea that the thought processes of a singlebrain of a Hannibal or a Scipio can play themselves outin the destruction of thousands of young men in anafternoon.”

— Victor Davis Hanson, CARNAGE AND CULTURE:LANDMARK BATTLES IN THE RISE OF WESTERN POWER(NY: Doubleday, 2001)

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Of the four great powers that now principally rule the politicaldestinies of the world, France and England are the only two whoseinfluence can be dated back beyond the last century and a, half.The third great power, Russia, was a feeble mass of barbarismbefore the epoch of Peter the Great; and the very existence ofthe fourth great power, as an independent nation, commencedwithin the memory of living men. By the fourth great power ofthe world I mean the mighty commonwealth of the westerncontinent, which now commands the admiration of mankind. Thathomage is sometimes reluctantly given, and accompanied withsuspicion and ill will. But none can refuse it. All the physicalessentials for national strength are undeniably to be found inthe geographical position and amplitude of territory which theUnited States possess; in their almost inexhaustible tracts offertile, but hitherto untouched, soil; in their stately forests,in their mountain-chains and their rivers, their beds of coal,and stores of metallic wealth; in their extensive sea-boardalong the waters of two oceans, and in their already numerousand rapidly increasing population. And, when we examine thecharacter of this population, no one can look on the fearlessenergy, the sturdy determination, the aptitude for local selfgovernment, the versatile alacrity, and the unresting spirit ofenterprise, which characterize the Anglo-Americans, withoutfeeling that he here beholds the true moral elements ofprogressive might.Three quarters of a century have not yet passed away since theUnited States ceased to be mere dependencies of England. Andeven if we date their origin from the period, when the firstpermanent European settlements, out of which they grew, weremade on the western coast of the North Atlantic, the increaseof their strength is unparalleled, either in rapidity or extent.The ancient Roman boasted, with reason, of the growth of Romefrom humble beginnings to the greatest magnitude which the worldhad then ever witnessed. But the citizen of the United Statesis still more justly entitled to claim this praise. In twocenturies and a half his country has acquired ampler dominionthan the Roman gained in ten. And, even if we credit the legendof the band of shepherds and outlaws with which Romulus is saidto have colonized the Seven Hills, we find not there so small agerm of future greatness, as we find in the group of a hundredand five ill-chosen and disunited emigrants who foundedJamestown in 1607, or in the scanty band of the Pilgrim Fathers,who, a few years later, moored their bark on the wild and rock-bound coast of the wilderness that was to become New England.The power of the United States is emphatically the “Imperium quoneque ab exordio ullum fere minus, neque incrementis tote orbeamplius humana potest memoria recordari.” - Eutropius.Nothing is more calculated to impress the mind with a sense ofthe rapidity with which the resources of the American Republicadvance, than the difficulty which the historical inquirer findsin ascertaining their precise amount. If he consults the mostrecent works, and those written by the ablest investigators ofthe subject, he finds in them admiring comments on the changewhich the last few years, before those books were written, hadmade; but when he turns to apply the estimates in those booksto the present moment, he finds them wholly inadequate. Beforea book on the subject of the United States has lost its novelty,

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those states have outgrown the description which it contains.The celebrated work of the French statesman, De Tocqueville,appeared about fifteen years ago. In the passage which I am aboutto quote, it will be seen that he predicts the constant increaseof the Anglo-American power, but he looks on the Rocky Mountainsas their extreme western limit for many years to come. He hadevidently no expectation of himself seeing that power dominantalong the Pacific as well as along the Atlantic coast. He says:“The distance from Lake Superior to the Gulf of Mexico extendsfrom the 47th to the 30th degree of latitude, a distance of morethan 1200 miles, as the bird flies. The frontier of the UnitedStates winds along the whole of this immense line; sometimesfalling within its limits, but more frequently extending farbeyond it into the waste. It has been calculated that the Whitesadvance every year a mean distance of seventeen miles along thewhole of this vast boundary. Obstacles, such as an unproductivedistrict, a lake, or an Indian nation unexpectedly encountered,are sometimes met with. The advancing column then halts for awhile; its two extremities fall back upon themselves, and assoon as they are reunited they proceed onwards. This gradual andcontinuous progress of the European race towards the RockyMountains has the solemnity of a Providential event: it is likea deluge of men rising unabatedly, and daily driven onwards bythe hand of God.

“Within this first line of conquering settlers towns arebuilt, and vast estates founded. In 1790 there were onlya few thousand pioneers sprinkled along the valleys ofthe Mississippi: and at the present day these valleyscontain as many inhabitants as were to be found in thewhole Union in 1790. Their population amounts to nearlyfour millions. The city of Washington was founded in1800, in the very center of the Union; but such are thechanges which have taken place, that it now stands atone of the extremities; and the delegates of the most,remote Western States are already obliged to perform ajourney as long as that from Vienna to Paris.“It must not, then, be imagined that the impulse of theBritish race in the New World can be arrested. Thedismemberment of the Union, and the hostilities whichmight ensue, the abolition of republican institutions,and the tyrannical government which might succeed it,may retard this impulse, but they cannot prevent it fromultimately fulfilling the destinies to which that raceis reserved. No power upon earth can close upon theemigrants that fertile wilderness, which offersresources to all industry and a refuge from all want.Future events, of whatever nature they may be, will, notdeprive the Americans of their climate or of theirinland seas, or of their great rivers, or of theirexuberant soil. Nor will bad laws, revolutions, andanarchy be able to obliterate that love of prosperityand that spirit of enterprise which seem to be thedistinctive characteristics of their race, or toextinguish that knowledge which guides them on theirway.“Thus, in the midst of the uncertain future, one eventat least is sure. At a period which may be said to benear (for we are speaking of the life of a nation), the

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Anglo-Americans will alone cover the immense spacecontained between the Polar regions and the Tropics,extending from the coast of the Atlantic to the shoresof the Pacific Ocean; the territory which will probablybe occupied by the Anglo-Americans at some future time,may be computed to equal three quarters of Europe inextent. The climate of the Union is upon the wholepreferable to that of Europe, and its natural advantagesare not less great; it is therefore evident that itspopulation will at some future time be proportionate toour own. Europe, divided as it is between so manydifferent nations, and torn as it has been by incessantwars and the barbarous manners of the Middle Ages, hasnotwithstanding attained a population of 410inhabitants to the square league. What cause can preventthe United States from having as numerous a populationin time?“The time will therefore come when one hundred and fiftymillions of men will be living in North America, equalin condition, the progeny of one race, owing theirorigin to the same cause, and preserving the samecivilization, the same language, the same religion, thesame habits, the same manners, and imbued with the sameopinions, propagated under the same forms. The rest isuncertain, but this is certain; and it is a fact new tothe world, a fact fraught with such portentousconsequences as to baffle the efforts even of theimagination.”

Let us turn from the French statesman writing in 1535, to anEnglish statesman, who is justly regarded as the highestauthority on all statistical subjects, and who described theUnited States only seven years ago, Macgregor tells us-

“The States which, on the ratification of independence,formed the American Republican Union, were thirteen,viz.:-“Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, RhodeIsland, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,and Georgia.“The foregoing thirteen states (the whole inhabitedterritory of which, with the exception of a few smallsettlements, was confined to the region extendingbetween the Allegheny mountains and the Atlantic) werethose which existed at the period when they became anacknowledged separate and independent federal sovereignpower. The thirteen stripes of the standard or flag ofthe United States, continue to represent the originalnumber. The stars have multiplied to twenty-six, [Freshstars hare dawned since this was written.] according asthe number of States have increased.“The territory of the thirteen original States of theUnion, including Maine and Vermont, comprehended asuperficies of 371,124 English square miles; that of thewhole United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,120,354; that of France, including Corsica, 214,910;that of the Austrian Empire, including Hungary and allthe Imperial States; 257, 540 English square miles.

