Industrial Revolution World Studies. The Agrarian Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution. A Major Change agrarian handmade goods rural industrial machine-made...
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution. A Major Change agrarian handmade goods rural industrial machine-made...
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The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution
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A Major Change
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Revolutionary Changes in…
• patterns of work• social class structure• standard of living• int’l. balance of power
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Where? When? What?
Britain1780s
textiles
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Timeline – Events around IR
1650 18501780s
1815
1790
Agricultural Revolution
Growth of Atlantic economy
1700 1720
Pop. Boom
Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
IR Begins
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Timeline – Events around IR
1650 18501780s
1815
1790
Agricultural Revolution
Growth of Atlantic economy
1700 1720
Pop. Boom
Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
IR Begins
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Timeline – the IR
18501780s
1815
1830
IR begins in Britain
IR reaches the Continent
1820s
Labor Movement/Legislation
Standard of living after
1850
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Timeline – the IR
IR begins in Britain
18501780s
1815
1830
IR reaches the Continent
1820s
Labor Movement/Legislation
Standard of living after
1850
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Why Britain?
1. large market (domestic & colonial)2. rivers & canals – easy transport3. natural resources – iron & coal4. large labor force
5. agricultural revolution
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Canals
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Why Britain?
6. strong central bank7. well-developed credit markets8. stable government9. laissez-faire economy10. no domestic tariffs
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Textile Industry 1st!
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New Raw Material: Cotton
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Textile Industry – SpinningJames Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765)
6-24 spindles; hand-powered
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Textile Industry – SpinningRichard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770)
100s of spindles; water-powered factories
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Textile Industry – Spinning
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779)
factories
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Textile Industry – Weaving
Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)
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Consequences of Δs in Textile Industry
1. cheaper cotton goods2. weavers’ wages until ca. 1792 and stayed
good until ca. 18003. poor factory working conditions4. child labor5. industrial dominance
1831 – 22% of GB’s industrial production
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The Energy Problem
• pre-industrial sources (human & animal) = not enough power
• shortage of WOOD– due to Ag. Rev. (forests
into fields)– important for heat &
iron-making
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The Energy Solution
• STEAM ENGINE– Thomas Savery (1698)– Thomas Newcomen
(1705)**JAMES WATT (1769)**
Raw material: COAL
Watt’s Engine
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Importance of the Steam Engine
The steam engine was “the Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental
advance in technology. For the first time in history, humanity had …
almost unlimited power at its disposal.” (McKay 731)
•Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads
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Iron Industry Boom• steam engine burned coke (coal
derivative) rather than charcoal (wood derivative)
• Henry Cort’s puddling furnace (1780s)
“Iron became the cheap, basic,
indispensable building block of the economy.”
(McKay 732)
Puddlers at work
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RailroadsGeorge Stephenson – Rocket (1830)
16 mph!!!
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Railroads
• Factors enabling RRs:– iron strong rails– steam engine
locomotive
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Consequences of the Railroad
1. ↓ shipping cost & uncertainty2. larger markets larger factories cheaper
goods (economies of scale)3. expanded labor market (huge demand for
unskilled labor to build RRs)4. change in social values: new obsession with
power & speed
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Shorter Journeys
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“The Great Land Serpent”
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Monet’s Gare St. Lazare (1877)
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Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)
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Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851
Celebrating Britain’s industrial dominance, in London.
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Crystal Palace – Interior Exhibits
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Britain: “Workshop of the World”
• Produced:– 2/3 of the world’s coal– ½ of the world’s iron and cotton– 20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860
(vs. 2% in 1750)
• Huge growth, 1780-1851:– GNP x4– pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)
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THE IR IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE
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Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913
GB 10 16 25 64 87 100 115
Belgium 9 10 14 28 43 56 88
US 4 9 14 21 38 69 126
France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59
Germany 8 8 9 15 25 52 85
A-H 7 7 8 11 15 23 32
Italy 8 8 8 10 12 17 26
Russia 6 6 7 8 10 15 20
China 8 6 6 4 4 3 3
India 7 6 6 3 2 1 2
Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year.
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Data Analysis
1. 1750 – all countries close together2. by 1800 – GB gained big lead3. nat’l. variations in timing & extent
– Belgium 1st
4. Western nations (+ Japan) industrial levels vs. non-Western nations
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Why did the Continent lag until 1815?
Battle of Waterloo
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The Continent in 1815
CHALLENGES1. GB goods already
dominant2. tech. too complicated3. pricey to invest4. factory labor shortage
ADVANTAGES1. strong tradition of
cottage industry 2. people: merchant
capitalist class + urban artisans
3. borrow existing tech.4. strong independent
gov’ts.
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Agents of Continental Industrialization
1. skilled workers2. entrepreneurs3. governments – protective tariffs– funded RRs
4. banks– limited liability– Crédit Mobilier
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Economic NationalismFriedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841)•anti-free trade•pro-protective tariff
“An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in
promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members.”
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The “Second Industrial Revolution” (1860-1914)
• steel• chemicals• oil
• electricity• planes, cars, subs• telephone, telegraph • movies, radio