The Last Century of Sea Power - Volume 2 (Excerpt, Chapter 12)

8/14/2019 The Last Century of Sea Power - Volume 2 (Excerpt, Chapter 12)

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In 1940 certain us g s Im s

Amy, Rkugu, s s mg u-k ug suy y . s s b uk by gz sy Ob 1940 sk, Soryokusenkenkyujo (Isu us). y us, sg ’s “bgs bs,” g b 31 37 ys, m my, y, us gm mss gs, s-gus busss ms ss. s ss gm s g mms, su s s b. y g um ss s m sss, summ 1941 m mss m s us s s, s subm b.

O 27 Augus 1941, m Ms Ky Fumm, bs j mg s b mmbsm umb ss. mmbs b, ugKy Ms j Hk (1884–1948), s subj us s my m -

sus u sus bu C su u ys; u U s; U s ’s s, ms sg, u bm xmy u 1943,

chapter twelve

The Japanese Situation—

and an American

Dimension



452 The Second World War: The Pacific Theater

by 1944 u u g b b g y. u , us, s Am m us m bmbs, bu

y gs .I s u jug x, , s k s by

s s s m. j us Ky Ob 1941, s gm U s Dmb 1941 su , by 1944, b u -s b m. m , , u sm b bsuy s ms xm su g .

I s y s s g s yss s m-

y s s s s s, bu s y s us b m s s s m m-s my b ug, ss, s m s, s-, us. Bu g us , s us s gs, b m: 1940 1941 s “g u” m-kg s mss ss k b ss uss bu ss- Gmy B U s. s,y, b Rkugu Kgu, s - su - ss. By s 1941 ss sms b m ss m: s by s ms ky s ss.

* * *

Isu’s s ms s- y xm ’s subsqu , bus s: y

m ss ’s my . Isu’s s s ub C smy u bsus x , y by m. Isu’s mmbs ms kg bs gs u C msmss s ugu sus As: u gz sm s s y ub bg s su- qu s sus s As. Oy us ss- mss s, C 1937 sus As

1941, y us uss m . y, , s ssby u m by uy; s y su byu b u gs mss su



The Japanee Sitation—and an erican ienion 453

s, gy m ms sy ms, sus, s xg, squs ssus us.

s ms ’s ss s sus As, s m ms ’s 1941 smy u b : s smy y y u s U s u u ms100,000 1944. I s suk y s U.. F 7 Dmb 1941 s sg s -g y ms, Kgu u s b b g b bss quy u 1944. A k, M1944, s s ug y 294 ss,

U s s b s “ y my” jus us. ms Am -s u b 1939 1945 s suy s bus b 1943 1944 U s u m b 1939 1945.

m u U.. s b 1941 1945 s m 1,00,000 s, subs s s m 1945 y -u u by umb gs u b m, b u, ,ug m u y s s m ss 1944 .

Bu s y mkb bu Isu s sg ’s s 1943 1944; - ss mss mm s Kgu’s -bs s y m. I summ 1941, s Kgu , uk s s suy ky subm mggs s sg. suy s uk by sg m mkby ssug us y m mg

s sm 75,000 s sg, us u sm b ssb jus g A u sss b Fbuy1917 mb 1918 u 1940; uusy, ug, s suy s s y m Kgu suy s u b yy s ys u b b u sm 900,000 s sg m s. u s mm y umb us, s guby s m bg us - uu s ys x ub mg uu, s m ys u b m-

m sx mj sks. , s ys u b mm bug us, s-

s, sg ukg g gms ys s. I s, s ys u m-




Table 12.1. The United States and Japan: Comparative Populations, Workorces, and Steel, Coal, Electricity, and Aircrat Production

United States Japan RelativePosition

u: ,, ,, .:

k: ,, ,, .:

u(): ,, ,, .: ( s)

C u(): ,, ,, 6.: ( s)

Ey u: 6,6, ,, .: ( m K)

muu: .% .% .:

A muu:

,6 ,6 .:

, ,6 .6:

6, , .:

,6 ,6 .:

, 6,6 .:

6, , .:

,6 ,66 .:

, , .:

A-gs muu:

gs:

.. .. - - - , .. - . -

, , .: . .