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“The present superficies of the twenty-sixconstitutional States of the Anglo-American Union, andthe district of Columbia, and territories of Florida,include 1,029,025 square miles; to which if we add thenorthwest, or Wisconsin territory, east of theMississippi, and bounded by Lake Superior on the north,and Michigan on the east, and occupying at least 100,000square miles, and then add the great western region, notyet well-defined territories, but at the most limitedcalculation comprehending 700,000 square miles, thewhole unbroken in its vast length and breadth by foreignnations, comprehends a portion of the earth’s surfaceequal to 1, 729,025 English, or 1,296,770 geographicalsquare miles.”

We may add that the population of the States, when they declaredtheir independence, was about two millions and a half; it is nowtwenty-three millions.I have quoted Macgregor, not only on account of the clear andfull view which he gives of the progress of America to the datewhen he wrote, but because his description may be contrastedwith what the United States have become even since his bookappeared. Only three years after the time when Macgregor thuswrote, the American President truly stated:—

“Within less than four years the annexation of Texas tothe Union has been consummated; all conflicting titleto the Oregon territory, south of the 49th degree ofnorth latitude, adjusted; and New Mexico and UpperCalifornia have been acquired by treaty. The area ofthese several territories contains 1,193,061 squaremiles, or 763,559,040 acres; while the area of theremaining twenty-nine States, and the territory not yetorganized into States east of the Rocky Mountains,contains 2,059,513 square miles, or 1,318,126,058acres. These estimates show that the territoriesrecently acquired, and over which our exclusivejurisdiction and dominion have been extended,constitute a country more than half as large as all thatwhich was held by the United States before theiracquisition. If Oregon be excluded from the estimate,there will still remain within the limits of Texas, NewMexico, and California, 851,595 square miles, or545,012,720 acres; being an addition equal to more thanone-third of all the territory owned by the UnitedStates before their acquisition; and, including Oregon,nearly as great an extent of territory as the whole ofEurope, Russia only excepted. The Mississippi, solately the frontier of our country, is now only itscenter. With the addition of the late acquisitions, theUnited States are now estimated to be nearly as largeas the whole of Europe. The extent of the sea-coast ofTexas on the Gulf of Mexico is upwards of 400 miles; ofthe coast of Upper California, on the Pacific, of 970miles; and of Oregon, including the Straits of Fuca, of650 miles; making the whole extent of sea coast on thePacific 1620 miles; and the whole extent on both thePacific and the Gulf of Mexico, 2020 miles. The lengthof the coast on the Atlantic, from the northern limits

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of the United States, round the Capes of Florida to theSabine on the eastern boundary of Texas, is estimatedto be 3100 miles, so that the addition of seacoast,including Oregon, is very nearly two-thirds as great asall we possessed before; and, excluding Oregon, is anaddition of 1370 miles; being nearly equal to one-halfof the extent of coast which we possessed before theseacquisitions. We have now three great maritime fronts—on the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific,making, in the whole, an extent of sea-coast exceeding5000 miles. This is the extent of the seacoast of theUnited States, not including bays, sounds, and smallirregularities of the main shore, and of the seaislands. If these be included, the length of the, shoreline of coast, as estimated by the superintendent of theCoast Survey, in his report, would be 33,063 miles.”The importance of the power of the United States beingthen firmly planted along the Pacific applies not onlyto the New World, but to the Old. Opposite to SanFrancisco, on the coast of that ocean, lie the wealthybut decrepit empires of China and Japan. Numerous groupsof islets stud the larger part of the intervening sea,and form convenient stepping-stones for the progress ofcommerce or ambition. The intercourse of trafficbetween these ancient Asiatic monarchies, and the youngAnglo-American Republic, must be rapid and extensive.Any attempt of the Chinese or Japanese rulers to checkit, will only accelerate an armed collision. TheAmerican will either buy or force his way. Between suchpopulations as that of China and Japan on the one side,and that of the United States on the other — the formerhaughty, formal, and insolent, the latter bold,intrusive, and unscrupulous — causes of quarrel must,sooner or later, arise. The results of such a quarrelcannot be doubted. America will scarcely imitate theforbearance shown by England at the end of our late warwith the Celestial Empire; and the conquests of Chinaand Japan, by the fleets and armies of the UnitedStates, are events which many now living are likely towitness. Compared with the magnitude of such changes inthe dominion of the Old World, the certain ascendancyof the Anglo-Americans over Central and SouthernAmerica, seems a matter of secondary importance. Wellmay we repeat De Tocqueville’s words, that the growingpower of this commonwealth is, “Un fait entierementnouvcau dans le monde, et dont l’imagination elle-memene saurait saisir la portee.” [These remarks werewritten in May 1981, and now, in May 1853, a powerfulsquadron of American war-steamers has been sent toJapan, for the ostensible purpose of securingprotection for the crews of American vesselsshipwrecked on the Japanese coasts, but also evidentlyfor important ulterior purposes.]

An Englishman may look, and ought to look, on the growinggrandeur of the Americans with no small degree of generoussympathy and satisfaction. They, like ourselves, are members ofthe great Anglo-Saxon nation, “whose race and language are nowoverrunning the world from one end of it to the other.” And

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whatever differences of form of government may exist between usand them; whatever reminiscences of the days when, thoughbrethren, we strove together, may rankle in the minds of us, thedefeated party; we should cherish the bonds of commonnationality that still exist between us. We should remember, asthe Athenians remembered of the Spartans at a season of jealousyand temptation, that our race is one, being of the same blood,speaking the same language, having an essential resemblance inour institutions and usage’s, and worshipping in the temples ofthe same God. All this may and should be borne in mind. And yetan Englishman can hardly watch the progress of America, withoutthe regretful thought that America once was English, and that,but for the folly of our rulers, she might be English still. Itis true that the commerce between the two countries has largelyand beneficially increased; but this is no proof that theincrease would not have been still greater, had the Statesremained integral portions of the same great empire. By givinga fair and just participation in political rights, these, “thefairest possessions” of the British crown, might have beenpreserved to it. “This ancient and most noble monarchy” [LordChatham] would not have been dismembered; nor should we see thatwhich ought to be the right arm of our strength, now menacingus in every political crisis, as the most formidable rival ofour commercial and maritime ascendancy.The war which rent away the North American colonies of Englandis, of all subjects in history, the most painful for anEnglishman to dwell on. It was commenced and carried on by theBritish ministry in iniquity and folly, and it was concluded indisaster and shame. But the contemplation of it cannot be evadedby the historian, however much it may be abhorred. Nor can anymilitary event be said to have exercised more importantinfluence on the future fortunes of mankind, than the completedefeat of Burgoyne’s expedition in 1777; a defeat which rescuedthe revolted colonists from certain subjection; and which, byinducing the courts of France and Spain to attack England intheir behalf, ensured the independence of the United States, andthe formation of that transatlantic power which, not onlyAmerica, but both Europe and Asia, now see and feel.Still, in proceeding to describe this “decisive battle of theworld,” a very brief recapitulation of the earlier events of thewar may be sufficient; nor shall I linger unnecessarily on apainful theme.The five northern colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, RhodeIsland, New Hampshire, and Vermont, usually classed together asthe New England colonies, were the strongholds of theinsurrection against the mother-country. The feeling ofresistance was less vehement and general in the centralsettlement of New York; and still less so in Pennsylvania,Maryland, and the other colonies of the south, althougheverywhere it was formidably active. Virginia should, perhaps,be particularized for the zeal which its leading men displayedin the American cause; but it was among the descendants of thestern Puritans that the spirit of Cromwell and Vane breathed inall its fervor; it was from the New Englanders that the firstarmed opposition to the British crown had been offered; and itwas by them that the most stubborn determination to fight to thelast, rather than waive a single right or privilege, had beendisplayed. In 1775, they had succeeded in forcing the British

