THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. The Hydrologic Cycle The Hydrologic Cycle - Fresh Water Storage Reservoir % of...
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Transcript of THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. The Hydrologic Cycle The Hydrologic Cycle - Fresh Water Storage Reservoir % of...
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THE HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
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The Hydrologic Cycle
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The Hydrologic Cycle - Fresh Water Storage
Reservoir % of Total Fresh Water
Glaciers (Frozen) 76%
Groundwater 22%
Rivers & Lakes < 2%
Although it only makes up < 2% of total fresh water on earth, surface water is the most utilized and perhaps precious natural resource!
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The Hydrologic CycleHow Does Water Move Within The Cycle?
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The Hydrologic Cycle
1) RIVER SYSTEMS
A) Important source of fresh water.B) Most important agent of erosion.C) Most abundant continental landform.D) Essential to agriculture & industry
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Three Main Parts To A River SystemCollection system; Transportation system; Dispersing system
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DIFFERENCES IN RIVER SUB-SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
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The Collection System – A Drainage Basin
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Types of Drainage Basins – Controlled by Geology
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The Dynamics of Stream Flow1) Velocity2) Discharge3) Channel Parameters
1) Roughness2) Dimensions
4) Sediment Load5) Gradient and Base Level
The Transportation System
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1) VELOCITY – Straight Channel
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1) VELOCITY – Curving Channel
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High V:Erosion
LowV:Deposition
2) GRADIENT
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MEASURING DISCHARGE (Q):Q m3/sec = V (AVG. ) X Width meters X Depth meters
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4) SEDIMENT LOAD AND TRANSPORTATION
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TRANSPORTING SEDIMENT
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Ideal Stream ProfileIncreasing discharge, velocity & sediment load
Decreasing gradient, turbulence & competence
Base level – level of deepest possible erosion.
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Dynamic Equilibrium – “You can never change just one thing about a stream.”
• The sensitive, ever-evolving balance between erosion and deposition.
• Graded Stream: erosion = deposition.• If deposition > erosion, stream builds up its
bed, thus increasing gradient and average velocity to restore balance.
• If erosion > deposition, stream erodes bed, decreasing gradient and velocity.
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Departures from EquilibriumWaterfalls – signs of a shifting balance: increased
discharge or gradient
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Dam That Stream! A System Out of Balance
Dam Effects
Upstream deposition
Discharge of clear, turbulent water & potential erosion.
Elimination of floods (reduced competence);
Choke off down-stream sediment flow.
Disturbed ecosystems
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Meandering Streams
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Floodplains have a purpose!