, 6, .: . .

,6 , .6: .6 .

6, 6,6 .: .6 .6

6, , .: . .

,6 6, 6.: . .6

g (bs.) m u:

m:

.. .. - - -

.. .. - - -

,, ,, .: , ,6

,, 6,, .: , ,

6,6, 6,, .: , ,

,6, ,, .: , ,

,, ,, 6.: ,6 6,6

,,, ,, .: , ,




ss mm sx s sks, us - my bg b uk b-

by m s sks sm m. Dmb 1941 jus u, sy, s s, bu ss b b gs u ms: s, su gms 1939 1940 b s s y s mg b m; s, s su gms mm ms b umbs quy; , ss b s gs mj u m-m— 1941 s jus 53.71 1937 uu— ms s, ’s m s, s b

ssus; u, ss Dmb 1941 b b- gs s u b m sg u b mssy u s us u- m bus ss m b bug su b sm m uu.

s ms s ms m, bu sy s ms g u, sg, s. I u 1940 s mbz , ss , qus sg s m my s,u k sm g ms. ss, , u b mbu 1941, bu Kgu m-1940 x 1941 s sm u s. u sy mb-

Table 12.2. New Construction in Japanese Yards, 1931-1941

Fgus Iu y s 100 s

Merchant Tonnage Naval Tonnage Total Tonnage

, , ,

,** ,6 ,

,6 (- .) 6, ( +.6) , (- .)

,6 (-6.) , ( - .) , (-.)

,6 (-.) , ( +6.) , (- 6.)

,6 (-.) , (+.) 6,6 (+.6)

,, ,6 ,,6

Note: gus ss s g m us y.

Source: gus m C, . . gus g s g s

us s- u g g g ss. C’s gus

u y s ss s, su b . C gs

gus m sg uu (, s) g gu

(, s). u sm b y s s b .




z uu, s ss su s s, ms m sg s 1940, msg sm 49,000,000 s, bu 10,000,000 s m-

sg m s bu m ,250,000 su s g. bu s sg bg qus ss, s su s 1941 sms b y ss, m by Im Ny by sus-s gs ss.

* * *

sy ’s s b u msy ms

ss, bu s s b my ms u s sg, mg s sysm Kgu sug u 1943, s s m , m susy -u u by m su- Augus 1945.

* * *

squ sg sss s b bus mm ms ’s y g . I s sy sm mu y s , bus s: s mbusgs, subsqu mgs, by m g mg gs s sg, ms U.. sgy, mggs sg s s mby gs Am m Gm s s. B s my, bs s

bu mg gs sg my s bs b s, u-s, by s su ss s .

b Dmb 1941 Augus 1945 bsy s sxss, s bg s s qus s ms m by A 1942. , Ob 1943,ss b, s Ams ug ssss . s ss s ss, sb My 1942 Fbuy 1943, s s s A

s su s s N Gu ms, b M Ob 1943, s s “ -g .” s s s y y ss gs, ug ug s s N Gu




u ms Aus. u s , b Nmb 1943 u 1944, Am -g s Gb E Iss s ssu

b . s, b uy1944 M 1945, s ss ss mss Am -s su -qus s sg s sb s mmu b m ss u Rsus A. s s , b A Au-gus 1945, s Am ms g m ss, Kgu u u s s , ssg subj sus mg s (O ), sg bmbg s k ub u

ks Hsm Ngsk. mg s uk by, s s s-bs , m s mg ks, u sm 24 ,my, ss 500,179 s, sm 55.58 ss 52.99 g s by s s s . s s y m sum -su s sg s s-bs .

