Chapters 19 & 21. Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age What was the Industrial Revolution? What was...

Chapters 19 & 21Chapters 19 & 21

Section 1: Dawn of the Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Age Industrial Age

What was the Industrial Revolution?What was the Industrial Revolution? Why was it a turning point in history?Why was it a turning point in history? What country experienced it first?What country experienced it first?

What Caused the Industrial What Caused the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

1. New Agricultural Revolution1. New Agricultural Revolution– What were some of the characteristics?What were some of the characteristics?

Crop rotationCrop rotation Charles “Turnip” TownsendCharles “Turnip” Townsend Jethro Tull’s seed drillJethro Tull’s seed drill Robert Bakewell’s selective breedingRobert Bakewell’s selective breeding

– What was the enclosure movement and why was it so What was the enclosure movement and why was it so important to the early revolution?important to the early revolution?

– What was proto-industrialization or the putting out What was proto-industrialization or the putting out system (cottage industry)? Why important?system (cottage industry)? Why important?

What Caused the Industrial What Caused the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

2. The Population Explosion2. The Population Explosion– What caused it?What caused it?

3. The Energy Revolution3. The Energy Revolution– What was it?What was it?

Movement from animal and manpower Movement from animal and manpower to machine and water powerto machine and water power

– What caused it?What caused it?– The Steam EngineThe Steam Engine

Coal was used to develop the first Coal was used to develop the first steam enginesteam engine

1769 – James Watt improved the steam 1769 – James Watt improved the steam engine originally created by Thomas engine originally created by Thomas NewcomenNewcomen

– 1709 – Darby and Smelting1709 – Darby and Smelting

Section 2: Britain Leads the Section 2: Britain Leads the WayWay

Why Britain?Why Britain?– 1. Natural Resources1. Natural Resources

Large supplies of iron and Large supplies of iron and coal for engines and new coal for engines and new machinesmachines

– 2. 2. Human ResourcesHuman Resources Agriculture revolution left Agriculture revolution left

many small farms looking many small farms looking for work for work

Population explosion Population explosion – 3. New Technology3. New Technology

Center of Scientific Center of Scientific revolution revolution

Britain had plenty skilled Britain had plenty skilled mechanics to meet the mechanics to meet the demand demand


4. Economic Conditions – Capital and 4. Economic Conditions – Capital and DemandDemand– Trade from overseas helped British economy Trade from overseas helped British economy – Business class accumulated capital to invest in Business class accumulated capital to invest in

enterprises such as mines, factories and railroadsenterprises such as mines, factories and railroads– Pop. Expl. Boosted demand for goodsPop. Expl. Boosted demand for goods– General economic prosperity allowed people to buy General economic prosperity allowed people to buy

more hence they demanded moremore hence they demanded more 5. Political and social conditions5. Political and social conditions

– Stable governmentsStable governments– Support economic growth Support economic growth – Strong Navy to support and protect overseas empire – Strong Navy to support and protect overseas empire –

such as Indian colonysuch as Indian colony

Section 2: Britain Leads the Section 2: Britain Leads the WayWay The Age of Iron and CoalThe Age of Iron and Coal

– Iron was needed to create Iron was needed to create machines and enginesmachines and engines

– Fuel to create was running Fuel to create was running out – treesout – trees

– Turn to coalTurn to coal Textile IndustryTextile Industry

– The Early industryThe Early industry Cotton coming from India – Cotton coming from India –

– Major InventionsMajor Inventions– John Kay’s Flying ShuttleJohn Kay’s Flying Shuttle– James Hargreaves’ Spinning James Hargreaves’ Spinning

JennyJenny First Factories – end of the First Factories – end of the

putting out systemputting out system


Revolution in TransportationRevolution in Transportation– TurnpikesTurnpikes– George Stephenson – LocomotiveGeorge Stephenson – Locomotive– American Robert Fulton – steamboat American Robert Fulton – steamboat

Early Economic Changes:Early Economic Changes:– Goods made faster and cheaper= cheaper Goods made faster and cheaper= cheaper

prices for the consumer = More people can prices for the consumer = More people can purchase goodspurchase goods

Section 3: Hardships of Early Section 3: Hardships of Early Industrial LifeIndustrial Life

The New Industrial City The New Industrial City – Example: ManchesterExample: Manchester– Urbanization - growth of cities – Why do people move?Urbanization - growth of cities – Why do people move?