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troops to evacuate Boston; and the events of 1716 had made NewYork (which the royalists captured in that year) the principalbasis of operations for the armies of the mother-country.A glance at the map will show that the Hudson river, which fallsinto the Atlantic at New York, runs down from the north at theback of the New England States, forming an angle of about forty-five degrees with the line of the coast of the Atlantic, alongwhich the New England states are situate. Northward of theHudson, we see a small chain of lakes communicating with theCanadian frontier. It is necessary to attend closely to thesegeographical points, in order to under stand the plan of theoperations which the English attempted in 1777, and which thebattle of Saratoga defeated.The English had a considerable force in Canada, and in 1776 hadcompletely repulsed an attack which the Americans had made uponthat province. The British ministry resolved to availthemselves, in the next year, of the advantage which theoccupation of Canada gave them, not merely for the purpose ofdefense, but for the purpose; of striking a vigorous andcrushing blow against the revolted colonies. With this view, thearmy in Canada was largely reinforced. Seven thousand veterantroops were sent out from England, with a corps of artilleryabundantly supplied, and led by select. and experiencedofficers. Large quantities of military stores were alsofurnished for the equipment of the Canadian volunteers, who wereexpected to join the expedition. It was intended that the forcethus collected should march southward by the line of the lakes,and thence along the banks of the Hudson river. The British armyin New York (or a large detachment of it) was to make asimultaneous movement northward, up the line of the Hudson, andthe two expeditions were to unite at Albany, a town on thatriver. By these operations all communication between thenorthern colonies and those of the center and south would be cutoff. An irresistible force would be concentrated, so as to crushall further opposition in New England; and when this was done,it was believed that the other colonies would speedily submit.The Americans had no troops in the field that seemed able tobaffle these movements. Their principal army, under Washington,was occupied in watching over Pennsylvania and the south. Atally rate it was believed that, in order to oppose the planintended for the new campaign, the insurgents must risk apitched battle, in which the superiority of the royalists, innumbers, in discipline, and in equipment, seemed to promise tothe latter a crowning victory. Without question the plan wasably formed; and had the success of the execution been equal tothe ingenuity of the design, the re-conquest or submission ofthe thirteen United States must, in all human probability, havefollowed; and the independence which they proclaimed in 1776would have been extinguished before it existed a second year.No European power had as yet. come forward to aid America. Itis true that England was generally regarded with jealousy andill-will, and was thought to have acquired, at the treaty ofParis, a preponderance of dominion which was perilous to thebalance of power; but though many were willing to wound, nonehad yet ventured to strike; and America, if defeated in 1777,would have been suffered to fall unaided.In Lord Albemarle’s “Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham” iscontained the following remarkable state paper, drawn up by King

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George III himself respecting the plan of Burgoyne’s expedition.The original is in the king’s own hand.

“REMARKS ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR FROM CANADA.

“The outlines of the plan seem to be on a properfoundation. The rank and file of the army now in Canada(including the 1lth Regiment of British, M’Clean’s.corps, the Brunswick’s and Hanover), amount to 10,527;add the eleven additional companies and four hundredHanover Chasseurs, the total will be 11,443.“As sickness and other contingencies must be expected,I should think not above 7000 effectives can be sparedover Lake Champlain; for it would be highly imprudentto run any risk in Canada.“The fixing the stations of those left in the provincemay not be quite right, though the plan proposed may berecommended. Indians must be employed, and this measuremust be avowedly directed, and Carleton must be in thestrongest manner directed that the Apollo shall be readyby that day, to receive Burgoyne.“The magazines must be formed with the greatestexpedition, at Crown Point.“If possible, possession must be taken of Lake George,and nothing but an absolute impossibility of succeedingin this, can be an excuse for proceeding by South Bayand Skeenborough.“As Sir W. Home does not think of acting from RhodeIsland into the Massachusetts, the force from Canadamust join him in Albany.“The diversion on the Mohawk River ought at least to bestrengthened by the addition of the four hundred HanoverChasseurs.“The Ordnance ought to furnish a complete proportion ofentrenching tools.“The provisions ought to be calculated for a third morethan the effective soldiery, and the General ordered toavoid delivering these when the army can be subsistedby the country. Bourgoyne certainly greatly undervaluesthe German recruits.“The idea of carrying the army by sea to Sir W. Howe,would certainly require the leaving a much larger partof it in Canada, as in that case the rebel army woulddivide that province from the immense one under Sir W.Howe. I greatly dislike this last idea.”

Burgoyne had gained celebrity by some bold and dashing exploitsin Portugal during the last war, he was personally as brave anofficer as ever headed British troops; he had considerable skillas a tactician; and his general intellectual abilities andacquirements were of a high order. He had several very able andexperienced officers under him, among whom were Major-GeneralPhillips and Brigadier-General Frazer. His regular troopsamounted, exclusively of the corps of artillery, to about seventhousand two hundred men, rank and file. Nearly half of thesewere Germans. He had also an auxiliary force of from two to threethousand Canadians. He summoned the warriors of several tribesof the Red Indians near the western lakes to join his army. Mucheloquence was poured forth, both in America and in England, indenouncing the use of these savage auxiliaries. Yet Burgoyne

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seems to have done no more than Montcalm, Wolfe, and otherFrench, American, and English generals had done before him. But,in truth, the lawless ferocity of the Indians, theirunskillfulness in regular action, and the utter impossibilityof bringing them under any discipline, made their services oflittle or no value in times of difficulty: while the indignationwhich their outrages inspired, went far to rouse the wholepopulation of the invaded districts into active hostilitiesagainst Burgoyne’s force.

Burgoyne assembled his troops and confederates hear the riverBouquet, on the west side of Lake Champlain. He then, on the21st of June, 1777, gave his Red Allies a war-feast, andharangued them on the necessity of abstaining from their usualcruel practices against unarmed people and prisoners. At thesame time he published a pompous manifesto to the Americans, inwhich he threatened the refractory with all the horrors of war,Indian as well as European. The army proceeded by water to CrownPoint, a fortification which the Americans held at the northernextremity of the inlet by which the water from Lake George isconveyed to Lake Champlain. He landed here without opposition;but the reduction of Ticonderoga, a fortification about twelvemiles to the south of Crown Point, was a more serious matter,and was supposed to be the critical part of the expedition.Ticonderoga commanded the passage along the lakes, and wasconsidered to be the key to the route which Burgoyne wished tofollow. The English had been repulsed in an attack on it in thewar with the French in 1758 with severe loss. But Burgoyne nowinvested it with great skill; and the American General, St.Clair, who had only an ill equipped army of about three thousandmen, evacuated it on the 5th of July. It seems evident that adifferent course would have caused the destruction or captureof his whole army; which, weak as it was, was the chief forcethen in the field for the protection of the New England states.When censured by some of his countrymen for abandoningTiconderoga, St. Clair truly replied, “that he had lost a post,but saved a province.” Burgoyne’s troops pursued the retiringAmericans, gained several advantages over them, and took a large

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part of their artillery and military stores.

