THE THE INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

CHAPTER 7, SECTION 1CHAPTER 7, SECTION 1

““DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE”AGE”

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS FOLLOWING FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS FOLLOWING THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION, MOST THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION, MOST PEOPLE LIVED AND WORKED IN SMALL PEOPLE LIVED AND WORKED IN SMALL FARMING VILLAGES. FARMING VILLAGES.

HOWEVER, A CHAIN OF EVENTS SET IN HOWEVER, A CHAIN OF EVENTS SET IN MOTION IN THE MID-1700s CHANGED MOTION IN THE MID-1700s CHANGED THAT WAY OF LIFE FOR ALL TIME. THAT WAY OF LIFE FOR ALL TIME. TODAY WE CALL THIS PERIOD OF TODAY WE CALL THIS PERIOD OF CHANGE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.CHANGE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

BEGINNING IN BEGINNING IN BRITAIN…BRITAIN… The economic changes that Britain The economic changes that Britain

experienced affected people’s lives as experienced affected people’s lives as much as previous political changes and much as previous political changes and revolutions had. revolutions had.

In contrast with most political In contrast with most political revolutions, it was neither sudden nor revolutions, it was neither sudden nor swift. Instead, it was a long, slow swift. Instead, it was a long, slow uneven process in which production uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines. *spread complex machines. *spread worldwide….worldwide….

FROM THE 1750s TO THE FROM THE 1750s TO THE 1850s, SIGNIFICANT 1850s, SIGNIFICANT CHANGE!CHANGE! In 1750, most people worked the land, In 1750, most people worked the land,

using handmade tools. They lived in using handmade tools. They lived in simple cottages lit by firelight and simple cottages lit by firelight and candles. They made their own candles. They made their own clothing and grew their own food.clothing and grew their own food.

With the onset of the Industrial With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the rural way of life began Revolution, the rural way of life began to disappear. By the 1850s, many to disappear. By the 1850s, many country villages had grown into country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities. Those who industrial towns and cities. Those who lived there were able to buy clothing lived there were able to buy clothing and food that someone else produced. and food that someone else produced.

AGRICULTURE SPURS AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRYINDUSTRY ODDLY ENOUGH, THE INDUSTRIAL ODDLY ENOUGH, THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART REVOLUTION WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPEAN BY CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPEAN FARMING.FARMING.

FROM THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL FROM THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION SOME 11,000 YEARS AGE TO REVOLUTION SOME 11,000 YEARS AGE TO ABOUT 300 YEARS AGO, FARMING HAD ABOUT 300 YEARS AGO, FARMING HAD REMAINED PRETTY MUCH THE SAME.REMAINED PRETTY MUCH THE SAME.

THEN A 2THEN A 2NDND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE THAT GREATLY IMPROVED THE TOOK PLACE THAT GREATLY IMPROVED THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FARM QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FARM PRODUCTS.PRODUCTS.

KEY PEOPLE IN KEY PEOPLE IN AGRICULTURE…AGRICULTURE…

Charles TownshendCharles Townshend

ENGLISHMANENGLISHMAN HELPED ADVANCE HELPED ADVANCE

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT/ OUTPUT/ PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

URGED FARMERS URGED FARMERS TO GROW TURNIPS TO GROW TURNIPS WHICH RESTORED WHICH RESTORED EXHAUSTED SOIL.EXHAUSTED SOIL.

JETHRO TULLJETHRO TULL

INVENTED THE SEED DRILL, A INVENTED THE SEED DRILL, A NEW MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT NEW MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT HELPED FARMERSHELPED FARMERS– IT DEPOSITED SEEDS IN A ROW IT DEPOSITED SEEDS IN A ROW

RATHER THAN SCATTERING THEM RATHER THAN SCATTERING THEM WASTEFULLY OVER THE LAND.WASTEFULLY OVER THE LAND.

– MORE EFFICIENCY = GREATER MORE EFFICIENCY = GREATER PRODUCTION!!!!!!!!!PRODUCTION!!!!!!!!!*WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THAT?*WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THAT?

NEW TECHNOLOGY NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY…BECOMES KEY… ANOTHER FACTOR THAT HELPED TRIGGER ANOTHER FACTOR THAT HELPED TRIGGER

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY.DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY.

AIDED BY NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY AND AIDED BY NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY AND NEW MATERIALS, THESE NEW NEW MATERIALS, THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ENABLED BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES ENABLED BUSINESS OWNERS TO CHANGE THE WAYS WORK WAS OWNERS TO CHANGE THE WAYS WORK WAS DONE.DONE.

*NOTE: THE IMPORTANCEOF THE DUALITY OF *NOTE: THE IMPORTANCEOF THE DUALITY OF COAL – POWER SOURCE & VITAL IN THE COAL – POWER SOURCE & VITAL IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON, A MATERIAL NEEDED PRODUCTION OF IRON, A MATERIAL NEEDED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES AND FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES AND STEAM ENGINES.STEAM ENGINES.