* * *

s u sx mj s, N , -s m s, Es C , C , u-s , u Rsus A, g “s-s,” my I O , C, musb ss s uk s, “” bg -s subms s N A “u-k” ss g su, my,

ss s, bus uk. Bu b y xm -s sg sss bg mms, m-yg bs, .

Fs, s y skg bu s sss s sss sss ss bug g ssus by uy 1945. I s y sy s sg s -m sg sss— su, my, sg sss -g— mu g Bs sss b 1941 1942;xss y, B s b su s sss sg

ys bu qu ’s sg sss bDmb 1941 Augus 1945. As s us , Bs,

A, u sg sss 20 m s, bu B s s su su sss m



P

A

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N

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C H I N A

J A P A N

F R E N C

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I N D O -

C H I N A

T H A I L

A N D

B o r n e o

P H I L I P P I N E

I S L A N D S

N e w

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h a n g h a i

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o r m o s a

H a i n a n

M A L A Y

S T A T E S S u

m a t r a

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A U S T

R A L I A

T i m o r

C e l e b e s

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M a r i a n a s

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.

G i l b e r t

I s l a n d s

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I s l a n d s

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W a k e

M a r c u s

M a i n l i n e o f r e s i s t a n c e :

J a p a n e s e p o l i c y i n

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 4 3

M o v e m e n t s o f

U S F o r c e s

1 7 F e b

2 J a n

2 1 N o v

3 1 J a n

2 2 A p r i l

1 7 M a y 2 7 M a y

3 0 J u l y

1 5 S e p t

2 J u l y

2 0 O c t

1 5 S e p t

2 3 S e p t

1 6 O c t

1 5 J u n e

2 1 J u l y

N e w

B r i t a i n

M a p 1 0 .

T h e P a c i f c r o m t h

e J a p a n e s e P e r s p

e c t i v e : N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 3 t o O c

t o b e r 1 9 4 4




y. mus b B mg bbug s smm 1942 bu s - by Am mss, bu ms

s s sg sss bu -s s s ms, gg s s .

, s sss mus g gs sm b s gs s y su, sg, qus ug u, ms, bu s ms s. m y m: y s s sss mus g u- 75,000-s u summ 1941, y s bss xm s sss, s su mmy ss :

y s ms b Dmb 1941 Augus 1945 ssss b s gu, s s s ms s mb1942. I s s ms s sg sss g ms , bu us Ob Nm-b 1942 bu sss (by g) mb 1942, s m.

s y sg s y m , Fbuy 1944, sg, my sg, sg s m 75,000 s sg, s m y mk sg. I ks s sss, s y -b s sss Nmb 1942 sus ; yms ss 94,597 s, gu s s msub gs sss y sg . sss su-s Nmb 1942 u sy sm s m-g b y , bu qu busy Im Ny u - mmm sg y-g-u s bs Kirishima, y us Kinugasa, -

sy Ayanami, ss 19,13 s, us my s-s 1,542 s. I ys 14 15 Nmb 1942 s s Gu g by “b” ms , ss s s ms sugy usb: sss 14–15 Nmb s qu- my sss g 1,250,000 s, sm sx ms 75,000- m; su sss u m Ams s-, b y mm.

Bu s s y sg bu Nmb 1942 gus s -

s m s m us m. I Nmb sg sss y- ss 151,2 s, s Ob sss y-g ss 154,074 s, bu




s g bu g b s ms

ms s sss s y skg, s s b 12.4.My sss g s s ms, bu sm my sss sus Nmb 1942s s s sss sm 40,000 s sg s—s m s, Es C , sus — us m, g ms gy su ss m sg. I Ob 1942 subms g m bss u s , my, - ss 87,019 s, ss 48,899 s suk s

m s ss 35,25 s suk Es C ; sub-ms g m bss u sx ss 29,827 s, u ss 21,48 s suk sus . I Nmb1942, s Am g mm y subms sus b ss y s s mg ss mg,subms g m bss u m-m 1,925 s s m s mm ,57s Es C ; subms g m bss u ss 23,943, sus . s sg sm-

g ss m-1942 My. I My 1942 s sss sx gus sm, bu u jus us m’s : Am subm-s, g m bss ugu , u jus m-m 7,87 s, m s ss 55,180 s suk bysubms bs s ss 3,22 s suk by subms. Exss y, skgs by subms, s g sx gus by My 1942 s mk m-m, s u bu g u 1942; su s s -

ym b. s m s Ob–Nmb1942 s sus .