The loss of the British in these engagements was trifling. Thearmy moved southward along Lake George to Skenesborough; andthence, slowly, and with great difficulty, across a brokencountry, full of creeks and marshes, and clogged by the enemywith felled trees and other obstacles, to Fort Edward, on theHudson river, the American troops continuing to retire beforethem.Burgoyne reached the left bank of the Hudson river on the 30thof July. Hitherto he had overcome every difficulty which theenemy and the nature of the country had placed in his way. Hisarmy was in excellent order and in the highest spirits; and theperil of the expedition seemed over, when they were once on thebank of the river which was to be the channel of communicationbetween them and the British army in the south. But theirfeelings, and those of the English nation in general when theirsuccesses were announced, may best be learned from acontemporary writer. Burke, in the “Annual Register” for 1777,describes them thus:—

“Such was the rapid torrent of success, which swepteverything away before the northern army in its onset.It is not to be wondered at, if both officers andprivate men were highly elated with their good fortune,and deemed that and their prowess to be irresistible;if they regarded their enemy with the greatest contempt;considered their own toils to be nearly at an end;Albany to be already in their hands; and the reductionof the northern provinces to be rather a matter of sometime, than an arduous task full of difficulty anddanger.“At home, the joy and exultation was extreme; not onlyat court, but with all those who hoped or wished theunqualified subjugation, and unconditional submissionof the colonies. The loss in reputation was greater tothe Americans, and capable of more fatal consequences,than even that of ground, of posts, of artillery, or ofmen. All the contemptuous and most degrading chargeswhich had been made by their enemies, of their wantingthe resolution and abilities of men, even in theirdefense of whatever was dear to them, were now repeatedand believed. Those who still regarded them as men, andwho had not yet lost all affection to them as brethren,

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who also retained hopes that a happy reconciliation uponconstitutional principles, without sacrificing thedignity or the just authority of government on the oneside, or a dereliction of the rights of freemen on theother, was not even now impossible, notwithstandingtheir favorable dispositions in general, could not helpfeeling upon this occasion that the Americans sunk nota little in their estimation. It was not difficult todiffuse an opinion that the war in effect was over; andthat any further resistance could serve only to renderthe terms of their submission the worse. Such were someof the immediate effects of the loss of those grand keysof North America, Ticonderoga and the lakes.”

The astonishment and alarm which these events produced among theAmericans were naturally great but in the midst of theirdisasters none of the colonists showed any disposition tosubmit. The local governments of the New England States, as wellas the Congress, acted with vigor and firmness in their effortsto repel the enemy. General Gates was sent to take the commandof the army at Saratoga; and Arnold, a favorite leader of theAmericans, was dispatched by Washington to act under him, withreinforcements of troops and guns from the main American army.Burgoyne’s employment of the Indians now produced the worstpossible effects. Though he labored hard to check the atrocitieswhich they were accustomed to commit, he could not prevent theoccurrence of many barbarous outrages, repugnant both to thefeelings of humanity and to the laws of civilized warfare. TheAmerican commanders took care that the reports of these excessesshould be circulated far and wide, well knowing that they wouldmake the stern New Englanders not droop, but rage. Such was theireffect; and though, when each man looked upon his wife, hischildren, his sisters, or his aged parents, the thought of themerciless Indian “thirsting for the blood of man, woman, andchild,” of “the cannibal savage torturing, murdering, roasting,and eating the mangled victims of his barbarous battles,” [LordChatham’s speech on the employment of Indians in the war.] mightraise terror in the bravest breasts; this very terror produceda directly contrary effect to causing submission to the royalarmy. It was seen that the few friends of the royal cause, aswell as its enemies, were liable to be the victims of theindiscriminate rage of the savages; [See in the “AnnualRegister” for 1777, page 117, the “Narrative of the Murder ofMiss M’Crea, the daughter of an American loyalist.”] and thus“the inhabitants of the open and frontier countries had nochoice of acting: they had no means of security left, but byabandoning their habitations and taking up arms. Every man sawthe necessity of becoming a temporary soldier, not only for hisown security, but for the protection and defense of thoseconnections which are dearer than life itself. Thus an army waspoured forth by the woods, mountains, and marshes, which in thispart were thickly sown with plantations and villages. TheAmericans recalled their courage; and when their regular armyseemed to be entirely wasted, the spirit of the country produceda much greater and more formidable force.”While resolute recruits, accustomed to the use of firearms, andall partially trained by service in the provincial militias,were thus flocking to the standard of Gates and Arnold atSaratoga; and while Burgoyne was engaged at Fort Edward in

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providing the means for the further advance of his army throughthe intricate and hostile country that still lay before him, twoevents occurred, in each of which the British sustained loss,and the Americans obtained advantage, the moral effects of whichwere even more important than the immediate result of theencounters. When Burgoyne left Canada, General St. Leger wasdetached from that province with a mixed force of about onethousand men, and some light field-pieces, across Lake Ontarioagainst Fort Stanwix: which the Americans held. After capturingthis, he was to march along the Mohawk river to its confluencewith the Hudson, between Saratoga and Albany, where his forceand that of Burgoyne were to unite. But, after some successes,St. Leger was obliged to retreat, and to abandon his tents andlarge quantities of stores to the garrison. At the very timethat General Burgoyne heard of this disaster, he experienced onestill more severe in the defeat of Colonel Baum with a largedetachment of German troops at Benington, whither Burgoyne hadsent them for the purpose of capturing some magazines ofprovisions, of which the British army stood greatly in seed. TheAmericans, augmented by continual accessions of strength,succeeded, after many attacks, in breaking this corps, whichfled into the woods, and left its commander mortally wounded onthe field: they then marched against a force of five hundredgrenadiers and light infantry, which was advancing to ColonelBaum’s assistance, under Lieutenant-Colonel Breyman; who, aftera gallant resistance, was obliged to retreat on the main army.The British loss in these two actions exceeded six hundred men:and a party of American loyalists, on their way to join the army,having attached themselves to Colonel Baum’s corps, weredestroyed with it.Notwithstanding these reverses, which added greatly to thespirit and numbers of the American forces, Burgoyne determinedto advance. It was impossible any longer to keep up hiscommunications with Canada by way of the lakes, so as to supplyhis army on his southward march; but having by unremittingexertions collected provisions for thirty days, he crossed theHudson by means of a bridge of rafts, and, marching a shortdistance along its western bank, he encamped on the 14th ofSeptember on the heights of SARATOGA, about sixteen miles fromAlbany. The Americans had fallen back from Saratoga, and werenow strongly posted near Stillwater, about half way betweenSaratoga and Albany, and showed a determination to recede nofarther.Meanwhile Lord Howe, with the bulk of the British army that hadlain at New York, had sailed away to the Delaware, and therecommenced a campaign against Washington, in which the Englishgeneral took Philadelphia, and gained other showy, butunprofitable successes. But Sir Henry Clinton, a brave andskillful officer, was left with a considerable force at NewYork; and he undertook the task of moving up the Hudson tocooperate with Burgoyne. Clinton was obliged for this purposeto wait for reinforcements which had been promised from England,and these did not arrive till September. As soon as he receivedthem, Clinton embarked about 3000 of his men on a flotilla,convoyed by some ships of war under Commander Hotham, andproceeded to force his way up the river, but it was long beforehe was able to open any communication with Burgoyne.The country between Burgoyne’s position at Saratoga and that of

