The Liberal State English Politics and the Right to Revolution Any single man must judge for himself...
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Transcript of The Liberal State English Politics and the Right to Revolution Any single man must judge for himself...
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The Liberal State
English Politics and the Right to Revolution
Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances warrant obedience or resistance to the commands of the civil magistrate; we are all qualified, entitled, and morally obliged to evaluate the conduct of our rulers.
- John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1689
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Paradox…
Absolute rulers and rationalism helped early modern societies to negotiate fundamental social and economic change…
…but that same rationalism would be the source of Absolutism’s strongest critics.
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I. Enlightened Despots
A well conducted government must have an underlying concept so well integrated that it could be likened to a system of philosophy…All financial, political and military matters must flow towards one goal…the strengthening of the state and the furthering of its power.
- Frederick II “The Great” d. 1786
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A. Science and the state
1. R & D - Académie des Sciences 1666 - Royal Academy 1660
Christopher Wren. d. 1723
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B. The Sun King Louis XIV
1. “I am the state”dismissed assembliesdirect rule / appointmentsprofessional armyGallicanism
Edict of Fontainebleau 1685Jansenism
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2. “I have loved war too much”
Natural borders
AlliancesHabsburgsWar of the League of AugsburgWar of Spanish Succession
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C. Czar of all the Russias
1. Peter I “The Great” 1689-1725- Westernization- Eastern expansion- state service- serfdom
Romanovs
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2. Catherine “the Great” r. 1762-1796- un-Enlightenment 1773- Wild, wild East
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D. Germany stirs
1. HRE?Westphalia 1648
Siege of Vienna 1683
Leopold I r. 1657-1705
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2. Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
Maria TeresaJoseph II 1780-1790
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3. Hohenzollerns(Prussia)
- militarism / state service- Frederick the Great
1712-1786
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II. The Rights (and Wrongs) of Englishmen
For the king, turning to the gentleman that touched the axe said "Hurt not the axe that may hurt me.“
- Bulstrode Whitelock
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A. Constitutionalism (sort of)
1. Norman Conquest 1066
2. Magna Carta 1215
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B. Tudor Family Values
1. There’s something about Mary
Henry VIII “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I r. 1553-58 r. 1558-1603
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C. The Ghost of John Calvin
1. Roundheads- anti-hierarchical
- “middle” class
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D. Stuart Kings
1. James I 1603-1625
“Divine Right” / Absolutism
King James Bible (1611)
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III. English Revolutions, 1640 - 1689
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A. Royal Authoritarian
1. Charles I 1625-49
2. Short Parliament 1640
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B. English Civil War 1642-1651
1. Culture Wars King v. Parliament Anglican (Catholic) v. Puritan Old v. New “Money”
Oliver Cromwell
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2. Execution of Charles I 1649
Liberty at risk
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D. Commonwealth (1649-60)
& Restoration (1660-89)
1. Theocracy
2. Charles II
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IV. Modern Liberalism
Limited Government
Natural Law
Personal Liberty
Positive Humanism
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A. The Glorious Revolution
1. James II 1685
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2. Dual Monarchy 1688
- William & Mary
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3. Checks & Balances
Rise of Parliament
Toleration Act 1688
Declaration of Rights 1689
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B. Justification
1. Remembering Hobbes
John Locke
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Two Treatises of Government 1689
- natural rights
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690
- tabula rasa