The Integration of Aerial and Close-Range Photogrammetry...
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THE INTEGRATION OF AERIAL AND CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LEVELS OF DETAILS REPRESENTATION IN CITY MODELING NOR ’ AINAH BINTI AMAT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Transcript of The Integration of Aerial and Close-Range Photogrammetry...
THE INTEGRATION OF AERIAL AND CLOSE-RANGE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LEVELS OF DETAILS REPRESENTATION IN
CITY MODELING
NOR ’ AINAH BINTI AMAT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
THE INTEGRATION OF AERIAL AND CLOSE-RANGE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LEVELS OF DETAILS REPRESENTATION IN CITY MODELING
NOR ’ AINAH BINTI AMAT
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of Master of Science (Geomatic Engineering)
Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
AUGUST 2012
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Special Special Special Special DedicationDedicationDedicationDedication
This thesis are dedicated to
Fiancee Mohd Hilmi bin Abdullah
Ayah
Amat bin Maswan
Mak Nor’Aini bt Awang
Abang
Mohd Idzuan
Adik Nor Anizah
Thanks for your loves, understand and continuous support
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. Thanks to Allah S.W.T, whom with His willing giving me the
opportunity to complete this thesis writing. In particular, I wish to express my sincere
appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Halim bin Setan and co-supervisor Dr.
Zulkepli bin Majid for their encouragement, guidance, tolerance and patience.
Without their continuous support and interest, this thesis would not have been the
same as presented here.
I also wish to express my thankful to the following people whose have
assisted me in the implementation of this research, which includes Mohd Hilmi
Abdullah, Dr. Khairul Nizam, Dr. Mohd Farid, Noor Anim Zanariah, Siti Nurul
Jannah and Nor Azira, Wani Sofia, Farah Liyana, and Fadzlina Aini. All projects
during the program would be nothing without their enthusiasm, encouragements and
cooperation from all of you. Also thanks to all of my friends, members of
Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Research Group, and everyone that have been
contributed by supporting my work and help myself during this research progress till
it is fully completed.
Last, but not the least, I am also grateful to my family members who give me all the
support that I need.
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ABSTRACT
Aerial photogrammetry data is commonly used to develop three-dimensional (3D) city model. There are some problems in constructing 3D city model by using aerial photogrammetry including the difficulties in recognition of small buildings and levels of details of building geometry is limited. Besides that, newly constructed buildings are not recorded in the aerial image. In order to improve aerial photogrammetry data for 3D city model development, this research was conducted by integrating aerial photogrammetry data with close-range photogrammetry data. This study also verifies the levels of details of buildings achieved by close-range photogrammetry. The base model and building model are the main components of 3D city model. The base model was developed from aerial photogrammetry data and consists of Digital Terrain Model. The building models were generated from aerial and close-range photogrammetry data. Aerial photogrammetry was used to generate the whole buildings in the study area, while close-range photogrammetry was used to develop the small building that is difficult to recognize and new building that is not recorded in aerial image. The buildings from aerial and close-range photogrammetry were integrated with the base model to form 3D city model. At the end of this study, the 3D city model was presented in 3D visualization. The building models from close-range photogrammetry were evaluated in terms of levels of details, geometry and accuracy. In conclusion, the building models from close-range photogrammetry have achieved levels of details of level three where building geometry consists of architectural elements such as windows and doors. The accuracy of the building models from close-range photogrammetry is less than one centimeter when compared with measurement from total station Leica TCR 307. Furthermore, the integration of aerial and close-range photogrammetry have contributed in terms of updating the building models in 3D city model data.