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the Americans at Stillwater was rugged, and seamed with creeksand water-courses; but after great labor in making bridges andtemporary causeways, the British army moved forward. About fourmiles from Saratoga, on the afternoon of the 19th of September,a sharp encounter took place between part of the English rightwing, under Burgoyne himself, and a strong body of the enemy,under Gates and Arnold. The conflict lasted till sunset. TheBritish remained masters of the field; but the loss on each sidewas nearly equal (from five hundred to six hundred men); and thespirits of the Americans were greatly raised by having withstoodthe best regular troops of the English army. Burgoyne now haltedagain, and strengthened his position by fieldwork’s andredoubts; and the Americans also improved their defenses. Thetwo armies remained nearly within cannon-shot of each other fora considerable time, during which Burgoyne was anxiously lookingfor intelligence of the promised expedition from New York,which, according to the original plan, ought by this time tohave been approaching Albany from the south. At last, amessenger from Clinton made his way, with great difficulty, toBurgoyne’s camp, and brought the information that Clinton wason his way up the Hudson to attack the American forts whichbarred the passage up that river to Albany. Burgoyne, in reply,on the 30th of September, urged Clinton to attack the forts asspeedily as possible, stating that the effect of such an attack,or even the semblance of it, would be to move the American armyfront its position before his own troops. By another messenger,who reached Clinton on the 5th of October, Burgoyne informed hisbrother general that he had lost his communications with Canada,but had provisions which would last him till the 20th. Burgoynedescribed himself as strongly posted, and stated that though theAmericans in front of him were strongly posted also, he made nodoubt of being able to force them, and making his way to Albany;but that he doubted whether he could subsist there, as thecountry was drained of provisions. He wished Clinton to meet himthere, and to keep open a communication with New York.Burgoyne had over-estimated his resources, and in the verybeginning of October found difficulty and distress pressing himhard.The Indians and Canadians began to desert him; while, on theother hand, Gates’s army was continually reinforced by freshbodies of the militia. An expeditionary force was detached bythe Americans, which made a bold, though unsuccessful, attemptto retake Ticonderoga. And finding the number and spirit of theenemy to increase daily, and his own stores of provision todiminish, Burgoyne determined on attacking the Americans infront of him, and by dislodging them from their position, togain the means of moving upon Albany, or at least of relievinghis troops from the straitened position in which they werecooped up.Burgoyne’s force was now reduced to less than 6000 men. The rightof his camp was on some high around n little to the west of theriver; thence his entrenchment’s extended along the lower groundto the bank of the Hudson, the line of their front being nearlyat a right angle with the course of the stream. The lines werefortified with redoubts and field-works, and on a height on theflank of the extreme right a strong redoubt was reaped, andentrenchment’s, in a horse-shoe form, thrown up. The Hessians,under Colonel Breyman, were stationed here, forming a flank

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defense to Burgoyne’s main army. The numerical force of theAmericans was now greater than the British, even in regulartroops, and the numbers of the militia and volunteers which hadjoined Gates and Arnold were greeter still.General Lincoln, with 2000 New England troops, had reached theAmerican camp on the 29th of September. Gates gave him thecommand of the right wing, and took in person the command of theleft wing, which was composed of two brigades under GeneralsPoor and Leonard, of Colonel Morgan’s rifle corps, and part ofthe fresh New England Militia. The whole of the American lineshad been ably fortified under the direction of the celebratedPolish General, Kosciusko, who was now serving as a volunteerin Gates’s army. The right of the American position, that is tosay, the part of it nearest to the river, was too strong to beassailed with any prospect of success: and Burgoyne thereforedetermined to endeavor to force their left. For this purpose heformed a column of 1500 regular troops, with two twelve-pounders, two howitzers, and six six-pounders. He headed thisin person, having Generals Philips, Reidesel, and Fraser underhim. The enemy’s force immediately in front of his lines was sostrong that he dared not weaken the troops who guarded them, bydetaching any more to strengthen his column of attack.It was on the 7th of October that Burgoyne led his columnforward; and on the preceding day, the 6th, Clinton hadsuccessfully executed a brilliant enterprise against the twoAmerican forts which barred his progress up the Hudson. He hadcaptured them both, with severe loss to the American forcesopposed to him; he had destroyed the fleet which the Americanshad been forming on the Hudson, under the protection of theirforts; and the upward river was laid open to his squadron. Hehad also, with admirable skill and industry, collected in smallvessels, such as could float within a few miles of Albany,provisions sufficient to supply Burgoyne’s army for six months.He was now only a hundred and fifty-six miles distant fromBurgoyne; and a detachment of 1700 men actually advanced withinforty miles of Albany. Unfortunately Burgoyne and Clinton wereeach ignorant of the other’s movements; but if Burgoyne had wonhis battle on the 7th, he must on advancing have soon learnedthe tidings of Clinton’s success, and Clinton would have heardof his. A junction would soon have been made of the twovictorious armies, and the great objects of the campaign mightyet have been accomplished. All depended on the fortune of thecolumn with which Burgoyne, on the eventful 7th of October,1777, advanced against the American position. There were bravemen, both English and German, in its ranks; and in particularit comprised one of the best bodies of grenadiers in the Britishservice.Burgoyne pushed forward some bodies of irregular troops todistract the enemy’s attention; and led his column to withinthree quarters of a mile from the left of Gates’s camp, and thendeployed his men into line. The grenadiers under Major Ackland,and the artillery under Major Williams, were drawn up on theleft; a corps of Germans, under General Reidesel, and someBritish troops under General Phillips, were in the center, andthe English Light Infantry, and the 24th regiment, under LordBalcarres and General Fraser, were on the right. But Gates didnot wait to be attacked; and directly the British line was formedand began to advance, the American general, with admirable

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skill, caused General Poor’s brigade of New York and NewHampshire troops, and part of General Leonard’s brigade, to makea sudden and vehement rush against its left, and at the sametime sent Colonel Morgan, with his rifle corps and other troops,amounting to 1500, to turn the right of the English. Thegrenadiers under Ackland sustained the charge of superiornumbers nobly. But Gates sent, more Americans forward, and in afew minutes the action became general along the center, so asto prevent the Germans from detaching any help to thegrenadiers. Morgan, with his riflemen, was now pressing LordBalcarres and General Fraser hard, and fresh masses of the enemywere observed advancing from their extreme left, with theevident intention of forcing the British right, and cutting offits retreat. The English light infantry and the 24th now fellback, and formed an oblique second line, which enabled them tobaffle this maneuver, and also to succor their comrades in theleft wing, the gallant grenadiers, who were overpowered bysuperior numbers, and, but for this aid, must have been cut topieces.The contest now was fiercely maintained on both sides. TheEnglish cannon were repeatedly taken and retaken; but when thegrenadiers near them were forced back by the weight of superiornumbers, one of the guns was permanently captured by theAmericans, and turned upon the English. Major Williams and MajorAckland were both made prisoners, and in this part of the fieldthe advantage of the Americans was decided. The British centerstill held its ground; but now it was that the American generalArnold appeared upon the scene, and did more for his countrymenthan whole battalions could have effected. Arnold, when thedecisive engagement of the 7th of October commenced, had beendeprived of his command by Gates, in consequence of a quarrelbetween them about the action of the 19th of September. He hadlistened for a short time in the American camp to the thunderof the battle, in which he had no military right to take part,either as commander or as combatant. But his excited spiritcould not long endure such a state of inaction. He called forhis horse, a powerful brown charger, and springing on it,galloped furiously to where the fight seemed to be the thickest.Gates saw him, and sent an aide-de-camp to recall him; but Arnoldspurred far in advance, and placed himself at the head of threeregiments which had formerly been under him, and which welcomedtheir old commander with joyous cheers. He led them instantlyupon the British center; and then galloping along the Americanline, he issued orders for a renewed and a closer attack, whichwere obeyed with alacrity, Arnold himself setting the exampleof the most daring personal bravery, and charging more thanonce, sword in hand, into the English ranks. On the British sidethe officers did their duty nobly; but General Frazer was themost eminent of them all restoring order wherever the line beganto waver, and infusing fresh courage into his men by voice andexample. Mounted on an iron-gray charger, and dressed in thefull uniform of a general officer, he was conspicuous to foesas well as to friends. The American Colonel Morgan thought thatthe fate of the battle rested on this gallant man’s life, andcalling several of his best marksmen round him, pointed Frazerout, and said: “That officer is General Frazer; I admire him,but he must die. Our victory depends on it. Take your stationsin that clump of bushes, and do your duty.” Within five minutes,

