The John Adams Administration. Adams & Jefferson.
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Transcript of The John Adams Administration. Adams & Jefferson.
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The John Adams
Administration
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Adams & Jefferson
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Cabinet – Clashing Views
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury
Democratic-
Republicans
Federalists
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The First Two-Party System
Federalists Democratic-RepublicansIssueGovernment: State or national?
Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict or Loose?
Tariffs, Banks & Business or farming?
Banks: National or State?
Defense: Standing Army or Militias?
Foreign Policy: Support Britain or Support France?
Regions of Support: N, S, E, W?
Nullification
More important: Order or Liberty?
Party Leaders & Presidents
Questions1) Why does the Electoral
College encourage a two-party system rather than a multiparty system?
2) Explain how Thomas Jefferson’s election in the “revolution” of 1800 changed the way the federal (national) government operated.
National State
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Two Parties
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Election of 1796
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A New President• John Adams• Boston Patriot• Federalist
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Vice President• Thomas Jefferson• Virginian• Republican
(Democratic-Republican
• Became VP because he received second-most votes
• At odds with Adams
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XYZ Affair
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The XYZ Affair• Jay Treaty – An alliance
with Britain?• French seize 300
American ships in French harbors
• Adams sends negotiators to Paris to meet with “X, Y and Z”
• French demand $250,000 payment and $10 million loan
• "Millions for defense, sir, but not one cent for tribute!“
• Link
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The Quasi War• Piracy, small naval
battles• Convention of
1800 – ends the Quasi War, but terminates US alliance with France against Britain
• U.S. is now neutral, following Washington’s farewell advice
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Alien & Sedition Acts
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Alien & Sedition ActsFour Bills• Naturalization Act• Alien Friends Act• Alien Enemies Act• Sedition Act
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Naturalization Acts1790 1795 1798
Notice time
no notice required
3 years 5 years
Residence period
2 years 5 years 14 years
Target: potential English & Irish immigrants who would likely vote
for the Jeffersonian Republicans
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Alien Friends Act• 1798• Arrest and
deportation of “dangerous” aliens
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Alien Enemies Act• 1798• Arrest and
deportation of resident aliens whose home countries were at war with United States
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Sedition Act
• Outlawed criticism of government officials unless the claims could be proven
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First Nullification
Crisis
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Nullification• Jefferson and many states
oppose the Alien & Sedition Acts
• Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions call the act “null and void”
• States vs. federal government: who wins?...
• …principle remained untested because Adams lost next election to Jefferson
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John Marshall• Supreme Court• Believed that
courts, not states, should interpret and declare laws unconstitutional
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Election of 1800
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Election of 1800• Mudslinging
– Obama attack ad– Romney attack ad– Youtube video
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Sally Hemings Controversy
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Election of 1800
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Election of 1800• Jefferson wins• “Revolution of
1800”… peaceful transfer of power
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A Federalist Judiciary?
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John Marshall• Strong
Federalist• Appointed to
Supreme Court by John Adams
• Expanded power of federal government and judicial branch
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“Midnight Judges”• “Lame duck”
Federalist Congress– Judiciary Act of 1801– Adams appointed
judges in the last days of presidency
– Attempt to entrench Federalists in judicial branch
• Jefferson refused to deliver commissions