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ABSTRAK
Data fotogrametri udara sering digunakan untuk membangunkan model tiga dimensi (3D) bandar. Terdapat beberapa masalah dalam membina model 3D bandar dengan menggunakan fotogrametri udara termasuklah kesukaran dalam mengenalpasti bangunan kecil dan tahap butiran bagi geometri bangunan adalah terhad. Di samping itu, bangunan yang baru dibina tidak direkodkan di dalam imej udara. Dalam usaha untuk menambahbaik data fotogrametri udara untuk pembangunan model 3D bandar, kajian ini dijalankan dengan mengintegrasikan data fotogrametri udara dengan data fotogrametri jarak dekat. Kajian ini juga menentukan tahap butiran bangunan yang dicapai oleh fotogrametri jarak dekat. Model dasar dan model bangunan merupakan komponen utama model 3D bandar. Model dasar dibangunkan daripada data fotogrametri udara dan ianya terdiri daripada Model Permukaan Digital. Model bangunan pula dibangunkan dari data fotogrametri udara dan jarak dekat. Fotogrametri udara telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan keseluruhan bangunan di kawasan kajian, manakala fotogrametri jarak dekat telah digunakan untuk membangunkan bangunan kecil yang sukar untuk dikenalpasti dan bangunan baru yang tidak direkod dalam imej udara. Bangunan-bangunan dari fotogrametri udara dan jarak dekat diintegrasikan dengan model dasar untuk membentuk model 3D bandar. Pada akhir kajian ini, model 3D bandar dibentangkan dalam visualisasi 3D. Model-model bangunan daripada fotogrametri jarak dekat dinilai dari segi tahap butiran, geometri dan ketepatan. Sebagai kesimpulan, model-model bangunan daripada fotogrametri jarak dekat telah mencapai tahap butiran tahap yang ketiga dimana geometri bangunan terdiri daripada unsur-unsur seni bina seperti tingkap dan pintu. Ketepatan model bangunan daripada fotogrametri jarak dekat adalah kurang daripada satu sentimeter apabila dibandingkan dengan pengukuran dari alat total station Leica TCR 307. Di samping itu, integrasi fotogrametri udara dan jarak dekat telah menyumbang dari segi mengemaskini model-model bangunan dalam data model 3D bandar.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
THESIS STATUS DECLARATION
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 6
1.6 Research Methodology 7
1.7 Structure of the Chapter 9
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2 REVIEWS ON 3D CITY MODEL
AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 3D City Model Characteristic 10
2.3 Classification of 3D City Model 14
2.4 Levels of Details (LoD) 15
2.5 The 3D City Modeling Method 17
2.5.1 Manual Modeling Method 17
2.5.2 Automatic Modeling Method 18
2.5.3 Semi-Automatic Modeling Method 19
2.6 Data Sources 20
2.6.1 Photogrammetry Approach in 3D City model 21
2.7 Photogrammetry State of the Art 24
2.7.1 Aerial Photogrammetry 25
2.7.1.1 Digital Video Plotter System
(Digital Photogrammetric System) 25
2.7.1.2 Image Orientation 26
2.7.1.3 Features Extraction 29
2.7.1.4 Orthophoto 29
2.7.2 Reconstuction of 3D City by using
Aerial Photogrammetry 30
2.7.3 Close-Range Photogrammetry 32
2.7.3.1 Close-Range Photogrammetry Camera 33
2.7.3.2 Camera Calibration 34
2.7.3.3 PhotoModeler Software 35
2.8 Discussion on Photogrammetry
Approach in 3D City Model 37
3 METHODOLOGY 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Planning 41
3.2.1 Data Sources and Study Area 41
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3.2.2 Research Instruments and Software 43
3.2.2.1 Aerial Photogrammetry Instrument and Software 43
3.2.2.2 Close-Range Photogrammetry Instrument
and Sofware 44
3.2.2.3 Integration and Visualize Software 46
3.3 Research Procedure 48
3.3.1 Close-Range Photogrammetry Data Collection 48
3.3.1.1 Planning on Close-Range Photogrammetry
Data Acquisition 49
3.3.1.2 Camera Calibration 50
3.3.1.3 Image Acqusition 54
3.3.1.4 Measurement 56
3.4 Data Processing 59
3.4.1 The Development of Base Model 59
3.4.1.1 Aerial Images Processing 60
3.4.1.2 Base model Generation 63
3.4.2 The Development of Building Model 67
3.4.2.1 Building Model from Aerial Photogrammetry 67
3.4.2.2 Building Model from Close-Range
Photogrammetry 69
3.4.3 The Integration of Base and Building Model 72
3.5 Visualisation 74
3.5.1 Visual Effect 74
3.5.2 Animation 75
3.5.3 Viewer 79
4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Camera Calibration Result 84
4.3 Base Model Visualisation 85
4.4 The 3D building model 87
4.4.1 3D Building Model from Aerial Photogrammetry 87
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4.4.2 3D Building Model from Close-Range