Movement of people to the towns - workMovement of people to the towns - work

– Where did the cities spring up?Where did the cities spring up? They grew up around the factories and the coal and iron minesThey grew up around the factories and the coal and iron mines

– What were some of the conditions in early cities?What were some of the conditions in early cities? Cities contained slums Cities contained slums poor sanitationpoor sanitation no running water - bad hygieneno running water - bad hygiene

– diseasedisease

Early Industrial CitiesEarly Industrial Cities

The Factory SystemThe Factory System The Factory System – What was it like for The Factory System – What was it like for

early workers?early workers?– Rigid DisciplineRigid Discipline– Sick you lost your jobSick you lost your job– Long hours 12-16 hour daysLong hours 12-16 hour days– Losing limbs and fingersLosing limbs and fingers– Coal dust - black lungCoal dust - black lung

Textile workers - lint in the airTextile workers - lint in the air

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Women workersWomen workers More desirable than men More desirable than men Paid lessPaid less adapted more easilyadapted more easily

– Child LaborChild Labor Began with children working Began with children working

on the farm and then moved on the farm and then moved to the factoryto the factory

Hands small - do delicate Hands small - do delicate workwork

Orphans sold to factory Orphans sold to factory owners owners

The Working ClassThe Working Class

ProtestsProtests– Who were the Luddites, Who were the Luddites,

and why did they and why did they protest? How?protest? How?

– Arrested protesters send Arrested protesters send to Australia a penal to Australia a penal colonycolony

– Workers were forbidden Workers were forbidden to form labor unions to form labor unions (Combination Acts of (Combination Acts of 1799; fear of French 1799; fear of French Revolution like revolts)Revolution like revolts)

– Strikes outlawed – why?Strikes outlawed – why?

The Working ClassThe Working Class

Spread of MethodismSpread of Methodism– John Wesley - Methodist John Wesley - Methodist

ChurchChurch– What did he do that What did he do that

reflects the time period?reflects the time period?– What benefits did this What benefits did this

church bring to the lives church bring to the lives of the working class?of the working class?

The New Middle ClassThe New Middle Class

Entrepreneurs set the Entrepreneurs set the industrial revolution in industrial revolution in motion and they motion and they benefited the mostbenefited the most

Who made up the new Who made up the new middle class?middle class?

What were their values?What were their values?– valued hard work - little valued hard work - little

sympathy for the “lazy” sympathy for the “lazy” poorpoor

How did this change How did this change from the Middle Class of from the Middle Class of the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

The New Middle ClassThe New Middle Class

A sign of the New A sign of the New standard of living - standard of living - Middle Class WomenMiddle Class Women– encouraged to be encouraged to be

ladiesladies– Lady-like activities - Lady-like activities -

drawing, embroidery, drawing, embroidery, playing the pianoplaying the piano

– never worked - maidnever worked - maid

Early ChangesEarly Changes Reformers pressed for laws to Reformers pressed for laws to

improve working conditionsimprove working conditions Unions won the right to bargain Unions won the right to bargain

with employers for better wages with employers for better wages and hoursand hours

Eventually working class men Eventually working class men gained the right to vote which gained the right to vote which gave them political powergave them political power

ProblemsProblems– social problems - low pay, social problems - low pay,

unemployment, dismal living unemployment, dismal living conditionsconditions

Positives - as the demand for Positives - as the demand for more products grew, new more products grew, new factories opened creating more factories opened creating more jobsjobs

Wages rose - after the necessities Wages rose - after the necessities people had money left overpeople had money left over

Section 4: New Ways of Section 4: New Ways of ThinkingThinking

Laissez Faire EconomicsLaissez Faire Economics– Adam Smith - capitalistAdam Smith - capitalist

Free Market – unregulated exchange of goods Free Market – unregulated exchange of goods and services Eventually help everyone, not just and services Eventually help everyone, not just the richthe rich

FM -> produce more goods at lower prices FM -> produce more goods at lower prices making them affordable to everyonemaking them affordable to everyone

A growing economy would encourage capitalists A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits into new venturesto reinvest profits into new ventures

– Thomas Malthus - capitalistThomas Malthus - capitalist Grimly predicted civilizations outcome – Grimly predicted civilizations outcome –

population would outpace food supplypopulation would outpace food supply Checks on population war, disease, and famineChecks on population war, disease, and famine


David RicardoDavid Ricardo ““Iron Law of Wages” – when wages were Iron Law of Wages” – when wages were

high families had more children, BUT high families had more children, BUT more children increased the supply of more children increased the supply of labor which led to lower wages and higher labor which led to lower wages and higher unemploymentunemployment

Wages High Families Larger

Increased Labor Supply

High Unemployment

Lower Population

Iron Law of Wages


The UtilitariansThe Utilitarians– Jeremy Bentham – preached the idea that the Jeremy Bentham – preached the idea that the

goal of society should be “the greatest goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens. citizens. Laws or actions should be judged by their Laws or actions should be judged by their

“utility” – did they provide more pleasure than “utility” – did they provide more pleasure than pain?pain?