THOMAS NEWCOMENTHOMAS NEWCOMEN

BRITISH INVENTORBRITISH INVENTOR IN 1712, HE DEVELOPED A STEAM IN 1712, HE DEVELOPED A STEAM

ENGINE TO POWERED BY COAL ENGINE TO POWERED BY COAL TO PUMP WATER OUT OF MINES. TO PUMP WATER OUT OF MINES.

JAMES WATTJAMES WATT

IMPROVED UPON NEWCOMEN’S INVENTION IMPROVED UPON NEWCOMEN’S INVENTION IN 1764 & BECAME “THE FATHER OF THE IN 1764 & BECAME “THE FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF WORK, AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF WORK, WATT’S ENGINE WOULD BECOME A KEY WATT’S ENGINE WOULD BECOME A KEY POWER SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL POWER SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

**THE STEAM ENGINE OPENED THE DOOR **THE STEAM ENGINE OPENED THE DOOR NOT ONLY TO OPERATING MACHINERY NOT ONLY TO OPERATING MACHINERY BUT EVENTUALLY TO POWERING BUT EVENTUALLY TO POWERING LOCOMOTIVES AND STEAMSHIPS.LOCOMOTIVES AND STEAMSHIPS.

ABRAHAM DARBYABRAHAM DARBY

USED COAL TO SMELT IRONUSED COAL TO SMELT IRON PRODUCED LESS EXPENSIVE AND PRODUCED LESS EXPENSIVE AND

BETTER QUALITY IRON, WHICH WAS BETTER QUALITY IRON, WHICH WAS USED TO PRODUCE PARTS FOR STEAM USED TO PRODUCE PARTS FOR STEAM ENGINESENGINES

SON & GRANDSON CONTINUED TO SON & GRANDSON CONTINUED TO IMPROVE ON HIS METHODSIMPROVE ON HIS METHODS– ABRAHAM DARBY III BUILT THE WORLD’S ABRAHAM DARBY III BUILT THE WORLD’S

FIRST IRON BRIDGE.FIRST IRON BRIDGE.

KEY TERMSKEY TERMS

ANESTHETIC: DRUG THAT PREVENTS PAIN ANESTHETIC: DRUG THAT PREVENTS PAIN DURING SURGERY. FIRST USED BETWEEN DURING SURGERY. FIRST USED BETWEEN 1830-1855 BY AN AMERICAN DENTIST1830-1855 BY AN AMERICAN DENTIST

ENCLOSURE: THE PROCESS OF TAKING ENCLOSURE: THE PROCESS OF TAKING OVER AND CONSOLIDATING LAND OVER AND CONSOLIDATING LAND FORMERLY SHARED BY PEASANT FARMERS. FORMERLY SHARED BY PEASANT FARMERS.

SMELT: MELT IN ORDER TO GET THE PURE SMELT: MELT IN ORDER TO GET THE PURE METAL AWAY FROM ITS WASTE MATTER.METAL AWAY FROM ITS WASTE MATTER.

Describe how the Describe how the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution changed daily life, changed daily life, becoming a turning becoming a turning point in history?point in history? THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHANGED WHERE AND HOW CHANGED WHERE AND HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND HOW THEY PEOPLE LIVED AND HOW THEY WORKED AND TRAVELED.WORKED AND TRAVELED.– COMMUNITY / HOUSING COMMUNITY / HOUSING

CHANGES, WORKING CHANGES, WORKING CONDITIONS, AND CONDITIONS, AND TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

Key Question: What was Key Question: What was the impact of steam the impact of steam power and improved power and improved iron?iron? Steam power: important source of Steam power: important source of

energy for operating machinery and energy for operating machinery and eventually powering locomotives and eventually powering locomotives and steamships… efficient means to move steamships… efficient means to move goods and people. (demographics: job goods and people. (demographics: job shifts and population shifts)shifts and population shifts)

Improved iron: important resource / Improved iron: important resource / material for strong/sturdy construction material for strong/sturdy construction for machinery, railroads, bridges and for machinery, railroads, bridges and eventually STEEL!eventually STEEL!

BRITAIN LEADS THE BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY.WAY. OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

– When agricultural practices changed in the 18When agricultural practices changed in the 18thth century, more food was able to be produced, which century, more food was able to be produced, which in turn fueled population growth in Britain.in turn fueled population growth in Britain.

– The agricultural changes also left many farmers The agricultural changes also left many farmers homeless and jobless. homeless and jobless.

– These two factors led to a population boom in the These two factors led to a population boom in the cities as people migrated from rural England into cities as people migrated from rural England into towns and cities. towns and cities.

– This population increase, in turn created a ready This population increase, in turn created a ready supply of labor to mine the coal, build the factories, supply of labor to mine the coal, build the factories, and run the machines. and run the machines.

– Population growth was just ONE factor contributing Population growth was just ONE factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution.to the Industrial Revolution.

WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?