Photogrammetry 88
4.4.2.1 Building 1 88
4.3.2.2 Building 2 90
4.5 3D City Model Integration 91
4.6 Visualisation Output 92
4.6.1 3D City Model VS 2D Digital Map 96
4.6.2 Level of Details (LoD) Visual Analysis 97
4.7 Close-Range Photogrammetry 3D Building Analysis 98
4.7.1 Processing Analysis 98
4.7.2 PhotoModeler Accuracy Assessment 100
4.7.3 Measurement Accuracy Assessment 101
4.7.3.1 Coordinates Analyses 102
4.7.3.1 Distance Analyses 105
4.8 Research Implementation Problem 107
5 CONCLUSION 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Conclusion 109
5.3 Recommendations 113
REFERENCES 114
Appendices A - D 121-163
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Quality classification, types of data and
levels of details (LoD) 15
2.2 Levels of details (LoD) in CityGML
(Kolbe et al., 2005) 16
3.1 Situation and CRP method 50
4.1 Camera Calibration Result 85
4.2 Accuracy Assessment for Building 1 100
4.3 Accuracy Assessment for Building 2 101
4.4 Coordinates comparison from PhotoModeler and
Total Station for Building 1 103
4.5 Coordinates comparison from PhotoModeler and
Total Station for Building 2 105
4.6 Measurement between Total Station and PhotoModeler
for Building 1 105
4.7 Measurement between Total Station and PhotoModeler
for Building 1 106
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE
1.1 Berlin 3D City Model (Jurgen et al., 2006) 3
1.2 Research Methodology Flow Chart 7
2.1 The DTM and the 3D building models
(Borovsky et al., 2005) 11
2.2 The DTM in rectangular grid structure. 12
2.3 The DTM in TIN structure 12
2.4 The representation of the 3D building model
(a) block model. (b) building model with architecture
elements (Dollner et.al, 2005) 13
2.5 Combination of 2D Digital Map, aerial images data,
and LIDAR data in the production of automatic
3D city model (Takase et al., 2003) 18
2.6 The 3D city model using aerial images
(Flamanc et al., 2003) 22
2.7 Building generalization (Flamanc et al., 2003) 22
2.8 The 3D city model produces by combining of aerial
images and terrestrial images (Haala et al., 1998) 23
2.9 DVP system 26
2.10 Transformation between photographic coordinate
system and image coordinate system (DVP, 2003). 27
2.11 Fiducial Mark 27
2.12 Relative orientation (DVP, 2003) 28
2.13 Feature extractions from raster images to vector file. 29
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2.14 Vector data in 2D plane (Emem and Batuk,2002) 31
2.15 The representation of 3D city model
(Emem and Batuk,2002) 32
2.16 Minimum two photographs for terrestrial
photogrammetry (Vesna, 2008) 32
2.17 Bundle of light rays from object points (Scarmana,2010) 35
2.18 Architecture model by using PhotoModeler
(Tunc et al., 2004) 36
3.1 The methodology framework of the development
of 3D city model 39
3.2 Stereo of Aerial Images 42
3.3 Digital Photogrammetry System (DPS) 44
3.4 Canon EOS 500D Digital Camera 44
3.5 PhotoModeler 6 software 45
3.6 Total Station Leica TCR307 45
3.7 ArcScene Software 46
3.8 Flow to acquiring CRP images 48
3.9 The location of Building 1 and Building 2 49
3.10 The six images of the building 51
3.11 Camera position 52
3.12 Getting Started dialog box 52
3.13 Points marking on the images 53
3.14 Process dialog box 54
3.15 Convergent Photographs 54
3.16 Ring method 55
3.17 Building 1 (a) Image with obstacle ,
(b) Image without obstacle 56
3.18 Location of control points at Building 1. 57
3.19 Measuring Detail Survey 57
3.20 Building 1 control stations and point coordinates 58
3.21 Building 2 control stations and point coordinates 58
3.22 Flowchart of development of base model 59
3.23 Interior Orientation 60
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3.24 Points at the left and right images are
marked at the same places 61
3.25 Stereo model imported from stereo orientation process. 62
3.26 Digitising building base and rooftop 62
3.27 Orthophoto result from DVP 63
3.28 Layer classification process 64
3.29 DXF file after layer classification task 65
3.30 Spot Height Layer in ArcScene 65
3.31 TIN creation using 3D Analyst tools 65
3.32 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 66
3.33 The rooftop is not display as a roof when the extrude
function is applied on the roof layer 67
3.34 Process of extrude buildings base outlines into the
height of roof top 68
3.35 Buildings after the texturing in Google Sketch-up 69
3.36 The processing step to generate 3D building by
using PhotoModeler 69
3.37 Referencing between the two images 70
3.38 The digitized images 71
3.39 Dialog box from Three Point Rotation menu 71
3.40 Building polygon in ArcScene 72