Bu s y g bu gus s y s u b y s Ams

Table 12.4. Japanese Losses in October and November 1942

Warships Naval support

shipping

Military

transports

Civilian

merchantmenOb : : , 6: ,6 6: , 6: ,

Nmb : : , : , : , : ,6

Expressed in % terms:

Ob : - - . . . . . .6

Nmb : - - . .6 . . . .




m ss. sus s ms bus s s suxm. Nmb 1943, m Am s suk bs Rbu s my ms su ms G-b E Iss, y mk y subs s, y M 1944 s u ms; b- A 1944 Augus 1945 jus s ss suk

, mb sm jus 7,372 s bg qumm u sg s s m. Bu sms u u 1944 , Amsg su Ms, s s sg g - ss . I s y s sss mu jus g ss 21,471 s; s s susg bus s s umb s ss suk s k-s ms, ug y-g ss u subms u by Am gs. Lks,

s by-ss 1945, m Am s s—b ms —bg mu b My mb1944, bu s s susg ms k gs byss s u Rsus A. A 31 M 1945 s s u. Ams sbs s us s sb s mmu b m ss sus As, s s sg g, b1 uy 15 Augus s s jus 834- mm - Gu m, s , guby, “ s

bu.” bu s sss uy 1945 b s y smy: s

s smb sg mby by s y-u s u m . I s ms s g g u-

Table 12.5. Japanese Losses o July 1945

Warships Naval support

shipping

Military

transports

Civilian

merchantmenN : : - - - - - -

s Hm s: : , : , : , : ,

Es C : : - - - - :

C : - - - - - - - -

us : - - - - - - - -

u Rsus A: : , - - - - :

I O: - - - - - - - -

R C: - - - - - - : ,

Uk/O s: - - - - - - - -

: : , : , : , : ,




s m s Es C — Ygs mm suk by -bs s u s s. I ms ss m s u Rsus A, s xgg-

by us 13,400- y us Takao, , hors de combat bs g, s sy mg s s -su k by Bs mg subms 31 uy. I s xu m s, g ss 5,455 s s , g sz 80 s ( ss 220 s) g s sy.

Bu s ms m sg mg m y us s sg sss s smg my -. O sss 200,000- mk s m -mb 1943, bu u 300,000- mk Nmb 1943,

, g ms, k my sss Fbuy 1944, 507,090 s sg s s, s gu sg .7 ms u g 75,000-s--m mu. s y -b bu s gus s s mb 1943, sg bs mm su gs sgsss—y- ss 80,423 s m y- ss 200,79 s—b Nmb 1943 u 1944, s Amsug y ss m Gbs Mss Ms u uzg ks uk K, bu sss s sg, sy susg, s s b 12..

I s s m m s 189.5 ss m- 250.5 su ss 215 my ss suk,bu y g s: 42,212 s sg s by m m 784,145 s s by m-y s 1,244,198 s s by s, s, sm 24.04 sss by sm m 28.93 by umbs. I s

sss u by m s s -g, bu sss mg su sg, busy mm m ms Kgu’s ss bu s ms u qusg sg sss m m m smy su sg m s ms. As s,Kgu ss s m s , - s s ss u sg s umb m y U.. sy Chevalier s suk V L 7 Ob 1943, s subms,

sk jus u Am sys , u us 2 Ob 1943, s Liscome Bay (24 Nmb 1943) y us Indianapolis (29 uy 1945) x.