He supported individual freedom – but saw that He supported individual freedom – but saw that government intervention was needed under government intervention was needed under certain circumstancescertain circumstances

– John Stuart mill – followerJohn Stuart mill – follower supported free market but said it favored the supported free market but said it favored the

strong over the weak.strong over the weak. Also believed in individual freedom, but wanted Also believed in individual freedom, but wanted

gov’t to step in and help the weakgov’t to step in and help the weak– Called for giving the vote to workers and Called for giving the vote to workers and

womenwomen

Emergence of SocialismEmergence of Socialism

SOCIALISM:SOCIALISM: A political system A political system where the means of production are where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.as food, shelter, and medical care.

– Good of society in general – Good of society in general – condemned evils of industrial condemned evils of industrial capitalism – which believed made a capitalism – which believed made a huge gap between the rich and huge gap between the rich and poorpoor

– To end poverty and injustice – To end poverty and injustice – socialismsocialism

– Under socialism – people as whole Under socialism – people as whole rather than private individuals rather than private individuals would own and operate the “means would own and operate the “means of production” – farms factories of production” – farms factories railways and other large businessesrailways and other large businesses

– Goal of socialists - a society that Goal of socialists - a society that operated for the welfare of the operated for the welfare of the peoplepeople

Emergence of SocialismEmergence of Socialism

The UtopiansThe Utopians– Who were they?Who were they?

Robert Owen Robert Owen – What did he do that What did he do that

was revolutionary?was revolutionary?– Lanark – built a Lanark – built a

factory there and factory there and treated all his treated all his employees well employees well

Scientific Socialism – Karl MarxScientific Socialism – Karl Marx Teamed up with Friedrich Engel a German Teamed up with Friedrich Engel a German

socialistsocialist– published the Communist Manifestopublished the Communist Manifesto

communismcommunism – form of socialism that sees – form of socialism that sees class struggle between employer and class struggle between employer and employee as inevitable. In practice, it is employee as inevitable. In practice, it is characterized by state control of the characterized by state control of the economy and restriction of personal economy and restriction of personal freedoms.freedoms.

Marxism- economics was the driving force Marxism- economics was the driving force in historyin history

Prediction:Prediction:– The Have-nots, or proletariat will rise up in The Have-nots, or proletariat will rise up in

violent revolutionviolent revolution– Overthrow the Haves or the Bourgeoisie Overthrow the Haves or the Bourgeoisie

and take over the means of productionand take over the means of production– Establish a “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” Establish a “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

who will set up the new country and divide who will set up the new country and divide all land and wealth evenlyall land and wealth evenly

– Result in a classless, utopian society.Result in a classless, utopian society.

Chapter 22: Life in the Industrial Age

Section 1: Industrial Ideas Section 1: Industrial Ideas SpreadSpread

By mid 1800’s Industrial Revolution By mid 1800’s Industrial Revolution entered new phase – new industrial entered new phase – new industrial powers emergedpowers emerged

– ““Second Industrial Revolution”Second Industrial Revolution” New Industrial PowersNew Industrial Powers

– Germany (will unify in next chapter)Germany (will unify in next chapter)– United StatesUnited States– What allowed these nations to industrialize What allowed these nations to industrialize

quickly?quickly?– Why did other nations, especially in Europe Why did other nations, especially in Europe

industrialize slowly?industrialize slowly? Lacked natural resources and capital – Lacked natural resources and capital –

lagging effect of the Napoleonic Wars and lagging effect of the Napoleonic Wars and the failure of the Continental Systemthe failure of the Continental System

Globally nations competed fiercely Globally nations competed fiercely altering patterns of world tradealtering patterns of world trade


New Inventions & New Inventions & DiscoveriesDiscoveries– Technology and IndustryTechnology and Industry

Steel – Bessemer ProcessSteel – Bessemer Process

– Chemicals Chemicals Nobel & DynamiteNobel & Dynamite Chemical fertilizersChemical fertilizers