3.41 Building model in Google Sketch Up 73
3.42 Building model after applied 3ds file as textures 73
3.43 Process to convert the point to symbol 75
3.44 Animation Tool 75
3.45 Animation Menu 76
3.46 Create Animation Keyframe dialog box 76
3.47 Animation Manager 77
3.48 Initial viewing position and second viewing position 77
3.49 Animation Control 78
3.50 Export Animation as Video dialog box 78
3.51 New Project dialog box 79
3.52 Form window 79
3.53 ESRI Controls Toolbar 80
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3.54 Tab component placing in the Form 80
3.55 The ESRI Control Toolbar placed on the form 81
3.56 Property Pages for Scene Control toolbar 82
3.57 2D Viewer with ESRI Toolbar 82
4.1 Visualization of base model 86
4.2 Base model with photorealistic terrain, building outline
and trees symbol 86
4.3 The 3D Building Model Generated from
Aerial Photogrammetry Data 87
4.4 Wireframe 3D building model 88
4.5 Solid 3D building model 89
4.6 Photorelistic 3D building model 89
4.7 Wireframe model 90
4.8 Solid model 90
4.9 Photorealistic 3D building model 91
4.10 Buildings model with textures exported to the base model 91
4.11 (a) Building 1 and
(b) Building 2 integrated with base model 92
4.12 Animation scene is playback on the windows
media player 93
4.13 3D Viewer 94
4.14 2D Viewer 94
4.15 3D buildings models from CRP in the viewer 95
4.16 Navigate tool, flythrough tool, or zoom tool 95
4.17 UTM area (a) 2D digital map, (b) base model 96
4.18 Different LoD of building model between the base model
and close-range photogrammetry 97
4.19 Building 1 with successful processing
and the total error 0.007 98
4.20 Building 2 with successful processing
and the total error 0.137 99
4.21 Location of control points at Building 1 102
4.22 Location of control points at Building 2 104
4.23 Obstacle around the Building 2 107
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CAD Computer Aided Design
CRP Close-Range Photogrammetry
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DVP Digital Video Plotter
DXF Drawing Exchange Format
DTM Digital Terrain Model
KML Keyhole Markup Language
LoD Levels of Details
LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging
GIS Geographic Information System
IT Internet Technology
GML Geography Markup Languange
TIN Triangular Irregular Network
2D Two-Dimensional
3D Three-Dimensional
3ds 3D Studio Max
Mdb Multipatch database
VRML Virtual Reality Markup Language
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Manual on Close-Range Photogrammetry (Crp) Data
Processing Using PhotoModeler 6 121
B Aerial Photogrammetry Processing using DVP 136
C Layer Classification 159
D PhotoModeler Project Report 163
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The development of three-dimensional (3D) city model has been widely used
for data management, urban planning, environmental visualisation, and mapping.
Generally, there are various meanings or terms to describe the 3D city model.
Marcel and Dieter (2004) stated that 3D city models refer to a semantic description
of objects in a city including 3D information. The 3D city model consist of
fundamental component such as Digital Terrain Model (DTM), building models,
street space models, and green space models (Jurgen et al., 2006). Therefore, the
meaning of 3D city models can be simplified to the representation 3D graphic of city
in the real world.
In developing 3D city model, it is important to choose the appropriate data
and suitable method (Kobayashi, 2007 and Ziuriene, 2003). There are three methods
which can be used to build the 3D city model; traditional, automatic, and semi-
automatic methods. Automatic and semi-automatic methods are currently used to
generate 3D city model as compared to manual method. This is because, manual
method requires enormous time to manually develop 3D city model (Takase et al.,
2003). Automatic method is the fastest method in developing 3D city model.
However, the problem occurs to acquiring the laser profiler data such as Light
Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). The cost of data acquisition is too expensive and
need high performance computer to handle large amount of data. The semi-
automatic method is preferred by most users in developing 3D city model. This is
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because, the semi-automatic method uses photogrammetry approach such as aerial
images to develop 3D city model which save time compared to the automatic
method. The data for this method is easy to acquire base on previous aerial
photogrammetry survey.