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Frazer fell mortally wounded, and was carried to the Britishcamp by two grenadiers. Just previously to his being struck bythe fatal bullet, one rifle-ball had cut the crupper of hissaddle, and another had passed through his horse’s mane closebehind the ears. His aide-de-camp had noticed this, had said:

“It is evident that you are marked out for particularaim; would it not be prudent for you to retire from thisplace?”

Frazer replied:

“My duty forbids me to fly from danger;”

and the next moment he fell. Burgoyne’s whole force was nowcompelled to retreat towards their camp; the left and centerwere in complete disorder, but the light infantry and the 24thchecked the fury of the assailants, and the remains of the columnwith great difficulty effected their return to their camp;leaving six of their cannons in the possession of the enemy, andgreat numbers of killed and wounded on the field; and especiallya large proportion of the artillery men, who had stood to theirguns until shot down or bayoneted beside them by the advancingAmericans.Burgoyne’s column had been defeated, but the action was not yetover. The English had scarcely entered the camp when theAmericans, pursuing their success, assaulted it in severalplaces with remarkable impetuosity, rushing in upon theentrenchment’s and redoubts through a severe fire of grape-shotand musketry. Arnold especially, who on this day appearedmaddened with the thirst of combat and carnage, urged on theattack against a part of the entrenchment’s which was occupiedby the light infantry under Lord Balcarres. But the Englishreceived him with vigor and spirit. The struggle here wasobstinate and sanguinary. At length, as it grew towards evening,Arnold, having forced all obstacles, entered the works with someof the most fearless of his followers. But in this criticalmoment of glory and danger, he received a painful wound in thesame leg which had already been injured at the assault on Québec.To his bitter regret he was obliged to be carried back. His partystill continued the attack, but the English also continued theirobstinate resistance, and at last night fell, and the assailantswithdrew from this quarter of the British entrenchment’s. Butin another part the attack had been more successful. A body ofthe Americans, under Colonel Brooke, forced their way in througha part of the horse-shoe entrenchment’s on the extreme right,which was defended by the Hessian reserve under Colonel Breyman.The Germans resisted well, and Breyman died in defense of hispost; but the Americans made good the ground which they had won,and captured baggage, tents, artillery, and a store ofammunition, which they were greatly in need of. They had byestablishing themselves on this point, acquired the means ofcompletely turning the right. flank of the British, and gainingtheir rear. To prevent this calamity, Burgoyne effected duringthe night an entire change of position. With great skill heremoved his whole army to some heights near the river, a littlenorthward of the former camp, and he there drew up his men,expecting to be attacked on the following day. But Gates wasresolved not to risk the certain triumph which his success hadalready secured for him. He harassed the English with

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skirmishes, but attempted no regular attack. Meanwhile hedetached bodies of troops on both sides of the Hudson to preventthe British from recrossing that river, and to bar theirretreat. When night fell, it became absolutely necessary forBurgoyne to retire again, and, accordingly, the troops weremarched through a stormy and rainy night towards Saratoga,abandoning their sick and wounded, and the greater part of theirbaggage, to the enemy.Before the rear-guard quitted the camp, the last sad honors werepaid to the brave General Frazer, who expired on the day afterthe action.He had, almost with his last breath, expressed a wish to beburied in the redoubt which had formed the part of the Britishlines where he had been stationed, but which had now beenabandoned by the English, and was within full range of the cannonwhich the advancing Americans were rapidly placing in positionto bear upon Burgoyne’s force. Burgoyne resolved, nevertheless,to comply with the dying wish of his comrade; and the intermenttook place under circumstances the most affecting that have evermarked a soldier’s funeral. Still more interesting is thenarrative of Lady Ackland’s passage from the British to theAmerican camp, after the battle, to share the captivity andalleviate the sufferings of her husband, who had been severelywounded, and left in the enemy’s power. The American historian,Lossing, has described both these touching episodes of thecampaign, in a spirit that does honor to the writer as well asto his subject. After narrating the death of General Frazer onthe 8th of October, he says that “It was just at sunset, on thatcalm October evening. that the corpse of General Frazer wascarried up the hill to the place of burial within the ‘greatredoubt.’ It was attended only by the military members of hisfamily and Mr. Brudenell, the chaplain; yet the eyes of hundredsof both armies followed the solemn procession, while theAmericans, ignorant of its true character, kept up a constantcannonade upon the redoubt. The chaplain, unawed by the dangerto which he was exposed, as the cannon-balls that struck thehill threw the loose soil over him, pronounced the impressivefuneral service of the Church of England with an unfalteringvoice. The growing darkness added solemnity to the scene.Suddenly the irregular firing ceased, and the solemn voice of asingle cannon, at measured intervals, boomed along the valley,and awakened the responses of the hills. It was a minute gunfired by the Americans in honor of the gallant dead. The momentthe information was given that the gathering at the redoubt wasa funeral company, fulfilling, at imminent peril, the last-breathed wishes of the noble Frazer, orders were issued towithhold the cannonade with balls, and to render military homageto the fallen brave.

“The case of Major Ackland and his heroic wife presentskindred features. He belonged to the grenadiers, and wasan accomplished soldier. His wife accompanied him toCanada in 1776; and during the, whole campaign of thatyear, and until his return to England after thesurrender of Burgoyne, in the autumn of 1777, enduredall the hardships, dangers, and privations of an activecampaign in an enemy’s country. At Chambly, on theSorel, she attended him in illness, in a miserable hut;and when he was wounded in the battle of Hubbardton,

