The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur
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Transcript of The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur
Chapter
Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Last Great The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to From Chinggis Khan to TimurTimur
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Last Great Nomadic Challenges
I. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
II. The Mongol Drive to the West
III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
• Mongol Culture– Nomadic pastoralists
Goats, sheep
– Tribe Divided into clans
– Temporary confederations– Leaders elected
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan
• Kabul Khan– 1100s, defeats Qin forces– Grandson, Temujin
• Chinggis Khan– Born Temujin– Develops alliances among Mongols– 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)
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Building the Mongol War Machine
• Mounted warriors• Tumens,10,000 troops• Messenger force• Adopted gunpowder, cannons
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Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan
• 1207, expedition• China
– Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated
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First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China
• Kara Khitai defeated– Mongolian
• Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated• Return to China
– Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed
• 1227, death of Chinggis Khan– Empire from Persia to North China Sea
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Life Under the Mongol Imperium
• Harsh, tolerant• Chinggis Khan
– Capital at karakorum– Shamanistic
Tolerated other religions
– New administration
• Commerce thrives
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The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire
• 1227, division of empire– Three sons, one grandson– Ogedei, third son
Elected great khan
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The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Drive to the West
• Golden Horde– Khan's tent
• Russia in the 1200s– Many kingdoms– Mongols (Tartars) invade
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Drive to the West
• Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan– 1236, begins conquest of Russia– 1240, Kiev taken and sacked– Novgorod spared
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Russia in Bondage
• Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde• Commerce benefits• Moscow thrives
– Metropolitan head of Orthodox church– Leads Russian resistance to Mongol
• Kulikova, 1380– Golden Horde defeated
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Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe
• Hungary, 1240• Death of Ogedei
– Batu retreats
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The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands
• Hulegu– Grandson of Chinggis Khan– Ilkhan– West to Mesopotamia, north Africa– 1258, Baghdad sacked– 1260, stopped by Baibars
Egyptian Mamluks
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The Mongol Interlude inChinese History
• Ogedei renews attack on China• Kubilai Khan
– Grandson of Chinggis Khan– Attacks Song– 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty– Capital at Tatu (Beijing)
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Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture
• Mongol women retain liberties• Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential
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Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence
• Mongol patronage– Attracts scholars, artists
• Religious toleration– Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians,
Daoists, Muslims
• Marco Polo– Visits court
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Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance
• Ethnic Chinese resist– Especially scholar-gentry
• Kubilai– Protects peasant lands– Famine relief– Tax, labor burden lessened
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The Fall of the House of Yuan
• Death of Kubilai– Dynasty already weakened– Song revolt
• 1274, 1280, Japan attacked– Failure
• By 1350s, territory lost• Ju Yanzhang
– Founds Ming dynasty
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Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur
• Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)– Turkish– Base at Samarkand
• 1360s, conquests– Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia
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The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
• 1405, death– Empire dissolves– End of steppe nomad conquests