NATURAL RESOURCES ABOUND:NATURAL RESOURCES ABOUND:– COALCOAL– IRON OREIRON ORE– NATURAL PORTSNATURAL PORTS– NAVIGABLE RIVERSNAVIGABLE RIVERS

WATER POWERWATER POWER CANAL CONSTRUCTION FOR INCREASED CANAL CONSTRUCTION FOR INCREASED

TRADETRADE

STST

WHY BRITAIN? (con’t.)WHY BRITAIN? (con’t.)

STABLE GOVERNMENTSTABLE GOVERNMENT WORLD POWERWORLD POWER

– COLONIES COLONIES – CAPITALCAPITAL– ENTERPRISEENTERPRISE– ENTREPRENEURSENTREPRENEURS

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRYTHE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

BRITAIN’S LEADING INDUSTRY BRITAIN’S LEADING INDUSTRY STARTED THE INDUSTRIAL STARTED THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION KEY INVENTORS:KEY INVENTORS:

– JOHN KAYJOHN KAY– JAMES HARGREAVESJAMES HARGREAVES– RICHARD ARKWRIGHTRICHARD ARKWRIGHT

JOHN KAY JOHN KAY

INVENTED THE FLYING SHUTTLE, INVENTED THE FLYING SHUTTLE, 17731773

SPED UP WEAVING SPED UP WEAVING

JAMES HARGREAVESJAMES HARGREAVES

INVENTED THE SPINNING JENNY INVENTED THE SPINNING JENNY WHICH SPUN MANY THREADS AT WHICH SPUN MANY THREADS AT THE SAME TIMETHE SAME TIME

KEY IN INCREASING COTTON KEY IN INCREASING COTTON PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

RICHARD ARKWRIGHTRICHARD ARKWRIGHT

INVENTED THE WATER FRAME, INVENTED THE WATER FRAME, 17691769– A SPINNING MACHINE THAT COULD A SPINNING MACHINE THAT COULD

BE POWERED BY WATERBE POWERED BY WATER

ELI WHITNEYELI WHITNEY

AMERICAN INVENTOR AMERICAN INVENTOR INVENTED THE COTTIN GIN IN INVENTED THE COTTIN GIN IN

1793 1793 – SEPARATED THE SEEDS FROM THE SEPARATED THE SEEDS FROM THE

RAW COTTON AT A FAST RATERAW COTTON AT A FAST RATE

FACTORIES ARE BORN FACTORIES ARE BORN IN BRITAIN!IN BRITAIN! ORIGINALLY, LONG SHEDS BUILT ORIGINALLY, LONG SHEDS BUILT

BY MANUFACTURERS TO HOUSE BY MANUFACTURERS TO HOUSE MACHINES ALONG RIVERS TO MACHINES ALONG RIVERS TO HARNESS WATER POWER.HARNESS WATER POWER.

EVENTUALLY,THESE STRUCTURES EVENTUALLY,THESE STRUCTURES WOULD BE POWERED BY STEAM WOULD BE POWERED BY STEAM ENGINES.ENGINES.

THE TRANSPORTATION THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION MONEY, MONEY, MONEY!MONEY, MONEY, MONEY! As production increased, As production increased,

entrepreneurs needed faster and entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place.goods from place to place.– TURNPIKESTURNPIKES– CANALCANAL– RAILROADSRAILROADS

STEAM LOCOMOTIVESSTEAM LOCOMOTIVES

THE NEW PREFERRED MEANS OF THE NEW PREFERRED MEANS OF TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

NOT BOUND TO RIVER ROUTESNOT BOUND TO RIVER ROUTES GREATER FLEXIBILITYGREATER FLEXIBILITY GEORGE STEPHENSON WAS AN GEORGE STEPHENSON WAS AN

EARLY PIONEER OF THESE…EARLY PIONEER OF THESE…

ONE THING LEADS TO ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHER…ANOTHER… A CHAIN REACTION:A CHAIN REACTION:

– INVENTORS DEVELOPED MACHINES INVENTORS DEVELOPED MACHINES TO PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF TO PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF GOODS MORE EFFICIENCY => GOODS MORE EFFICIENCY => PRICES FELLPRICES FELL

– LOWER PRICES = GREATER DEMANDLOWER PRICES = GREATER DEMAND

ALL GOOD?ALL GOOD?

COULD THERE BE A DOWN SIDE?COULD THERE BE A DOWN SIDE?

WELL, WHAT DO YOU WELL, WHAT DO YOU THINK?THINK?

THINK-SHARE-THINK-SHARE-COMPARECOMPARE THIS ACTIVITY WILL THIS ACTIVITY WILL

BEGIN AS AN BEGIN AS AN INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL FREEWRITE. FREEWRITE.

STUDENTS WILL THEN STUDENTS WILL THEN SHARE THEIR ANSWERS SHARE THEIR ANSWERS & A GROUP PROFILE & A GROUP PROFILE SHOULD BE SHOULD BE COMPLETED.COMPLETED.

EACH GROUP WILL THEN EACH GROUP WILL THEN BE EXPECTED TO SHARE BE EXPECTED TO SHARE THEIR PROFILE WITH THEIR PROFILE WITH THE CLASS.THE CLASS.