sg sss s b mb 1943 u




Table 12.6. Japanese Warship and Naval, Military, and CivilianShipping Losses, Overall and Specifcally in the Central PacifcTheater, to Carrier Aircrat with Warships and to Submarines,

in the Period between 1 September 1943 and 30 June 1944

Losses in the Central Pacifc Theater

Total lossesin all theaters

Overallin theater

To carrier aircratand warships

Tosubmarines

September 1943

ss : 6, : 6,6 - - : 6,6

N sg : 6, : , - - : ,

My sg : 6, : ,6 - - : ,

C sg : , : 6, - - : ,

g sss: : ,6 : , - - 6: ,

October 1943

ss 6: , : , - - : ,

N sg 6: , : , - - : 6,

My sg : , : ,6 - - : ,

C sg : ,6 - - - - - -

g sss: : , : , - - : ,

November 1943

ss : , : , - - - -

N sg : 6, : ,6 - - : 6,My sg : 6,6 : ,6 - - : ,

C sg : 6, : , - - - -

g sss: 6: ,6 : , - - : ,

December 1943

ss : , : , : : ,

N sg : , : 66,6 : , : ,6

My sg : , : , - - : ,

C sg : 6, : ,6 - - : ,6

g sss: : , : ,6 : , : ,

January 1944

ss 6: ,6 : , : , 6: ,6

N sg ½ , : , : ,6 : ,6

My sg : , : ,6 - - 6: ,6

C sg ½ 6, : ,6 - - :

g sss: : , : , : ,6 6: ,

February 1944

ss : ,6 : , : , : ,

N sg : ,6 : , : ,66 : ,

My sg : , : 6, : , : ,C sg : ,6 : , : , : ,

g sss: : , : , : , 6: ,




Losses in the Central Pacifc Theater

Total lossesin all theaters

Overallin theater

To carrier aircratand warships

Tosubmarines

March 1944

ss , 6: ,6 : , : ,6

N sg 6: , : , : , : ,6

My sg : , : , 6: ,6 : ,

C sg : ,6 : , : : ,66

g sss: 6: , : , : 6, : ,6

April 1944

ss 6: ,6 : ,6 : , : ,

N sg : ,6 : , - - : ,

My sg : 6, : , - - : ,C sg : , : ,6 - - : ,

g sss: : , : ,6 - - : ,

May 1944

ss 6: 6,6 : , 6: ,6 : ,

N sg : , : , - - : ,

My sg : , : , - - : ,

C sg : , : , - - : ,

g sss: 6: , : , - - : ,

June 1944

ss : ,6 : , : , : ,

N sg : , : , : 6, : ,6

My sg : , : , : 6,6 : ,

C sg : 6, : , : , : ,

g sss: 6: , : , : 6, : ,




Table 12.7. Japanese Losses in the Pacifc to Submarines by Theater,September 1943–June 1944

Warships Naval supportshipping Militarytransports Civilianmerchantmen

N:

mb : ,6 - - - - - -

Ob - - - - - - - -

Nmb - - - - - - - -

Dmb - - - - - - - -

uy - - - - - - - -

Fbuy - - : , - - - -

M - - : , : ,6 - -

A - - - - - - - -

My : 6 : , : , : ,u - - : , : , : ,

sms:

mb - - : , - - : 6,

Ob - - - - : , : ,

Nmb - - : 6, - - : ,

Dmb : , : , - - : ,

uy : , : , : ,6 : 6,

Fbuy - - : , - - : ,

M : 6,6 : ,66 : ,6 - -

A : ,6 - - : ,66 : ,

My - - : , - - : ,6u - - : , : , : ,66

Es C:

mb - - : , : ,6 : 6,6

Ob - - : , : ,66 - -

Nmb : - - - - : 6,

Dmb : - - : , : ,6

uy - - ½ , : , ½ ,

Fbuy - - : , : 6, : 6,

M - - - - - - : ,

A : - - - - : ,

My - - - - - - : ,

u - - - - - - - -

C:

mb : 6,6 : , , : ,

Ob : , : 6, : , - -

Nmb - - : 6, : , - -

Dmb : , : ,6 : , : ,6

uy 6: ,6 : ,6 6: ,6 :