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Vermont, she hastened to him at Henesborough fromMontreal, where she had been persuaded to remain, andresolved to follow the army hereafter. Just beforecrossing the Hudson, she and her husband had had anarrow escape from losing their lives in consequence oftheir tent accidentally taking fire.“During the terrible engagement of the 7th October, sheheard all the tumult and dreadful thunder of the battlein which her husband was engaged; and when, on themorning of the 8th, the British fell back in confusionto their new position, she, with the other women, wasobliged to take refuge among the dead and dying; for thetents were all struck, and hardly a shed was leftstanding. Her husband was wounded, and a Prisoner in theAmerican camp. That gallant officer was shot throughboth legs. When Poor and Learned’s troops assaulted thegrenadiers and artillery on the British left, on theafternoon of the 7th, Wilkinson, Gates’s adjutant-general, while pursuing the flying enemy when theyabandoned their battery, heard a feeble voice exclaim‘Protect me, sir, against that boy.’ He turned and sawa lad with a musket taking deliberate aim at a woundedBritish officer, lying in a corner of a low fence.Wilkinson ordered the boy to desist, and discovered thewounded man to be Major Ackland. He had him conveyed tothe quarters of General Poor (now the residence of Mr.Neilson) on the heights, where every attention was paidto his wants.“When the intelligence that he was wounded and aprisoner reached his wife, she was greatly distressed,and, by the advice of her friend, Baroness Reidesel,resolved to visit the American camp, and implore thefavor of a personal attendance upon her husband. On the9th she sent a message to Burgoyne by Lord Petersham,his aide-de-camp, asking permission to depart. ‘ThoughI was ready to believe,’ says Burgoyne, ‘that patienceand fortitude, in a supreme degree, were to be found,as well as every other virtue, under the most tenderforms, I was astonished at this proposal. After so longan agitation of spirits, exhausted not only for want ofrest, but absolutely want of food, drenched in rains fortwelve hours together, that a woman should be capableof such an undertaking as delivering herself to anenemy, probably in the night, and uncertain of whathands she might fall into, appeared an effort abovehuman nature. The assistance I was able to give wassmall indeed. I had not even a cup of wine to offer her.All I could furnish her with was an open boat, and a fewlines, written upon dirty wet paper, to General Gates,recommending her to his protection.’ The following is acopy of the note sent by Burgoyne to General Gates —‘Sir, — Lady Harriet Ackland, a lady of the firstdistinction of family, rank, and personal virtues, isunder such concern on account of Major Ackland, herhusband, wounded and a prisoner in your hands, that Icannot refuse her request to commit her to yourprotection. Whatever general impropriety there may bein persons of my situation and yours to solicit favors,

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I cannot see the uncommon perseverance in every femalegrace, and the exaltation of character of this lady, andher very hard fortune, without testifying that yourattentions to her will lay me under obligations. I am,sir, your obedient servant, J. Burgoyne.’ She set outin an open boat upon the Hudson, accompanied by Mr.Brudenell, the chaplain, Sarah Pollard, her waiting-maid, and her husband’s valet, who had been severelywounded, while searching for his master upon the battle-field. It was about sunset when they started, and aviolent storm of rain and wind, which had beenincreasing since the morning, rendered the voyagetedious and perilous in the extreme. It was long afterdark when they reached the American out-posts; thesentinel heard their oars, and hailed them. Lady Harrietreturned the answer herself. The clear, silvery tonesof a woman’s voice amid the darkness, filled the soldieron duty with superstitious fear, and he called a comradeto accompany him to the river bank. The errand of thevoyagers was made known, but the faithful guard,apprehensive of treachery, would not allow them to landuntil they sent for Major Dearborn. They were invitedby that officer to his quarters, where every attentionwas paid to them, and Lady Harriet was comforted by thejoyful tidings that her husband was safe. In the morningshe experienced parental tenderness from General Gates,who sent her to her husband, at Poor’s quarters, undera suitable escort. There she remained until he wasremoved to Albany.”

Burgoyne now took up his last position on the heights nearSaratoga; and hemmed in by the enemy, who refused any encounter,and baffled in all his attempts at finding a path of escape, hethere lingered until famine compelled him to capitulate. Thefortitude of the British army during this melancholy period hasbeen justly eulogized by many native historians, but I preferquoting the testimony of a foreign writer, as free from allpossibility of partiality. Botta says:

“It exceeds the power of words to describe the pitiablecondition to which the British army was now reduced. Thetroops were worn down by a series of toil, privation,sickness, and desperate fighting. They were abandonedby the Indians and Canadians; and the effective forceof the whole army was now diminished by repeated andheavy losses, which had principally fallen on the bestsoldiers, and the most distinguished officers, from tenthousand combatants to less than one-half that number.Of this remnant, little more than three thousand wereEnglish.“In these circumstances, and thus weakened, they wereinvested by an army of four times their own number,whose position extended three parts of a circle roundthem; who refused to fight them, as knowing theirweakness, and who, from the nature of the ground, couldnot be attacked in any part. In this helpless condition,obliged to be constantly under arms, while the enemy’scannon played on every part of their camp, and even theAmerican rifle-balls whistled in many parts of the

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lines, the troops of Burgoyne retained their customaryfirmness, and while sinking under a hard necessity, theyshowed themselves worthy of a better fate. They couldnot be reproached with an action or a word, whichbetrayed a want of temper or of fortitude.”

At length the 13th of October arrived, and as no prospect ofassistance appeared, and the provisions were nearly exhausted,Burgoyne, by the unanimous advice of a council of war, sent amessenger to the American camp to treat of a convention.General Gates in the first instance demanded that the royal armyshould surrender prisoners of war. He also proposed that theBritish should ground their arms. Burgoyne replied,

“This article is inadmissible in every extremity;sooner than this army will consent to ground their armsin their encampment, they will rush on the enemy,determined to take no quarter.”

After various messages, a convention for the surrender of thearmy was settled, which provided that

“The troops under General Burgoyne were to march out oftheir camp with the honors of war, and the artillery ofthe entrenchment’s, to the verge of the river, where thearms and artillery were to be left. The arms to be piledby word of command from their own officers. A freepassage was to be granted to the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to Great Britain, upon condition of notserving again in North America during the presentcontest.”

The articles of capitulation were settled on the 15th ofOctober; and on that very evenings a messenger arrived fromClinton with an account of his successes, and with the tidingsthat part of his force had penetrated as far as Esopus, withinfifty miles of Burgoyne’s camp. But it was too late. The publicfaith was pledged; and the army was, indeed, too debilitated byfatigue and hunger to resist an attack if made; and Gatescertainly would have made it, if the convention had been brokenoff. Accordingly, on the 17th, the convention of Saratoga wascarried into effect. By this convention 5790 men surrenderedthemselves as prisoners. The sick and wounded left in the campwhen the British retreated to Saratoga, together with thenumbers of the British, German, and Canadian troops, who werekilled, wounded, or taken, and who had deserted in the precedingpart of the expedition, were reckoned to be 4689.The British sick and wounded who had fallen into the hands ofthe Americans after the battle of the 7th, were treated withexemplary humanity; and when the convention was executed,General Gates showed a noble delicacy of feeling. which deservesthe highest degree of honor. Every circumstance was avoidedwhich could give the appearance of triumph. The American troopsremained within their lines until the British had piled theirarms; and when this was done, the vanquished officers andsoldiers were received with friendly kindness by their victors,and their immediate wants were promptly and liberally supplied.Discussions and disputes afterwards arose as to some of theterms of the convention; and the American Congress refused fora long time to carry into effect the article which provided forthe return of Burgoyne’s men to Europe; but no blame was

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imputable to General Gates or his army, who showed themselvesto be generous as they had proved themselves to be brave.Gates, after the victory, immediately dispatched ColonelWilkinson to carry the happy tidings to Congress. On beingintroduced into the hall, he said,

“The whole British army has laid down its arms atSaratoga; our own, full of vigor and courage, expectyour order. It is for your wisdom to decide where thecountry may still have need for their service.”

Honors and rewards were liberally voted by the Congress to theirconquering general and his men,

“and it would be difficult (says the Italian historian)to describe the transports of joy which the news of thisevent excited among the Americans. They began to flatterthemselves with a, still more happy future. No one anylonger felt any doubt about their achieving theirindependence. All hoped, and with good reason, that asuccess of this importance would at length determineFrance, and the other European powers that waited forher example, to declare themselves in favor of America.There could no longer be any question respecting thefuture; since there was no longer the risk of espousingthe cause of a people too feeble to defend themselves.”

