CHAPTER 14 Time for Mong0ls!!!. I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Social Order Nomadic herded goats...
-
Upload
julius-mitchell -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
0
Transcript of CHAPTER 14 Time for Mong0ls!!!. I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Social Order Nomadic herded goats...
CHAPTER 14
Time for Mong0ls!!!
I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan
Social OrderNomadic herded goats & sheepspecific breed of horse for well being & warfareBasic Mongol Societal Unit:
Individual Family Tribes & ClanClans could join together to face a threat, etc.
leaders elected by free menusually strong militarilylose following if unable to support peoples
A.Making of a Great WarriorTemujin- young Mongol
Grandfather Kabul Khan- famous warrior
Father chief- diedHad few supportersTarget by rival clansOvercoming obstacles election as khagan in 1206He became who your book
calls Chinggis KhanActually better known
as . . .
Genghis Khan
B. Building the War Machine
• Warfare• Trained from youth • accustomed to killing & death• Variety of weapons: Short bow- could hit a
target at 400 yds while riding• Soldiers- ALL CAVALRY
• Tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors• Specialized forces of spies, map
makers• Exploding arrows, early bronze
cannons
D. Continued AssaultsConquest under Genghis• 1207: First campaign of conquest against Xi Xia
& Manchu Jin• Worse if you resisted- slaughter everyone
(scholars, some artisans spared)• all paid tribute• Some trouble vs. Qin but beat them anyway
• acquired new weapons• Explosives• Bamboo rockets• Etc.
• 1219 Conquered Kara Khitai in Mongolia and Muslim Khwarazam Empire of Muhammad Shah II
• Secret Strategy: Feigned retreat as battle strategy
• gained skills of Turkic horseman
D. Life under Mongols• Assaults were
brutal, however leadership focused on rebuilding and harmony
• Uniform legal code, written Mongol language
• Religious tolerance• Encouraged artisan
production, secured trade
E. Death of Chinggis & Division of Empire
• 1226 Chinggis turned East to finish slaughter of any remaining resistance in China; died of battle injury in 1227
• Empire divided among 3 sons and grandson, Batu
• Ogedei (son) named great Khan; directed further expansion
• Areas of China & Persia common property
Four Khanates of Divided Mongol Empire
II. Mongol Drive West- Russia and Europe
The Golden HordeRussia & EuropeBatu (Genghis’s grandson) began
conquest 1236 Russian princes did not work
together-lostTartars “people from hell” or
locustsKiev resisted (utterly destroyed);
Novgorod submitted (spared)• Russia in Bondage
Princes became vassals paying tribute
Peasants forced into serfdom for protection
Towns & Trade benefitedMoscow arose as Russia’s
defender in 1380 @ Battle of Kulikova; Golden Horde defeated
• Effects of Mongols on Russian Society– Military Organization– Motive for Political
Centralization– Formalized Russia’s
Isolation from W. Europe; Renaissance & Reformation
– Protected Russia from rising Poland, Lithuania, Hungary
• Mongol Retreat from Europe– Europeans believed Mongols
to be Prester John until 1240 with conquest of Hungary
– Death of Ogedei caused Mongol retreat
C. Mongol Assault on Islamic Homeland
• Hulegu (G. Khan grandson), ruler of the Ilkhan Khanate, captured Baghdad, murdered caliphate in 1258 (remember? End of _______ Empire?)
• Devastated and terrified Muslim world
• Mongols defeated 1260 by Egyptian slaves, Mamluks, with assistance of Christians
• Hulegu returned to central Asia with succession struggle
III. Mongols in China- Part 2
• Kubilai Khan, led conquest of Song dynasty• 1271 change empire name from
Khanate to Yuan Dynasty
• Limited Mongol interaction with China– Forbade Chinese from learning
Mongol script; intermarriage– Military remained separate in
traditional tent encampments– Social Order: Mongol, Muslim, North
Chinese, Ethnic Chinese– Rebuffed Confucian Scholars,
• But . . . Kubilai incorporated Chinese into Mongol culture– Built capital on ancient dynastic
centers– Empire used Chinese calendar– Participated in Ancestor Worship
Gender Roles & Chinese Culture
Mongol women refused footbindingretained freedom of movement-huntingRetained property rightsKubilai’s wife Chabi, influenced husbands leadership
• Mongol Tolerance & PatronageKubilai attracted foreign scholars, artists- (Marco Polo)Muslim advisors advanced bureaucracy, astronomy, cartography,
medicineInsisted on Religious tolerance
Mongol Social Policies & Scholar Resistance
• Scholars despised Mongols– Refused to reinstate exam
system-keep Confucians weak– Moved Artisans, Merchants,
Actors up social hierarchy
• Mongols promoted urban expansion, centers of trade
• Pursued policies improving Peasants Plight– Increased crop lands– Restored granary system– Reduced peasant tax– Planned public education
D. Fall of Yuan- HOW?
• Failure of Military excursion Japan, Vietnam hurt INVINCIBILITY reputation
• Leaders after Kubilai- corrupt, luxurious,
• Song loyalists, Scholars, Secret Religious Sects organized uprisings
• By 1350s, Mongols retreated as chaos reigned
• Peace restored by Ju Yuanzhang, peasant leader, with foundation of Ming dynasty
IV. Mongol Global Connections
• Taught new methods of warfare• Facilitated trade networks• Elevated merchants, set precedents of
overseas expansion• Created wealth, used to support arts• Transmission of Bubonic plague from
China to Europe