Fbuy : , : , : , : ,

M : ,6 : ,6 : , : ,66

A : , : , : , : ,My : , : , : , : ,

u : , 6: 6, : ,6 : 6,




Warships Naval supportshipping

Militarytransports

Civilianmerchantmen

us

:

mb - - - - - - - -

Ob - - - - : ,6 - -Nmb - - - - : ,6 - -

Dmb - - - - - - - -

uy - - - - - - - -

Fbuy - - - - - - - -

M - - - - - - - -

A - - - - - - - -

My - - - - - - - -

u - - - - - - - -

u

Rsus A:

mb : : , : , : ,

Ob - - - - : ,6 : ,

Nmb : - - : , : ,6

Dmb : : , - - : ,

uy : ,6 : , ½ , ½ ,

Fbuy : , : , : , : ,

M - - : , : , : ,

A : , - - 6: , : ,

My 6: , : ,6 : , 6: ,

u : ,6 : , : , : ,

Table 12.8. Japanese Losses, Both Overall and in theSouthern Resources Area, to Carrier Aircrat with Warships

and to Submarines, in the Period June 1944–March 1945

Carrier aircrat and warships Submarines

Total sinkingsin all theaters

Sinkings in SouthernResources Area

Total sinkingsin all theaters

ss 6½ , ½ , 6½ , ½ 6,

N sg ½ , ½ , 6: ,6 6: ,

My sg : , : 6, : 6,6 6: ,

C sg ½ , ½ , : , : 6,6

g sss: : , : , : , : ,6,6




1944 s Nmb 1943 m bu m-g gs sg, s us y, b b by subms. U.. s sk yg,

s s m s, 14–15 Nmb 1942, skg y us Kinugasa su ss b u s Gu, b m sg s s ss b mm.

Nmb 1943 s subm m g, m m by ms subms y - m u y my ms mg s sg skg u s b mss Am

ms. m susss ms gs uk Fbuy 1944 K, us, g m.

uk s, , ss, subms u-g s ss 30,957 s, y-sx su ss 19,787 s, u my ss 19,79 s, mm 7,075 s jus sg y 17 Fbuy, s s ms susg y sy sg. I b Nmb1943 u 1944, s sss 553 ss 2,291,345 s, g 9.13 ss 28,418 s m, yu ms 75,000- m. s susgy, s sub-ms u m ss, su ss, m ss . I s s b subms su suk m mm , bu s s subms sk 53 s ss 43 suk by 304 , my, ss 77½ -; s u x s , b uy 1944 M1945, subm s y mmy

ms b us.I s um s , s Ams bk u- Rsus A sbs mss ss s sb s mmu b m ss sus As, s b us s s m sg sss sm x s sss, s m bg m s qug s sss g, s s b 12.8.

Qu y y ms myss sg s s s s, bu s m

mk s , b 1 A 15 Augus 1945. -s m y, , s 1945, A ms sbs s , subm s -u y sus bs, s s m ms— ms




Table 12.9. Japanese Warship and Naval, Military, and CivilianShipping Losses in the North Pacifc Theater, Home Waters, and

East China Sea in the War’s Last Phase, 1 April–15 August 1945

Carrier aircratand warships

Submarines Land-basedaircrat

Mines

April 1945

ss : , : 6, : , : ,6

N sg - - 6: , - - - -

My sg - - : , - - - -

C sg - - 6: , : , : ,

g sss: - - : ,6 : , : ,

May 1945 ss : , 6: , - - : ,6

N sg : - - - - 6: ,6

My sg - - : , : , : ,

C sg : : , : ,6 : ,

g sss: : 6 : , : 6,6 : ,

June 1945

ss : : , : , : ,

N sg - - : , - - : ,6

My sg - - : ,6 - - : ,

C sg - - : , : , : ,

g sss: : : ,6 : , : 6,

July 1945

ss : , : , : , : ,

N sg : , - - - - - -

My sg : , : , : 6,6 : ,

C sg : ,6 : , : , 6: ,6

g sss: 6: 6, : ,6 : ,6 : ,

1–15 August 1945

N sg : - - - - - -My sg - - - - : 6, : ,

C sg : ,6 : , : ,6 6: 6,

g sss: 6: ,6 : , : , : ,

Total:

