The Koran To Muslims, it is the sacred word of God Written in Arabic Muslims believe it can only be...
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Transcript of The Koran To Muslims, it is the sacred word of God Written in Arabic Muslims believe it can only be...
The Koran• To Muslims, it is the sacred word
of God• Written in Arabic
• Muslims believe it can only be read in Arabic
The Sunna
• A set of rules used with the Koran
• Developed from the legal codes of tribes
Expansion of Islam
When Mohammed died, no successor had been named. Muslims chose caliphs-Islamic
leaders, descendents of Mohammed
The First Four Caliphs
632-661
Abu Bakr Karem Abdul-Kaaba
• 632-634• Put down rebellion (Defeats Romans/Persians)• Brought all of Arabia under Islamic control• Collection of Koran• 63 Yrs Old (one of a kind)
master of the hook shot
Omar(Farooq)
• 634-644• Defeated Byzantines• Captured JerusalemArabia, Egypt, Iraq, Palistine, Iran
• Master of Weapons, Wrestling, Speaking
• Stabbed w/ dagger
Othman
• 644-656• Tried to make caliph more powerful• Murdered in 656• Completed Text of Koran
Ali• 656-661• Cousin of Mohammed, married
Mohammed’s daughter (Fatima)• Assassinated in 661
w/ poison sword
Omayyad Dynasty
661-750 AD
Muawiya• Made Arabic the official language
• Minted new coins, set up postal
system
• Made many improvements in
building and transportation
Conquests
• Islamic armies moved west, conquered
North Africa and Spain
• Made Islam the dominant power in Central
Asia (present-day Pakistan)
The Muslims broke into 2 groups:
1. Shiites
• Loyal partisans of Ali (Mohammed’s cousin)• The believed the caliph should be descended
from Mohammed’s family• They insisted the Koran was the only source of
guidance for Islam
2. Sunnites
• Followers of Muawiya and the Omayyad Dynasty
• They believed any spiritually qualified man could be
elected caliph
• They accepted both the Koran and Sunna
• More numerous than Shiites
Reasons for Islam’s Early Success:
1. Islamic armies led by outstanding military
leaders
Reasons for Islam’s Early Success:
1. Islamic armies led by outstanding military
leaders
2. People not satisfied with Byzantine rule
3. Weakened Persian and Byzantine Empires
The Abbasid Dynasty
750-1057 AD (1253)
Background
• Established by Abu’l Abbas
• Abbas led non-Arab Moslems against the Omayyads – WHY?
• Preferential treatment for Arabs (i.e. non-Arabs paid higher taxes)
• Rebels overthrew Omayyad caliph and murdered 90 members of his family
Government
• Moved capital to Baghdad
• Strong centralized gov’t. similar to Byzantine Empire
• Moslems paid only small tax to support Islam
• Non-Moslems paid heavy taxes
Accomplishments
• Baghdad becomes a center of learning that attracts scholars from Middle East/India
• Great advances made in mathematics, science, literature, and the arts
Decline of the Empire
• Territory becomes fragmented by rival kingdoms; conquered by Seljuk Turks
Islamic Civilization
Commerce & Industry
• Muslims controlled trade routes
• Musical instruments introduced to Europe– Lute, tambourine, guitar
MedicineAl-Razi (Rhazes)
– Worked with sutures/casts– Difference between smallpox & measles
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)– Persian wrote Canon of Medicine (medical
encyclopedia)– Diagnosed tuberculosis as being contagious– Cancer surgery
Other Achievements
Mathematics
Advances– Al-Jabr invented form of Algebra– Borrowed numbers 1-9 and added concept of
zero
Al Khwarizmi
Omar Khayyam
Astronomy & Geography
• Important for religious reasons
• Borrowed from Hindus & Greeks
• Greek astrolabe
• Improved Ptolemy’s calculations for earth’s circumference within ½ mile of present value
• Al-Idrisi created maps on spheres to represent earth’s shape
Physics & Chemistry
Al Hasan– Father of Optics– Convex and concave mirrors and light
refraction
Jabir– Moslem alchemist, studied oxidation,
crystallization, filtration
History
Ibn Khaldun– Wrote 7 volume Universal History– Included history, politics and econ, climate
and culture
Art
• Islamic art consists of geometric designs, flowers, leaves, and stars
• No human or animal likenesses on most work