The truth of this was soon displayed in the conduct of France.When the news arrived at Paris of the capture of Ticonderoga,and of the victorious march of Burgoyne towards Albany, eventswhich seemed decisive in favor of the English, instructions hadbeen immediately dispatched to Nantz, and the other ports of thekingdom, that no American privateers should be suffered to enterthem, except from indispensable necessity, as to repair theirvessels, to obtain provisions, or to escape the perils of thesea. The American commissioners at Paris, in their disgust anddespair, had almost broken off all negotiations With the Frenchgovernment; and they even endeavored to open communications withthe British ministry. But the British government, elated withthe first successes of Burgoyne, refused to listen to anyovertures for accommodation. But when the news of Saratogareached Paris, the whole scene was changed. Franklin and hisbrother commissioners found all their difficulties with theFrench government vanish. The time seemed to have arrived forthe House of Bourbon to take a full revenge for all itshumiliations and losses in previous wars. In December a treatywas arranged, and formally signed in the February following, bywhich France acknowledged the Independent United States ofAmerica. This was, of course, tantamount to a declaration of warwith England. Spain soon followed France; and before longHolland took the same course. Largely aided by French fleets andtroops, the Americans vigorously maintained the war against thearmies which England, in spite of her European foes, continuedto send across the Atlantic. but the struggle was too unequalto be maintained by this country for many years: and when thetreaties of 1783 restored peace to the world. the independenceof the United States was reluctantly recognized by their ancientparent and recent enemy, England.

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“A victory described in detail is indistinguishable from a defeat.”

— Jean-Paul Sartre

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

The Local Messiah “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

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William Dorrell had married and had lived first in Warwick and then in Leyden, Massachusetts. He and his wife had 5 children. Like an 18th-Century David “Wacko from Waco” Koresh or Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, he began to develop a new religion with himself as its charismatic leader. Watch out for self-entitlement, that’s always the payoff.

1780

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NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

The Local Messiah “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

THE LOCAL MESSIAH WILLIAM DORRELL

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William Dorrell began preaching in Leyden, Massachusetts. Although illiterate, like the devil he could quote scripture. His preaching was that all days were equivalently holy, which sounds innocent enough. Since there should be no use of any animal products, he and his followers wore shoes of wood, cloth, and metal, and that also sounds innocent enough:

However, the way this works is that the innocent stuff always buys the true believer some sort of entitlement. Dorrell preached that each generation had it own Messiah, and that for this generation, this Messiah was him. As the Messiah of this age, he was not only invincible, but also of course, he was perfect, he could do no wrong — and for so long as his followers were obedient to him, they also could be considered perfect. Follow my rules and you can form sexual relationships with whomever.

ESSENCES ARE FUZZY, GENERIC, CONCEPTUAL;ARISTOTLE WAS RIGHT WHEN HE INSISTED THAT ALL TRUTH IS

SPECIFIC AND PARTICULAR (AND WRONG WHEN HE CHARACTERIZED TRUTH AS A GENERALIZATION).

1794

The Local Messiah “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

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At a public service, with the Messiah of this age William Dorrell proclaiming his invincibility, a man in the audience at least as big as he was, Captain Ezekial Foster, rose and knocked him silly and offered to keep beating on him for so long as he asserted this invincibility. When the 6-footer self-proclaimed Messiah admitted that this Captain could indeed beat him up, of course his followers came to consider him a fraud. In an attempt to reclaim his religious authority he would try to walk on water, only to once again be revealed as a fraud.2

ESSENCE IS BLUR. SPECIFICITY, THE OPPOSITE OF ESSENCE,

IS OF THE NATURE OF TRUTH.

1798

2. We notice that if Publik Universal Friend Jemimah Wilkinson actually did as reported claim to be able to walk on water, she at least was cautious enough never to attempt the feat.

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SELFPRIVILE

In this year in which any number of young Americans were coming into an attitude that they could, in adequate sincerity and innocence, live “secure from sin,”3 John Humphrey Noyes and James Boyle were putting out a magazine entitled Perfectionist which pandered to that self-privileging attitude. (We can term this “Antinomianism,” since that is what it was termed in Europe while it was being put down as a heresy. Fucking was being held to be holy so long as the male partner refrained from orgasm.4 This attitude would be centered in places such as Brimfield, Massachusetts and Putney, Vermont, and Noyes would go on to imbed his sexual preferences in the Oneida Community.5)

“HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE” BEING A VIEW FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN TIME (JUST AS THE PERSPECTIVE IN A PAINTING IS A VIEW

FROM A PARTICULAR POINT IN SPACE), TO “LOOK AT THE COURSE OF HISTORY MORE GENERALLY” WOULD BE TO SACRIFICE PERSPECTIVE ALTOGETHER. THIS IS FANTASY-LAND, YOU’RE FOOLING YOURSELF. THERE CANNOT BE ANY SUCH THINGIE, AS SUCH A PERSPECTIVE.

1834

3. We notice that this is the doctrine that had gotten local Messiah William Dorrell, at this point still alive in western Massachusetts although ancient and entirely “retired” from his Messiah role, into such bad trouble back in 1798.4. Apparently it was holy for the female partner to orgasm — or perhaps that issue was unavailable because female orgasm was not at the time categorized as a sexual event, being categorized instead as a “hysterical paroxysm,” something medical which a physician making home calls might well for the patient’s relief induce with his finger?5. The Oneida Community and The Oneida Institution were entirely separate entities.

GING

ANTINOMIAN CONTROVERSY

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August 28, Friday: The emigrants of the Donner wagon train cut grass to feed to their livestock during their dry drive across the Great Salt Lake Desert.

William Dorrell died in a remote part of Leyden, Massachusetts at the age of 94. The talk was that this local Messiah had starved. His no-animal-product shoes would wind up in the museum at Deerfield:

THE TASK OF THE HISTORIAN IS TO CREATE HINDSIGHT WHILE INTERCEPTING ANY ILLUSION OF FORESIGHT. NOTHING A HUMAN CAN

SEE CAN EVER BE SEEN AS IF THROUGH THE EYE OF GOD.

1846

The Local Messiah “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others,such as extensive quotations and reproductions ofimages, this “read-only” computer file contains a greatdeal of special work product of Austin Meredith,copyright 2016. Access to these interim materials willeventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup someof the costs of preparation. My hypercontext buttoninvention which, instead of creating a hypertext leapthrough hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems—allows for an utter alteration of the context withinwhich one is experiencing a specific content alreadybeing viewed, is claimed as proprietary to AustinMeredith — and therefore freely available for use byall. Limited permission to copy such files, or anymaterial from such files, must be obtained in advancein writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo”Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Pleasecontact the project at <Kouroo@kouroo.info>.

Prepared: March 21, 2016

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over untiltomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.”

– Remark by character “Garin Stevens”in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

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ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by ahuman. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested thatwe pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of theshoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What thesechronological lists are: they are research reports compiled byARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term theKouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such arequest for information we merely push a button.

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Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obviousdeficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored inthe contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then weneed to punch that button again and recompile the chronology —but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary“writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of thisoriginating contexture improve, and as the programming improves,and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whateverhas been needed in the creation of this facility, the entireoperation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminishedneed to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expectto achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring roboticresearch librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge.Place requests with <Kouroo@kouroo.info>. Arrgh.