ss 6: , : 6, : , : ,

N sg : , : , - - : 6,6

My sg : , : ,6 6: , : 6,

C sg 6: , 6: , : ,6 : ,6

g sss: 6: , : , : ,6 6: ,6




s-bs , s g C A —mg s sg: us bus m g, s s, s x my, m

ms sg.Bu ss y s , s, by s sg s

s sg sss mm y sm s s-s g y mus sg , s, g sz mm m ms g ss 1941 u b s - s. m m s s bs sg ss 1940–1941, ugu s s ss ssy sm s us; ’s s s, u A 1942,

g sz s mm s 4,40 s, bu by ’s -g sz s ss gu. u m ss ’smm bu ms x .



472 The Second World War: The Paciic Theater

3

C ,011,000 6,59,000 6,388,000 5,181,000 ,635,000 58,000 (1.5)

I 6,03,000 6,309,000 ,00,000 ,98,000 ,153,000 31,000 (9.01)I s 61,000 91,000 993,000 99,000 1,09,000 10,000 (3.9)

p ,10,000 6,000 50,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 (0.91)

Bux 5,000 150,000 305,000 909,000 36,000 15,500 (9.0)

L 100,100 86,530 10,990 ,500 16,810 ,000 (6.1)

10,500 5,500 3,880 6,800 3,500 3,600 (55.00)

Z 3,500 ,900 8,500 10,100 6,100 ,500 (1.0)

sp,pspus

10,00 396,500 3,100 36,00 89,600 3,000 (5.19)

Dmm

& mgs

09,600 506,300 68,00 3,500 8,100 65,900 (5.81)

Rw ubb ,500 6,600 31,00 ,100 31,500 1,900 (10.)

1,8,300 1,38,900 1,99,800 1,5,100 989,00 386,900 (35.91)

y bk

333,900 33,00 9,500 30,500 38,00 163,00 (8.51)

y bs 68,500 5,00 698,800 590,600 8,800 606,900 (150.1)

R py

1,69,000 ,3,00 ,69,00 1,135,800 83,00 151,00 (1.9)

O gs

us

69,300 6,00 83,300 50,100 506,600 31,00 (13.85)

,039,600 0,00,30 19,0,090 16,11,880 10,19,600 ,3,00

Avgmy v mps

1,836,633 1,66,036 1,616,81 1,36,65 8,133 366,38

100 90. 88.03 . 5.9 19.9

Note: 195 pg fgus u bss mps p .8ms bg u 1-m y s gs 190 , bg su 1-m 195 fgus wu ps vsm w

Jp u v mp p m-Augus 195 w uu y. bm Yw us, spfy u m D, Ju 195 m ms Jp s ss Mukupus, spy mps, s m.

195 fgus gv wu pbby v b vy s u y’s mps,gv by ps Jp s y subs mu sppg, Jp’s sg sppg s m vss s, ug

A ps, pg fgus wu v b spgy u.F xmp, mp fgu 58,000 s 195 pss .8% 190fgu, 1-m fgu bg 89,000 s. Bu gv sg D sg us, s mpssb s w 331,000 s mg vb mp bw 15 Augus 31 Dmb 195; wv mg v m swy Jps ps s p w u wu v b mm.

u: Nv Hsy, War with Japan, v. 5: The Blockade of Japan, ppx L, “JpsImps Buk Cmms 190–195,” p. 15.

The Last Century of Sea Power - Volume 2 (Excerpt, Chapter 12)

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