– Electricity Electricity Volta – first batteryVolta – first battery Faraday – electric motor and first Faraday – electric motor and first

dynamodynamo Thomas Edison – light bulbThomas Edison – light bulb


New Methods of productionNew Methods of production– Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts– Assembly lineAssembly line

Transportation and CommunicationTransportation and Communication– Otto – Internal Combustion EngineOtto – Internal Combustion Engine– Dailmer – Otto’s engine in a carDailmer – Otto’s engine in a car– Ford – automobile and assembly lineFord – automobile and assembly line– Wright Brothers – first in flightWright Brothers – first in flight– FB Morse - Telegraph FB Morse - Telegraph – Alexander Graham Bell – TelephoneAlexander Graham Bell – Telephone– Marconi - RadioMarconi - Radio

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business New technologies required large

investments New ways of organizing business– Stocks – what are they, how is this

new?– Corporations – what are they? Monopolies and Trusts– What are they and why are they bad for the

consumer?– Examples:

Alfred Krupp John D. Rockefeller – Standard

Oil Company What is a cartel and why are they bad

for the consumer? Government Regulation:– How did some governments try to deal with

the situation?

Section 2: The World’s CitiesSection 2: The World’s Cities How did medicine improve life in the late How did medicine improve life in the late

1800’s?1800’s?– Death Rates fell due to people living longer Death Rates fell due to people living longer

lives due to improvements in medicinelives due to improvements in medicine Louis Pasteur – microbes cause disease – Louis Pasteur – microbes cause disease –

connection b/w germs and diseaseconnection b/w germs and disease– PasteurizationPasteurization

HospitalsHospitals AnesthesiaAnesthesia Nurses – Florence NightingaleNurses – Florence Nightingale Lister – antisepticsLister – antiseptics Koch – TB bacteriaKoch – TB bacteria

Section 2: The World’s CitiesSection 2: The World’s Cities City life – What improved? URBAN City life – What improved? URBAN

RENEWALRENEWAL– Edwin Chadwick’s “Sanitary Idea”Edwin Chadwick’s “Sanitary Idea”

Sewers & Running WaterSewers & Running Water

– Building CodesBuilding Codes– Dramatic changes planners build Dramatic changes planners build

squares and boulevards, paved streets, squares and boulevards, paved streets, gas lamps – electric lamps gas lamps – electric lamps

– Government buildings offices, Government buildings offices, department stores and theatresdepartment stores and theatres

– Rich lived in neighborhoods on the Rich lived in neighborhoods on the outskirtsoutskirts

– Poor lived in inner city slumsPoor lived in inner city slums

Working Class StrugglesWorking Class Struggles At first business owners wanted to silence protestersAt first business owners wanted to silence protesters

– Strikes and unions were illegalStrikes and unions were illegal– By mid century – formation of mutual aid societies – self help groups By mid century – formation of mutual aid societies – self help groups

to aid sick and inured workersto aid sick and inured workers Legal ChangesLegal Changes

– Laws passed banning child laborLaws passed banning child labor Saddler Commission and the Factory Act of 1833Saddler Commission and the Factory Act of 1833

– Mines Act of 1842Mines Act of 1842 Banning employment of women in minesBanning employment of women in mines

– Western countries began to grant all men the right to vote (Britain in Western countries began to grant all men the right to vote (Britain in 1867)1867)

– Germany legalized unions in 1869Germany legalized unions in 1869 Britain, Austria, and France followedBritain, Austria, and France followed

– Women and men joined socialist parties and organized unionsWomen and men joined socialist parties and organized unions– Unions regulate working conditionsUnions regulate working conditions

Improved safety Improved safety Eight hour work dayEight hour work day

Section 3: Changing Attitudes Section 3: Changing Attitudes & Values& Values

Shifting Social ClassShifting Social Class– Nobles Peasants to a Nobles Peasants to a

complex system based on complex system based on income and occupationincome and occupation

– New Middle class was so New Middle class was so large an upper and lower large an upper and lower middle class emergedmiddle class emerged Why? Who made up the Why? Who made up the

new upper and lower new upper and lower middle classes?middle classes?

