The Italian museum scene “Pro Spectatore” Bologna 25-27 March 2004 Margherita Sani - IBC.
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Transcript of The Italian museum scene “Pro Spectatore” Bologna 25-27 March 2004 Margherita Sani - IBC.
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The Italian museum scene
“Pro Spectatore”
Bologna 25-27 March 2004
Margherita Sani - IBC
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Factors for orientating onesef1. Definition of a museum
2. Norms and rules
3. Figures
4. The actors
5. Existence of a museum policy (national, local)
6. Status and role of the profession
7. The existence of an accreditation system
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1. Definition of “museum”
Is there a definition of “museum”?
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Definition of “museum”Italy and the UK
Italy - Code of cultural heritage 2004:“A permanent structure which acquires, preserves,catalogues and displays cultural objects with aims ofeducation and study”
Museums Association- UK"Museums enable people to explore collections forinspiration, learning and enjoyment. They areinstitutions that collect, safeguard and make accessibleartefacts and specimens, which they hold in trust forsociety."
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Is a definition important?
For a long time no definition of museums in thelegislation (the 1939 Act does not refer to museums, butto collections)
Museums= collectionsbuildings
places where collections are kept, as opposed to placeswhere culture is produced.
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2. Norms and rules
Is the system run by legislation or otherrules (i.e. professional rules, code of ethics)?
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2. Italy: Norms and rules
Law 1089/ 1939 “For the protection of historic andartistic artefacts “ enforced until 1999
PROTECTION vs. ENHANCEMENT,PROMOTION
The legislation conceived for the protection of theheritage transferred to museums without furtherthinking of their mission
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The Italian anomaly
No independent legal status of museums (littleautonomy: financial, organisational, etc.)
No definition of museums in the legislation until1999
No recognition of a museum as an institutionMuseums= places where collections are kept, asopposed to places where culture is produced
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The 1990’sInnovation in museums as part of the overallprocess of reforming the Italian publicadministration
- Simplification of the administrative procedures- - Introduction of new organisational forms and
managerial tools for museums
- Debate on devolution to local authorities
- The user/citizen is central
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Changes in the legislative framework 1998-2004
Protection vs. Enhancement/Promotion
Minimum Standards – The accreditation system
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Changes in the legislative framework 2001-2004
2001- Amendment in the Italian ConstitutionTitolo V-Protection exclusive legislative right of theState- Enhancement/promotion exclusive legislativeright of the Regions
Code of cultural heritage 2004Comprehensive, overarching act on the culturalheritage- Cooperation State/other authorities
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Does legislation really matter?
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3. The figures
MUSEUMS IN ITALY 1996
TOTAL 4120
MUNICIPALITIES 1735 42,1%PRIVATE 707 17,2%STATE 551 13,4%
CHURCH 535 13,0%UNIVERSITIES 250 6,0%OTHERS 175 4,3%REGIONS 90 2,1%PROVINCES 77 1,9%
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Figures can be misleading ...
Back to the definition …
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“An open air museum”
“Italy: an open air museum” (Quatremére deQuincy – 1796)
“… The real museum of Rome is … made upof temples, obelisks, arches, …but neverthelessof places, mountains, … streets, ruins, … andthe relationships between all these objects, thememories, the local traditions, the comparisonsthat can be made only in the place itself.”
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The peculiarity of the Italian museum context
“Thanks to a special kind of link the collection siinscribed within the building and the buildingwithin the city and these three forms of museummutually relate to each other” (André Chastel)
The context – environmentThe buildingThe collection
Museums and the heritageMuseums and the “territory”
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4. The actors
Who are the actors?
Centralisation vs. devolution
What is the remit of the State?
And of the other authorities ?
What is the relationship public-private?
What is the involvement of the “civil society”?
Is there a professional association?
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4. The main actors in Italy
The Ministry for Cultural activities and heritage(1975) (1998)
The Regions (1970) – devolution of the 1970’s
The Provinces
The Municipalities
The Church (agreements with the Italian State 1985,1996 to foster co-operation
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Ministry for CulturalHeritage and Activities
General Directorates
- General Directorate for artistic,historical and etnnological heritage
- Directorate for Built Heritage andLandscape
- Directorate for Contemporary Art andArchaeology
- Directorate for Archaeology- Directorate for Archives- Directorate for Libraries- Directorate for Cinema- Directorate for Performing arts
Central Institutes and SpecialSuperintendencies
- Central Institute for Catalogue andDocumentation
- Central Institute for Restoration- Central Institute for Libraries- Central Institute for Archives- National Libraries- Gallery of modern and
contemporary art, Rome- Museum of Egyptian antiquities,
Turin- ….- …..-
Peripheral Offices
- Superintendencies for Built Heritageand Landscape- Superintendencies for Historic,Artistic, Ethnological Heritage- Superintendencies for Archaeology- Superintendencies for archives
National AdvisoryCouncil
Carabinieri for theProtection of theHeritage
General Secretariat
RegionalSuperintendencies
Museums andother institutionsfor conservation
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5. The existence ofa museum policy
Is there an explicit museum policy?
Where is it to be found?
Is it conceived at national/local level?
Is it co-ordinated with other policies (social,etc.)?
Does legislation influence policy?
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Museum policy in Italy
Implicit museum policy
Some co-ordinated actions State/otherauthorities
State/national museums
Regions/local authority museums
The “mission statement”
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6. Status and role of the profession
Slow development of a “professionalcommunity”
Scholars rather tahn museum professionals
Training in museum studies
Non existence of a professional association
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7. Existence of an accreditation system
DLGS. 112/1998
MINIMUM STANDARDS
DEVOLUTION OF THE MANAGEMENT OFMUSEUMS AND OTHER CULTURAL ASSETSTO LOCAL AUTHORITIES, PROVIDED THEYCOMPLY WITH SPECIFIC STANDARDS ANDGUARANTEE:
- Access- Safety- Risk prevention
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The accreditation system 2004
2001 Guidelines by Ministry
2002-2004 Accreditation systems developedby the Regions
LombardiaEmilia RomagnaVeneto…
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Further work ...
www.beniculturali.it
www.regione.nameoftheregion.it
www.regione.emilia-romagna.it
www.culturalpolicies.net