The ‘ins’ and ‘outs’ · PDF file · 2014-12-14Each bronchus...
Transcript of The ‘ins’ and ‘outs’ · PDF file · 2014-12-14Each bronchus...
Respiration
The ins and outs
Functions
1. To bring O2 into the body and transfer it to the blood stream
2. To remove CO2
Circulation and respiration work together to achieve these functions
Why Do We Need Oxygen? Oxygen acts as a fnal hydrogen acceptor in
cell respiration
Recall Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
- ATP is the energy for the cell and therefore requires oxygen to be present for the energy to be released.
Respiratory Surface The surface through which gas exchange takes
place
Characteristics:1. Thin walled for diffusion2. Moist for dissolving gases3. In contact with a source of O24. In contact with a system that transports O2
Respiration
The process that involves:a) Inhaling and exhaling of airb) Exchange of gases between
cells and environmentc) Chemical reactions where O2
used to release energy from food
Inspiration Rib cage moves up
and out. Diaphragm and
intercostal musclescontract.
Diaphragm movesdown and flattens
Pressure in lungsdecreases and airrushes in.
Expiration Rib cage moves down
and in. Diaphragm and
intercostalmuscles relax.
Diaphragm moves up. Pressure in lungs
increases and air ispushed out.
Negative Feedback Cycle see curriculum online
Internal Respiration
The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues.
Oxygen diffuses out of blood and into tissues.
Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of tissues and into blood.
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between the air and the alveoli in the lungs.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and into the lungs (alveoli)
Oxygen diffuses into the blood and out of the lungs (alveoli).
During external respiration, oxygen must travel through these structures (in the following order):1. Nostril2. Nasal cavity3. Pharynx4. Glottis5. Larynx (includes vocal cords)6. Trachea7. Bronchus (pl. bronchi)8. Bronchiole (pl. bronchioles)9. Alveolar ducts10. Alveolus (pl. alveoli)
From here, oxygen enters the body through the capillaries, this is the start of internal respiration
1. Nostril Air enters the nostril Nostril has hairs and
mucus Hairs trap large particles Mucus traps smaller
particles, bacteria, and moistens the air
2. Nasal Cavity/Nose Separated from the mouth by a
bony plate called the hard plate Turbinate bones:
Extend into the nasal cavity to increase the amount of surface area
Helps warm the air Functions:
Air warmed, moistened and cleaned
Lining of the nasal cavity contains many blood vessels that warms the air
Secretes mucus which moistens and traps dust and particles
Has cilia small hair like structures that trap particles
3. Pharynx Tube common to both
respiratory and digestive systems
Starts at the back of the nasal cavity and extends to the larynx (voice box)
Larynx Box like structure at opening of the respiratory pathway Formed by cartilage
Trachea Wind Pipe Tube that extends from the
larynx into the throat Divides into two smaller
tubes: Right bronchi Left bronchi
Made of smooth muscle that has c-shaped rings of cartilage embedded
Keeps the trachea from collapsing and ensures that it is always open
Trachea Diagram
Bronchi Supported by rings of cartilage Branch into smaller tubes The smallest tubes are the bronchioles Alveolar ducts:
At the end of the bronchioles that lead into the alveoli Alveoli (s. alveolus):
Air sacs where gas exchange takes place
Bronchi Diagram
Gas Exchange in Alveoli
Lungs Each bronchus with all of its bronchioles, alveolar ducts
and alveoli is a lung No muscle Elastic
Responds passively to the action of the ribs muscles and diaphragm
Right lung: Larger than the left lung Has three lobes: upper, middle, and lower
Left lung: Has two lobes: upper and lower
External Membranes of the Lungs There are two external membranes surrounding the lungs
Parietal pleura Pulmonary pleura
These two membranes have water sandwiched in between them
This fluid is called interpleural fluid Indirectly connects the lungs to the ribcage
Lung Diagram
External Membranes of the Lungs Diagram
Mechanics of Breathing Involuntary:
Proceeds without thought Voluntary:
Control can occur but eventually you would get tired Involuntary would take over
Diaphragm: Dome shaped muscle laying above the waistline Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Thoracic cavity: is the space in your chest above the diaphragm Abdominal cavity: is the space of your abdominal area
Intercostal muscles: Attach 12 ribs Have you ever eaten ribs before? Then you have been eating
intercostal muscles
Diaphragm Diagram
Intercostal Muscles Diagram
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