The demands for 3D city models in mapping, planning and navigation has
recently raised great attention from worldwide Geographic Information System (GIS)
users, environmental agencies, survey department, researchers and private
companies. In Germany, the application of 3D city model has been expanded to real-
time visualisation. The 3D city of Stuttgart, Germany was developed to visualise the
3D Urban Landscape in real-time by using open source software (Kada et al., 2003).
The real-time visualisation of 3D city model has becoming more useful and
interactive because the 3D has the capabilities to walking or flying through the
model.
In addition, the growing numbers of mobile navigation subscribers attract
researchers and private companies in extending their mobile navigation two-
dimensional (2D) map into 3D map thus improving the 3D visualization to the
realistic visualization. Mobile Navigation with 3D city models (MONA3D) is one of
the examples for the application of 3D city model in mobile device (Coors and Zipf,
2007).
Nowadays, the need of 3D city model has raised great attention from local
government to manage and visualise their country. The importance of 3D city model
has raised attention from Senate Departments of Economics and Urban Development
of Berlin to manage the urban development. In 2003, Senate Departments of
Economics and Urban Development of Berlin has established the requirement to
identify the city model system for integrating, managing, presenting, and distributing
complex urban geoinformation (Jurgen et al., 2006). Figure 1.1 shows the 3D city
model of Berlin developed for tourism, entertainment, and public participation.
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Figure 1.1 Berlin 3D City Models (Jurgen et al., 2006)
Since Malaysia experiencing the advancement in Information Technology,
Malaysia should develop the 3D city model for mapping, urban planning and
management. Furthermore, the implementation of 3D city model for research
purposes should be extended. Small steps been taken in order to develop the Virtual
Cities of Malaysia by signing memorandum of understanding (MoU) between
Malaysia and Safa Rayaneh which is the Iranian multi-national company (Shamsiah,
2007). However, the mission are not well established because the Safa Rayaneh 3D
city model is only targeting to market their software in Malaysia without providing a
well established method and procedure to develop the 3D city model. Therefore,
further research on 3D city model should discover in order to find a well-established
method and procedure to develop the 3D city model.
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1.2 Problem Statement
Aerial photogrammetry is a low cost method in 3D city model development
compare to LIDAR and mostly used in developing the 3D city model. In the earlier
production of 3D city model by using aerial photogrammetry, Vermeij and Zlatanova
(2001) had reconstructed the building model as a block model. The block model is
extracted by digitizing the building shape from the roof view on the aerial images.
Textures and roof is not visualised in the block model and this is categorised into
Levels of Details one (LoD1) in 3D city model development. Flamanc etal., (2003),
improved the 3D building model by adding roof on top of the block model without
textures. Then it followed by Kobayashi (2007), who improved the building model
textures and geometry.
However, there is still some constraint in developing building model from
aerial images such as the recognition of the small building in aerial images. The
problems are due to the resolution of aerial images and the obstacle prevents from
getting the information of building. In addition, the information of new constructed
building does not exist in aerial images. To acquire the new aerial images is too
expensive due to the cost for flight operation.
At present, the interest of LoD of buildings became the main topic in 3D city
model development. The high LoD represent the details façade and geometry of the
buildings. The facade and geometry of the building from aerial images is visible
from the air. The architectural instalments such as windows, door or balconies are
not visible in aerial images. In order to achieve the high LoD, the aerial data could
not provide the high LoD. An external data is required to combine with aerial data.
The external data from the ground might be suitable data that can be used to
develop high LoD of building in 3D city model development. The data from total
station, terrestrial laser scanning, and close-range photogrammetry (CRP) are
possible to use as external data. This study used CRP as an external data to develop
the 3D city model. The objectives of the study related to the 3D city model
development are explained in Section 1.3.
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1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this study are:-
i. To develop the simulation of 3D city model using photogrammetry approach
by integrating aerial and close-range photogrammetry (CRP).
ii. To verify the LoD of buildings achieved by CRP in 3D city model
development and to evaluate the quality of 3D model from the CRP in terms
of the geometry and textures.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is given below:
i. To develop the simulation of 3D city model by combining the data from aerial
photogrammetry and CRP. Research area is located at Lingkaran Ilmu,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai. The UTM area is selected as a
simulation of a city even though it is not a city.
ii. Aerial photogrammetry is used to extract the 3D information for the
development of base model and building model. The data acquisition of aerial
photogrammetry is not part of this study but the data are taken from the
existing data provided by the Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM).