Middle Class ValuesMiddle Class Values– Courtship and Marriage – Courtship and Marriage –

“Fall in Love”“Fall in Love”– Division of Labor between Division of Labor between

husband and wifehusband and wife– Cult of Domesticity – wife at Cult of Domesticity – wife at

homehome– Children seen and not heardChildren seen and not heard

Women & EducationWomen & Education Women’s Rights (US)Women’s Rights (US)

– Leaders in labor movementLeaders in labor movement– Campaigned for the abolishment of Campaigned for the abolishment of

slaveryslavery– Temperance movement – against alcoholTemperance movement – against alcohol– 1800’s – some gained the opportunity to 1800’s – some gained the opportunity to

train as doctors and lawyerstrain as doctors and lawyers– Seneca Falls Convention – Elizabeth Cady Seneca Falls Convention – Elizabeth Cady

Stanton and Susan B AnthonyStanton and Susan B Anthony– Some socialists and liberals supported Some socialists and liberals supported

women’s right to votewomen’s right to vote Growth of EducationGrowth of Education

– What changed?What changed? Universities expandedUniversities expanded

– 1840’s few small colleges for women 1840’s few small colleges for women – Mount Holyoke – Mount Holyoke

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin ““Origin of Origin of

Species”Species” DarwinismDarwinism

– Survival of the Survival of the Fittest Fittest

– Natural Natural SelectionSelection

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Survival of the Survival of the

Fittest – War and Fittest – War and Economic Economic CompetitionCompetition

– Encouraged Encouraged RacismRacism

Section 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture Romanticism Romanticism – rebellion against the – rebellion against the

Enlightenment emphasis on reason. Used new Enlightenment emphasis on reason. Used new verse forms, bold colors, or swelling sounds to verse forms, bold colors, or swelling sounds to excite strong emotionsexcite strong emotions– Art: capture the power of beauty of natureArt: capture the power of beauty of nature– Peasant life, medieval knight, current eventsPeasant life, medieval knight, current events– Bright colors conveyed violent energy and emotionBright colors conveyed violent energy and emotion– Music: Sought to inspire deep emotionsMusic: Sought to inspire deep emotions

RomanticismRomanticism

Thomas Cole

, 1842, The Voyage of Life

Childhood

RomanticismRomanticism

Francisco Goya

, The The Third of Third of May May 1808, 1808,

18141814

RomanticismRomanticismJohn William John William

Waterhouse, Waterhouse, 1888, The 1888, The Lady of Lady of Shalott, Shalott, realistic realistic technique technique depicts a depicts a neo-neo-medieval medieval subject subject drawn from drawn from Arthurian Arthurian RomanceRomance

Section 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture RealismRealism: an attempt to represent the world as it : an attempt to represent the world as it

was, without the sentiment associated with was, without the sentiment associated with romanticismromanticism– Often looked at the harsher side of life in cities and villagesOften looked at the harsher side of life in cities and villages– Many writers and artists were committed to improving the Many writers and artists were committed to improving the

lot of the unfortunates whose lives they describedlot of the unfortunates whose lives they described– Novels: lives of slum dwellers and factory workersNovels: lives of slum dwellers and factory workers– Art: focused on ordinary subjects such as working class Art: focused on ordinary subjects such as working class

men and womenmen and women– Photography – exposed slums and other harsh living Photography – exposed slums and other harsh living

conditionsconditions Impressionism –Impressionism – sought to capture the first fleeting sought to capture the first fleeting

impression made by a scene or viewers object on impression made by a scene or viewers object on the viewers eye. the viewers eye.

Edgar Degas, Edgar Degas, (1834-1917), (1834-1917), Dancer with Dancer with a Bouquet of a Bouquet of Flowers (Star Flowers (Star of the of the Ballet)Ballet), 1878 , 1878

RealismRealism

Jean-Jean-François François Millet. The Millet. The Gleaners. Gleaners. 1857. 1857. Musée Musée d'Orsay, d'Orsay, Paris.Paris.

RealismRealism

Portrait of Jo Portrait of Jo (La belle (La belle IrlandaiseIrlandaise))a a painting painting of Joanna of Joanna Hiffernan, Hiffernan, the the probable probable model for model for L'Origine L'Origine du mondedu monde

ImpressionisImpressionismm

Pierre-Pierre-Auguste Auguste Renoir, Renoir, On On the the TerraceTerrace, , oil on oil on canvas, canvas, 1881, Art 1881, Art Institute Institute of Chicago of Chicago

ImpressionismImpressionismClaude Monet, Claude Monet,

soleil levant, soleil levant, 18721872

What are the Effects What are the Effects of the Industrial of the Industrial

Revolution?Revolution?

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