The procedure of aerial photogrammetry includes the process to extract 3D
information which used to develop the base model. The Digital Video Plotter
(DVP) software is used for aerial images processing.
iii. The CRP is used to reconstruct the 3D building which cannot be extracted from
aerial images. To construct the 3D building model, CANON EOS 500D digital
camera and Photomodeler 6.0 software are used.
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iv. To generate the base model and integrate the base with 3D building by using
the ArcScene software.
v. Two types of visualisation are created as the presentation of the 3D city model.
The first visualisation is an animation of the 3D city model which present in
video format. The second visualisation is created as the viewer which the 3D
city model can be navigated through the viewer. The visualisation of the 3D
city model is created using ArcScene and Visual Basic 6.0.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The development of 3D city model gives potential benefits to the urban
development process especially in managing and visualising the urban changes of a
city. The visualisation of the city in 3D animation is more consistent in various
aspects especially in architectural, planning and management. Therefore, the
development of 3D UTM Campus is the initial stage to put into practice the 3D city
model environment into the Malaysian surroundings.
In addition, this study consists of several contributions:-
i. 3D photogrammetric mapping.
Currently, the photogrammetry can serve 3D data but it is used to produce the
2D map. This study uses photogrammetry to develop 3D model and the
method of this study gives potential to moves forward from 2D mapping into
3D mapping.
ii. Low-cost method in the development of 3D City model.
The development of 3D city model by using photogrammetry approach is low
cost method as compared to the laser scanning method in term of data
acquisition and data processing.
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iii. Update the 3D city model
The use of CRP in 3D city model development can be used as an alternative
to updates the data in existing 3D city model especially in updating the new
developed building which are not available in the existing 3D city model.
1.6 Research Methodology
The research methodology of this study is described in the flow chart as
shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Research methodology flow chart
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Literature Reviews
Problem Formulation
Results and Analysis
Conclusion and Recommendations
Planning
Propose method framework, software and data source, area of
the study
Implementation
- Data Acquisition - Data processing - 3D Visualisation
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Based on Figure 1.2, there are five phases of the research; literature reviews,
planning, implementation, results and analysis, conclusion and recommendations.
i. Literature Review (Phase 1)
Literature reviews compiles the references based on the 3D city model that
covered in term of data sources, methods and reviews on previous methods.
The relevant research previously had done on this topic serves as guidelines
to this research purposes.
ii. Planning (Phase 2)
The planning includes data selection, study area, data acquisition and data
processing. The details of the methodology framework are discussed in
Section 3.1.
iii. Implementation (Phase 3)
The implementation in this research includes data collection, data processing
and 3D visualisation of 3D city model. In developing 3D city model, there
are three important stages; the development of base model, building
reconstruction and integration process. The first stage of this study does not
involve the data collection process because the development of the base
model used the existing data. The existing data is the aerial photogrammetry
data. The second stage involves close-range photogrammetric data
collection. The data processing starts at the beginning of the project until at
the end of the project. The final product of this study is the visualization of
the 3D city model.
iv. Results and Analysis (Phase 4)
The result of this study covers the presentation of the base model, 3D
building model and the visualization of the 3D city model after the
integration process. The analyses in this study are focuses on the visual and
quality of 3D building model that have been developed. In addition, the
results of 3D building model from CRP are evaluated to know the ability of
CRP in developing 3D city model.
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v. Conclusion and Recommendations (Phase 5)
The conclusion of this study related to the results and analysis. The
recommendations are made to improve the quality in the future studies.
1.7 Structure of the Chapters
This research is divided into five chapters :-
i. Chapter 1 : Introduction
This chapter discussed the topic of the research such as background of the
study, problem statement, objectives, scope, and significance of the study and
research methodology.
ii. Chapter 2 : Reviews on 3D city model and Photogrammetry
The reviews on 3D city model and Photogrammetry are discussed in this
chapter.
iii. Chapter 3 : Methodology
This chapter deals with the whole method in developing the 3D city model
including data collection and data processing.
iv. Chapter 4 : Results and Analysis
The result and analysis are discussed in this chapter. Result shows the
visualization of 3D city model with building model from aerial and close-
range photogrammetry. Visual analysis and accuracy assessment of base
model, and building model from CRP are also discussed in this chapter.
v. Chapter 5 : Conclusion
This chapter consists of conclusion of the research, problems occurred during
research implementation and recommendation on future research.
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REFERENCES
Adams, L.P. (1980). The Use of Non-Metric Cameras in Short Range
Photogrammetry. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote
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